{"slug": "charlemagne", "label": "Charlemagne", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044", "qid": "Q3044", "description": "king of Franks, regarded as the first Holy Roman Emperor (747–814) (742-814)", "entries": 85, "years": 67, "span": [742, 1258], "span_label": ["742 CE", "1258 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 24}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 18}, {"title": "Births", "count": 16}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 16}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "francia", "label": "Francia", "shared": 23}, {"slug": "saxons", "label": "Saxons", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "franks", "label": "Franks", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "pepin-of-italy", "label": "Pepin of Italy", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "louis-the-pious", "label": "Louis the Pious", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "charles-the-younger", "label": "Charles the Younger", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "saxon-wars", "label": "Saxon Wars", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "old-saxony", "label": "Old Saxony", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "lombards", "label": "Lombards", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "aquitaine", "label": "Aquitaine", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "carolingian-dynasty", "label": "Carolingian dynasty", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": 742, "year_label": "742 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Himiltrude, wife of Charlemagne (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809740#Births", "title": "742", "revid": 1340809740, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 742, "year_label": "742 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne, king and emperor of the Franks (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809740#Births", "title": "742", "revid": 1340809740, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 747, "year_label": "747 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne, king and emperor of the Franks (or 748)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468436#Births", "title": "AD 747", "revid": 1364468436, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 748, "year_label": "748 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne, king and emperor of the Franks (or 747)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809772#Births", "title": "748", "revid": 1340809772, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 754, "year_label": "754 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July", "text": "July – Stephen II anoints Pepin's sons, Charles (later known as Charlemagne) and Carloman, consecrating them as patricians. At Quierzy he proclaims the Carolingian dynasty holy, and appeals for help against the Lombards. Finally, the Frankish nobles give their consent to a campaign in Lombardy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360259946#Europe", "title": "754", "revid": 1360259946, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 756, "year_label": "756 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Aistulf of the Lombards again threatens Rome with a view to making it his capital, but the Franks under Pepin III (\"the Short\") arrives with his sons Charles and Carloman, defeats Aistulf, and confers the Donation of Pepin, which establishes the Papal States (including the lands of Ravenna and the Pentapolis). Pepin has taken territory that legally belongs to the Byzantine Empire; he gives it to Pope Stephen II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654675#Europe", "title": "756", "revid": 1366654675, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 757, "year_label": "757 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Hildegard of the Vinzgau, Frankish queen and wife of Charlemagne (approximate date; d. 783)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341678247#Births", "title": "AD 757", "revid": 1341678247, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 758, "year_label": "758 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Adrian, Count of Orléans, brother in law of Charlemagne and uncle of Louis the Pious (d. c. 821)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654492#Births", "title": "758", "revid": 1366654492, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 767, "year_label": "767 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Pepin the Hunchback, son of Charlemagne (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350246348#Births", "title": "AD 767", "revid": 1350246348, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 768, "year_label": "768 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – King Pepin III (the Short) dies at Saint-Denis, Neustria. The Frankish Kingdom is divided between his two sons: Charlemagne and Carloman I. According to Salic law Charlemagne receives the outer parts of the kingdom bordering on the sea, namely Neustria, western Aquitaine, and the northern parts of Austrasia; while Carloman is awarded his uncle's former share, the inner parts: southern Austrasia, Septimania, eastern Aquitaine, Burgundy, Provence, Swabia, and the lands bordering Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068964#Frankish_Kingdom", "title": "768", "revid": 1267068964, "section": "Events › By place › Frankish Kingdom"}}, {"year": 769, "year_label": "769 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne (Charles \"the Great\") begins a military campaign against the Duchy of Aquitaine and the Duchy of Gascony. He leads a Frankish army to the city of Bordeaux, where he sets up a fort at Fronsac. His younger brother Carloman I refuses to help his brother fight the rebels, and returns to Burgundy. Hunald, duke of Aquitaine, is forced to flee to the court of Gascony. Lupus II, fearing Charlemagne, turns Hunald over in exchange for peace, and is put in a monastery. Aquitaine and Gascony are subdued into the Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349074717#Europe", "title": "769", "revid": 1349074717, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 770, "year_label": "770 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne signs a peace treaty with Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria, and marries the Lombard princess Desiderata (daughter of King Desiderius). He travels to the Lombard court at Pavia to conclude arrangements. Pope Stephen III opposes the marriage, and protests