{"slug": "charles-ii-of-england", "label": "Charles II of England", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122553", "qid": "Q122553", "description": "King of England, Scotland, and Ireland  (1630-1685)", "entries": 57, "years": 34, "span": [1638, 1734], "span_label": ["1638 CE", "1734 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 15}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 9}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 7}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 6}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 6}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "edinburgh", "label": "Edinburgh", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "james-ii-of-england", "label": "James II of England", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ireland", "label": "Ireland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mumbai", "label": "Mumbai", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "covenanters", "label": "Covenanters", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "tower-of-london", "label": "Tower of London", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "parliament-of-england", "label": "Parliament of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "province-of-carolina", "label": "Province of Carolina", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "huguenots", "label": "Huguenots", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Catherine of Braganza, Portuguese princess, queen consort of Charles II of England (d. 1705)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#October–December", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Births › October–December"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – The future Charles II of England escapes from Cornwall into exile across the English Channel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#January–March", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – In Edinburgh, the Scottish Parliament declares Prince Charles, son of the recently executed King Charles I, as King Charles II of Scotland. Prince Charles, at the time, is at sea in charge of royalist forces fighting to drive Oliver Cromwell from the British Isles. Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#January–March", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – The deposed King Charles I is beheaded outside the Banquet Hall in the Palace of Whitehall, London. The Commonwealth of England, with a republican form of government, replaces the monarchy as the form of government of England and members of the Long Parliament serve as government. Charles, Prince of Wales declares himself as King of England, Scotland and Ireland pending restoration of the monarchy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#January–March", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 5", "text": "July 5 – After news reaches the Western Hemisphere that King Charles I has been deposed and executed, the English colonial government of the Somers Isles, now called Bermuda, proclaims its recognition of Charles II as the rightful ruler of the islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#July–September", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – The Sack of Wexford in Ireland ends after having started on October 2, with Cromwell's New Model Army breaking through, killing more than 1,500 Irish Catholic defenders and civilians, while losing only 20 of the English soldiers. The capture of Wexford ends the remaining chance that Charles II, heir to the English throne, can land troops in Ireland, and Charles and the royalist fleet flee to Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#October–December", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland (at Garmouth), the only one of the three kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373388330#April–June", "title": "1650", "revid": 1373388330, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Charles II is crowned King of Scots at Scone (his first crowning).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#January–March", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 16", "text": "October 16 – Prince Charles of the House of Stuart escapes from England to find refuge in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#October–December", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 3", "text": "September 3 – Charles II of England is defeated in the Battle of Worcester, the last major battle of the English Civil War, and forced to flee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#July–September", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1656, "year_label": "1656 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – The Treaty of Brussels is signed, creating an alliance between Philip IV of Spain and the exiled Royalists of the British Isles, led by Charles II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372048661#April–June", "title": "1656", "revid": 1372048661, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – As Booth's Uprising spreads to Liverpool, Thomas Myddelton, Randolph Egerton and fellow royalists take control of the town of Wrexham in Wales and proclaim Charles II to be King.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986380#July–September", "title": "1659", "revid": 1365986380, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – In exile in the Netherlands while plotting the restoration of the monarchy to England, Scotland and Ireland, Charles, son of the late King Charles I appoints seven royalists (including six from the \"Sealed Knot\" group) to a \"Great Trust and Commission\" to make plans for a post-restoration government. The Great Trust is led by Charles's trusted advisor, Edward Hyde.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986380#January–March", "title": "1659", "revid": 1365986380, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – The Declaration of Breda, signed by Charles Stuart, son of the late King Charles I of England, promises amnesty, freedom of conscience, and army back pay, in return for support for the English Restoration. The Declaration is read to the new parliament on May 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – King Charles II of England arrives in London and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the English Restoration.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – In exile in the Netherlands, Prince Charles Stuart receives word that the Parliament of England has declared his elevation to the throne as King Charles II of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 (May 3 N.S.) – King Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland is crowned in Westminster Abbey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#April–June", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – The \"Marriage Treaty\" is signed between representatives of King Charles II of England and King João IV of Portugal, providing a military alliance between the two kingdoms and a marriage between Charles of the House of Stuart and João's daughter Catherine of the House of Braganza on May 21, 1662. The treaty also sets the transfer of Portuguese territory in India (at Bombay) and in North Africa (Tangier) to England as well as military aid from England to Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#April–June", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1662, "year_label": "1662 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – (May 31 N.S.); Princess Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King João IV of Portugal, marries Charles II of England. As part of the dowry, Portugal cedes Bombay in India, and Tangier in Morocco, to England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988036#April–June", "title": "1662", "revid": 1365988036, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1662, "year_label": "1662 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – Charles II of England sells Dunkirk to France, for £400,000 (2.5 million French livres).