about a Frankish-Lombard alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847752#Europe", "title": "770", "revid": 1340847752, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 770, "year_label": "770 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne (or 773)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847752#Births", "title": "770", "revid": 1340847752, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 771, "year_label": "771 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – King Carloman I, youngest son of Pepin III (\"the Short\"), dies (of a severe nosebleed, according to one source) at the Villa of Samoussy, leaving his brother Charlemagne sole ruler of the now reunified Frankish Kingdom. Gerberga, the widow of Carloman, flees with her two sons to the court of King Desiderius of the Lombards, at Pavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847758#Europe", "title": "771", "revid": 1340847758, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 772, "year_label": "772 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne leads a Frankish expedition from the Middle Rhine into disputed territory lost by the Franks in 695. He starts a campaign against the Saxons and seizes Eresburg, destroying the Irminsul (Saxon sacred tree) near Paderborn. Charlemagne devastates several major Saxon strongholds, and forces them to retreat beyond the Weser River. After negotiating with some Saxon nobles and obtaining hostages, he installs a number of garrisons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359487792#Europe", "title": "772", "revid": 1359487792, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 772, "year_label": "772 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "probable – Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne (d. 811)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359487792#Births", "title": "772", "revid": 1359487792, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 773, "year_label": "773 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard, son of Charles Martel, cross the Alps with a Frankish expeditionary force at the request of Pope Adrian I. At the foot of the mountains in the Susa Valley (Northern Italy), the Franks are hindered by Lombard fortifications. After scouting, Charlemagne attacks the defenders from the flank, and forces the Lombards to flee to the fortified capital Pavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369635460#Europe", "title": "773", "revid": 1369635460, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 773, "year_label": "773 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne (d. 810)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369635460#Births", "title": "773", "revid": 1369635460, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 774, "year_label": "774 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne conquers the Lombard Kingdom, and establishes Frankish rule in Pavia, Venetia, Istria, Emilia, Tuscany, and Corsica. Charlemagne visits Rome; he confirms the Donation of Pepin (see 756) while insisting on his own sovereignty. Pope Adrian I grants him the title of patrician. Charlemagne puts down immediate insurrections in Friuli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848019#Europe", "title": "774", "revid": 1340848019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 775, "year_label": "775 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne holds a major assembly at Quierzy (Northern France). He leads a Frankish army into Saxony to retake the castrum of Syburg (near Dortmund), then rebuilds and garrisons fortified Eresburg. He reaches the Weser at a place called Braunsberg, where the Saxons stand for battle, but are defeated when Frankish troops cross the river.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848014#Europe", "title": "775", "revid": 1340848014, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 775, "year_label": "775 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Rotrude, Frankish princess, daughter of Charlemagne (or 778)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848014#Births", "title": "775", "revid": 1340848014, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 776, "year_label": "776 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne spends Easter in Treviso (northern Italy), after putting down a rebellion in Friuli and Spoleto. He removes Hrodgaud of Friuli from power, and reforms the duchy as the March of Friuli (military frontier district). Co-conspirators who support the revolt are Arechis II, duke of Benevento, and Adalgis, son of former Lombard king Desiderius. Frankish counts are placed in the cities of Friuli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848048#Europe", "title": "776", "revid": 1340848048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 777, "year_label": "777 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne spends Easter in Nijmegen, and leads a large Frankish army to Paderborn, where a general assembly of Carolingian and Saxon leaders had been summoned. Saxon lands are integrated into the Frankish Kingdom, and divided into missionary parishes. Duke Widukind and his followers flee to King Sigfred of Denmark, seeking refuge and support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348716720#Europe", "title": "AD 777", "revid": 1348716720, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Frankish army (supported by Burgundians, Bavarians, Bretons, Lombards, and Visigoths) under King Charlemagne invades Al-Andalus (modern Spain), and conquers the cities of Pamplona and Barcelona. However, the Franks are halted at Zaragoza, in the thughur or frontier zone of the Emirate of Córdoba.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Europe", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Rotrude, Frankish princess, daughter of Charlemagne (or 775)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Births", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 779, "year_label": "779 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne assembles a Frankish army at Düren, crosses the Rhine at the modern town of Wesel, and defeats the Saxons in battle near Bocholt (North Rhine-Westphalia). All the main Westphalian leaders are captured, except Widukind. Charlemagne crosses the Weser, Oker and Ohre rivers into Eastphalian territory, where local leaders submit to Frankish rule and hand over hostages. Widukind remains in northern Saxony, and relies on guerrilla warfare.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848243#Europe", "title": "779", "revid": 1340848243, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 780, "year_label": "780 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne decrees the death penalty for any subdued Saxon refusing Christian baptism. Meanwhile Widukind builds up rebel strength in northern Saxony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753540#Europe", "title": "780", "revid": 1364753540, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 780, "year_label": "780 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date – Himiltrude, queen consort of Charlemagne (b. c.742)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753540#Deaths", "title": "780", "revid": 1364753540, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 781, "year_label": "781 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne has his son Carloman (renamed Pepin) anointed \"King of Italy\", and he is crowned by Pope Adrian I with the Iron Crown of Lombardy. His younger brother Charles I is anointed king of Aquitaine, and Louis the Pious (only 3-years old) is appointed sub-king of Italy and Aquitaine, following the conversion of Aquitaine from a Duchy to a sub-kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848254#Europe", "title": "781", "revid": 1340848254, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 782, "year_label": "782 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne sends a punitive expedition (an elite force of Eastern Frankish troops) under the command of Adalgis the Chamberlain, Gallo, and Worad, supported by Saxon forces, to deal with the Saxons and Sorb raiders in Thuringia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081621#Europe", "title": "782", "revid": 1267081621, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – Hildegard, wife of King Charlemagne, dies in childbirth after her ninth confinement in less than 12 years of marriage. His mother, Bertrada of Laon, dies in the summer and is buried with great ceremony beside her husband Pepin the Short, in the Abbey of St. Denis (modern-day Paris).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Europe", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – Hildegard, queen consort of Charlemagne (b. 758)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Deaths", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 784, "year_label": "784 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne begins a campaign in northern Saxony. He ravages Eastphalian territory as far as the Elbe River, while his son, Charles the Younger, defeats a Saxon force in the Lippe Valley. Bad weather hinders Charlemagne's winter campaign in southern Saxony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848263#Europe", "title": "784", "revid": 1340848263, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 784, "year_label": "784 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Theodrada, Frankish princess and abbess, daughter of Charlemagne (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848263#Births", "title": "784", "revid": 1340848263, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 785, "year_label": "785 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne summons a major assembly of Saxon and Frankish lords at Paderborn, then leads his army across Saxony as far as the Lower Elbe, without significant resistance. Duke Widukind retreats with his 'rebel' forces beyond the Elbe, but then negotiates and exchanges hostages. Charlemagne returns to his palace at Attigny (Ardennes), followed by Widukind; here the Saxon leaders are baptized as Christians on Christmas Day. Widukind and the Saxon nobility swear fealty to Charlemagne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342449#Europe", "title": "785", "revid": 1351342449, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 786, "year_label": "786 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne and ruler of Aquitaine, visits Monte Cassino and Capua, both in Beneventan territory. Prince Arechis II, feeling threatened by the Franks, decides that he needs to stop quarrelling with the Byzantine Duchy of Naples so he can focus on the Frankish foe. Prince Arechis II therefore signs a peace agreement, or 'pactum', with the Duchy of Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848276#Europe", "title": "786", "revid": 1340848276, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 787, "year_label": "787 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Empress Irene sends a Byzantine expeditionary army to invade southern Italy, but it is defeated and driven out (at Pope Adrian I's urging) by the Frankish army, allied with the forces of Benevento. She breaks off the engagement (see 782) between her son Constantine VI and the Frankish princess Rotrude, daughter of King Charlemagne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558832#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 787", "revid": 1369558832, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne conquers Bavaria, and incorporates it into the Frankish Kingdom. Duke Tassilo III is deposed, and banished to a monastery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Europe", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 789, "year_label": "789 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne crosses the Elbe River with a Frankish-Saxon army into Obotrite territory. He subdues the Wiltzes, and reaches the Baltic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848283#Europe", "title": "789", "revid": 1340848283, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 790, "year_label": "790 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Alcuin, Anglo-Saxon missionary, returns (after an 8-year absence) to England. During his stay at the Carolingian court of King Charlemagne in Aachen, he has educated his sons Charles, Pepin and Louis. Alcuin revises the church liturgy and the Bible, and is responsible for an intellectual movement within the Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848291#Europe", "title": "790", "revid": 1340848291, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 791, "year_label": "791 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Avars, a pagan Asian nomadic horde that has settled down in what is today Hungary, invade Friuli and Bavaria. King Charlemagne assembles a Frankish army, and marches down the Danube River to ravage Avar territory. A Frankish-Lombard expeditionary force, under his son Pepin, (king of the Lombards) invades the Drava Valley and devastates Pannonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749143#Europe", "title": "791", "revid": 1364749143, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 792, "year_label": "792 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Westphalians rise up against the Saxons, in response to a forcible recruitment for wars against the Avars. However, Pepin, sub-king of Northern Italy and son of King Charlemagne, continues the war, and wins considerable booty from the Avars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906591#Europe", "title": "792", "revid": 1364906591, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 793, "year_label": "793 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne orders a 3 kilometre long channel dug from Treuchtlingen to Weißenburg (the Rhine and Danube river basins), to improve the transportation of goods between the Rhineland and Bavaria. Charlemagne's son, Pepin of Italy, campaigns against the Lombards in Benevento (Southern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906953#Europe", "title": "793", "revid": 1364906953, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne abandons his channel project (see 793), and attacks the Saxon rebels from the north, supported by a second Frankish army under his son Charles the Younger, which crosses the Rhine at Cologne from the west; threatened from two directions, the Saxons surrender near Paderborn (Westphalia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Europe", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Council of Frankfurt: King Charlemagne calls for a church meeting of the Frankish realm. Bishops and priests from Francia, Aquitaine, Italy, and Provence are gathered in Franconofurd (modern-day Frankfurt am Main).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Religion", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 795, "year_label": "795 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Saxon War: The Slav Obodrites, under their ruler Witzan, attack the northern Saxons in Liuni. He is killed in an ambush and succeeded by his son Drożko (Thrasco), who becomes a Carolingian dux. King Charlemagne leads a Frankish expeditionary force north from Mainz, and marches to the Elbe, where eastern Saxon rebels again surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848647#Europe", "title": "795", "revid": 1340848647, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 797, "year_label": "797 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne issues the Capitulare Saxonicum, making Westphalian, Angrian and Eastphalian Saxons equal to other peoples in the Frankish Kingdom. The Nordalbian Saxons revolt; a Frankish fleet is sent to the North Sea coast of Germany. It lands in Hadeln, a marshy coastal region between the Weser and Elbe estuaries, near modern-day Cuxhaven. Charlemagne invades northern Saxony, and again accepts the submission of the Saxons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358611998#Europe", "title": "797", "revid": 1358611998, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 798, "year_label": "798 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Bornhöved: King Charlemagne forms an alliance with the Obodrites. Together with Prince Drożko (Thrasco), he defeats the Nordalbian Saxons near the village of Bornhöved (modern-day Neumünster), obliging these 'northerners' to submit and give hostages against their future good behavior. In the coming years they are granted areas of present-day Hamburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848766#Europe", "title": "798", "revid": 1340848766, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 799, "year_label": "799 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – Pope Leo III is physically attacked by a band of aristocratic conspirators, under the leadership of a public official who is a nephew of the late Pope Adrian I. After mistreatment and attempted disfigurement by the citizens of Rome, Leo flees to the court of King Charlemagne at Paderborn (modern Germany) to seek protection. He sends him back with Frankish agents, and restores him to the papal throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848772#Religion", "title": "799", "revid": 1340848772, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Luitgard, Frankish queen and wife of Charlemagne", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Deaths", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Charlemagne, king of the Franks, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III as Charles I, with the title \"Emperor of the Romans\". The coronation takes place during Mass at the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome, on Christmas Day. The Frankish Empire is formed in Western Europe, which is not recognized by Empress Irene at Constantinople. This triggers a series of disputes with the Byzantines around who is officially ruling the former Western Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Europe", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 801, "year_label": "801 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Charlemagne formally cedes Nordalbian territory (modern-day Schleswig-Holstein) to the pagan Obotrites (allies of the Carolingian Empire).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369675421#Europe", "title": "801", "revid": 1369675421, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 801, "year_label": "801 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – Drogo of Metz, illegitimate son of Charlemagne", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369675421#Births", "title": "801", "revid": 1369675421, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 802, "year_label": "802 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pagan Danes invade Obodrite-ruled Schleswig, to take over territory almost emptied by the forcible deportations of the Saxons by emperor Charlemagne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848783#Europe", "title": "802", "revid": 1340848783, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 802, "year_label": "802 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Hugh, illegitimate son of Charlemagne (d. 844)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848783#Births", "title": "802", "revid": 1340848783, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 803, "year_label": "803 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperors Nikephoros I and Charlemagne settle their imperial boundaries in the Adriatic Sea, and sign the Pax Nicephori (\"Peace of Nikephoros\"). The Byzantines retain control of the coastal cities and islands in Dalmatian Croatia, while Frankish rule is accepted over Istria and the Dalmatian hinterland. Venice is recognized as independent by the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848789#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "803", "revid": 1340848789, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 804, "year_label": "804 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Charlemagne finishes the conquest of Saxony. The Carolingian administration in the north is restored and the diocese of Bremen is re-established. Venice, torn by infighting, switches allegiance from Constantinople to King Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076299#Europe", "title": "804", "revid": 1267076299, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 804, "year_label": "804 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 19", "text": "May 19 – Alcuin, bishop and advisor to Charlemagne", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076299#Deaths", "title": "804", "revid": 1267076299, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 805, "year_label": "805 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Canburg: The Franks under Charles the Younger, son of emperor Charlemagne, unsuccessfully besiege Bohemians near the modern-day town of Kadaň.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361734873#Europe", "title": "805", "revid": 1361734873, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 805, "year_label": "805 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Louis the German, grandson of Charlemagne and first East frankish king. (Approximate date) (d. 876)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361734873#Births", "title": "805", "revid": 1361734873, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 806, "year_label": "806 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Charlemagne divides the Frankish Empire under his three sons, called Divisio Regnorum. For Charles the Younger he designates the imperial title, Austrasia and Neustria, Saxony, Burgundy, and Thuringia. To Pepin he gives Italy, Bavaria, and Swabia. His youngest son Louis the Pious receives Aquitaine, the Spanish March, and Provence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292643508#Europe", "title": "806", "revid": 1292643508, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 808, "year_label": "808 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Charlemagne gives orders to construct two new forts on the Elbe River, garrisoning them against future Slav incursions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848803#Europe", "title": "AD 808", "revid": 1340848803, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 809, "year_label": "809 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Aznar Galíndez I succeeds Aureolus, as count of Aragon (modern Spain). He is installed by King Louis the Pious (a son of emperor Charlemagne), and remains a Frankish vassal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361629793#Europe", "title": "809", "revid": 1361629793, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 810, "year_label": "810 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Venetian dukes change sides again, submitting to King Pepin, under the authority of his father Charlemagne, who then proceeds to take Venice. Emperor Nikephoros I sends a Byzantine fleet to Dalmatia, prompting Pepin to withdraw to the mainland. A legate is dispatched to Venice, where he deposes the turncoat dukes, before continuing on to Aachen, to negotiate a peace with Charlemagne. Charlemagne recognises Byzantine dominance over Venice and Dalmatia in the Adriatic Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848812#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "810", "revid": 1340848812, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 810, "year_label": "810 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 – Pippin of Italy, son of Charlemagne", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848812#Deaths", "title": "810", "revid": 1340848812, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 811, "year_label": "811 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Treaty of Heiligen: King Hemming of Denmark concludes a peace treaty with Emperor Charlemagne in present-day Rendsburg. The southern boundary of Denmark is established at the Eider River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655051#Europe", "title": "811", "revid": 1366655051, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 811, "year_label": "811 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655051#Deaths", "title": "811", "revid": 1366655051, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 812, "year_label": "812 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Michael I re-opens peace negotiations with the Franks, and recognizes Charlemagne as emperor (basileus) of the Frankish Empire. In exchange for this recognition, Venice is returned to the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345909676#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "812", "revid": 1345909676, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 813, "year_label": "813 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 — Louis the Pious, king of Aquitaine (and only surviving legitimate son), is crowned co-emperor of the Franks, with his father Charlemagne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340940841#Europe", "title": "813", "revid": 1340940841, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 814, "year_label": "814 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 28", "text": "January 28 – Charlemagne dies of pleurisy in Aachen, after an almost 14-year reign (since 800) as the first Roman Emperor of Frankish origin (the precursor of the Holy Roman Emperor). He is embalmed and buried in Aachen Cathedral. Charlemagne is succeeded by his son Louis the Pious, as king of the Frankish Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655218#Europe", "title": "814", "revid": 1366655218, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 816, "year_label": "816 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – King Louis the Pious (son of Charlemagne) is crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, by Pope Stephen IV at Reims. He also crowns the emperor's wife Ermengarde as Holy Roman Empress. The ceremony in Reims re-establishes the principle of papal supremacy, by recognising the importance of the pope in imperial coronations. Louis gives the pope many gifts, including the estate tax Vendeuvre, near Troyes (Northern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941190#Europe", "title": "816", "revid": 1340941190, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 829, "year_label": "829 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The city of Wiesbaden (Germany) is first mentioned by Einhard, biographer of former emperor Charlemagne (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941503#Religion", "title": "829", "revid": 1340941503, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 834, "year_label": "834 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – Ansegisus, Frankish abbot and advisor of former emperor Charlemagne, dies at Fontenelle Abbey in Normandy (or 833).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941786#Religion", "title": "834", "revid": 1340941786, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 839, "year_label": "839 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Third Civil War: King Louis the German, grandson of Charlemagne, invades Swabia. His nephew, Pepin II of Aquitaine, and his Gascon subjects, conquer territory all the way to the Loire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073737#Europe", "title": "839", "revid": 1267073737, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 839, "year_label": "839 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 — Thirteen months before his death, Louis the Pious, successor to his father Charlemagne, consents to the division of Charlemagne's empire among his sons in a declaration at Worms. Upon Louis I's death in 840, Lothair (age 45) is devised Middle Francia that includes Switzerland and northern Italy; Louis the German (Louis II), age 36, receives Eastern Francia that includes much of Germany; and Charles the Bald (17) gets West Francia that incorporates most of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073737#Europe", "title": "839", "revid": 1267073737, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 840, "year_label": "840 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Louis the Pious, Emperor of the Romans and King of the Franks, falls ill and dies at his hunting lodge, on an island in the Rhine, near the Ingelheim Imperial Palace in Francia, while suppressing a revolt. He proclaims his eldest son Lothair I as his successor as Emperor. Lothair tries to seize all the territories of his late grandfather Charlemagne. Louis' son by his second wife, Charles, 17, becomes King of the Franks, and joins with his half-brother Louis the German in resisting Lothair.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666598#Europe", "title": "840", "revid": 1367666598, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 842, "year_label": "842 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – King Alfonso II of Asturias (Northern Spain) dies after a 50-year reign, in which he undertook numerous campaigns against the Muslim armies of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba, and allied himself with the late Charlemagne. The childless Alfonso chooses Ramiro I, son of former king Bermudo I, as his successor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256465#Europe", "title": "842", "revid": 1350256465, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 844, "year_label": "844 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hugh, illegitimate son of Charlemagne (b. 802)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342120631#Deaths", "title": "844", "revid": 1342120631, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 853, "year_label": "853 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Theodrada, Frankish abbess, daughter of Charlemagne (or 844)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072185#Deaths", "title": "853", "revid": 1267072185, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 855, "year_label": "855 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – Drogo of Metz, illegitimate son of Charlemagne (b. 801)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256482#Deaths", "title": "855", "revid": 1350256482, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 936, "year_label": "936 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – King Henry I (\"the Fowler\") dies at his royal palace in Memleben, Thuringia, after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his 23-year-old son Otto I, who is married to Eadgyth, a daughter of the late King Edward the Elder. Otto is the first German king to be crowned in Charlemagne's former capital of Aachen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512077#Europe", "title": "936", "revid": 1341512077, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1001, "year_label": "1001 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor has Charlemagne's vault opened at Aachen Cathedral.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910152#Europe", "title": "1001", "revid": 1341910152, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1002, "year_label": "1002 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – Emperor Otto III dies, at the age of 22, of smallpox at Castle of Paterno (near Rome) after a 19-year reign. He leaves no son, nor a surviving brother who can succeed by hereditary right to the throne. Otto is buried in Aachen Cathedral alongside the body of Charlemagne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371270947#Europe", "title": "1002", "revid": 1371270947, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1110, "year_label": "1110 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Henry V, King of Germany, invades Italy with a large army and concludes an agreement with Pope Paschal II at Sutri. Henry renounces the right of investiture (a dispute with the former Henry IV). In return, Paschal promises to crown him emperor and to restore to the Holy Roman Empire all the lands given to the German church (since the time of Charlemagne).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871350#Europe", "title": "1110", "revid": 1368871350, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – Treaty of Corbeil: King Louis IX of France (\"the Saint\") signs a peace treaty with King James I of Aragon (\"the Conqueror\"). Louis, heir of Charlemagne, formally renounces his feudal overlordship over Catalonia (independent de facto since 988), while James renounces his claims over Occitania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Europe", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}]}