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988036#October–December", "title": "1662", "revid": 1365988036, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – The Royal African Company is granted a Royal Charter by Charles II of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988068#January–March", "title": "1663", "revid": 1365988068, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – King Charles II of England issues the Charter of Carolina, establishing the Province of Carolina, and dividing it between eight Lords Proprietors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988068#January–March", "title": "1663", "revid": 1365988068, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield, illegitimate daughter of King Charles II of England (d. 1718)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#Births", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – King Charles II of England issues a second charter for the Province of Carolina, which clarifies and expands the borders of the Lords Proprietors' tracts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988545#April–June", "title": "1665", "revid": 1365988545, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – In Lisbon, a peace treaty is established between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England, in which the legitimacy of the Portuguese monarch is recognized. Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989896#January–March", "title": "1668", "revid": 1365989896, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – King Charles II of England signs an agreement with representatives of the English East India Company to lease the Indian city of Bombay (modern-day Mumbai) to the company for a rent of 10 pounds sterling per year, with transfer taking effect on September 21.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989896#January–March", "title": "1668", "revid": 1365989896, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – The Parliament of Scotland holds its first new session in six years (although two Conventions of Estates had been held briefly in 1665 and 1667). The session is opened in Edinburgh by Charles II of England in his capacity as King of Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#October–December", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Representatives of England (led by King Charles II) and Denmark (led by King Christian V) sign a treaty of alliance and commerce, the Treaty of Copenhagen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809725#July–September", "title": "1670", "revid": 1368809725, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom from the Tower of London. He is immediately caught, because he is too drunk to run with the loot. He is later condemned to death, and then mysteriously pardoned and exiled by King Charles II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#April–June", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 6", "text": "September 6 – The Court of King Charles II of England dispatches a letter to the \"King of Formosa\" (Zheng Jing, ruler of the Kingdom of Tungning) confirming that English ships will be welcome to trade at the \"City of Tywan\", referring to Taipei on the island of Taiwan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#July–September", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending execution of Penal Laws against Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms; this will be withdrawn the following year under pressure from the Parliament of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#January–March", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – King Charles II of England removes Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, from his position as Lord Chancellor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992268#October–December", "title": "1673", "revid": 1365992268, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1675, "year_label": "1675 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – King Charles II of England suspends Parliament after just nine weeks when the members refuse to vote additional funding to him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992546#April–June", "title": "1675", "revid": 1365992546, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1675, "year_label": "1675 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – King Charles II of England places the foundation stone of the Royal Greenwich Observatory near London; construction begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992546#July–September", "title": "1675", "revid": 1365992546, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1677, "year_label": "1677 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – Four members of the English House of Lords embarrass King Charles II at the opening of the latest session of the \"Cavalier Parliament\" by proclaiming that the session is not legitimate because it had not met in more than a year. The Duke of Buckingham, backed by Lord Shaftesbury, Lord Salisbury and Baron Wharton, makes an unsuccessful motion to end the session. When the four Lords refuse to apologize, they are arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360727449#January–March", "title": "1677", "revid": 1360727449, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1677, "year_label": "1677 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – Henry Purcell is appointed a musician to the court of Charles II of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360727449#July–September", "title": "1677", "revid": 1360727449, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1678, "year_label": "1678 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 6", "text": "September 6 – Titus Oates begins to present allegations of the \"Popish Plot\", a supposed Roman Catholic conspiracy to assassinate king Charles II of England. Oates applies the term Tory to those who disbelieve his allegations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368552109#July–September", "title": "1678", "revid": 1368552109, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – King Charles II of England dissolves the \"Cavalier Parliament\", after nearly 18 years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#January–March", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – In England, the \"Habeas Corpus Parliament\" (or \"First Exclusion Parliament\") is dissolved, while in recess, by King Charles II. The King exercises his royal prerogative of dissolution to prevent the parliament from passing a bill that would exclude non-Anglicans from the succession to the English throne, specifically the king's Roman Catholic brother, James, Duke of York, as part of the Exclusion Crisis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#July–September", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – The first French Huguenots in the New World arrive at Charleston, South Carolina, as 45 of the religious exiles arrive at Oyster Point on the ship Richmond, after being sent there by King Charles II of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#April–June", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – The Sanquhar Declaration, written by Richard Cameron, leader of the Covenanters who oppose the control of religion in Scotland by King Charles, is read aloud by Richard's brother Michael Cameron at the public square in the village of Sanquhar in Dumfriesshire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#April–June", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1681, "year_label": "1681 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22 – King Charles II of England signs a warrant for the building of the Royal Hospital Chelsea in London for wounded and retired soldiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361310073#October–December", "title": "1681", "revid": 1361310073, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1681, "year_label": "1681 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – In order to settle a debt of £16,000, King Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn, for territory west of Delaware River in America between 40° N and 42° N, later to be called Pennsylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361310073#January–March", "title": "1681", "revid": 1361310073, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – Algernon Sidney, opponent of King Charles II of England and author of the rebel tract Discourses Concerning Government is beheaded after having been arrested on June 25 and found guilty on November 7.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366000368#October–December", "title": "1683", "revid": 1366000368, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – The gruesome execution of Lord Russell, for his role in the 1683 Rye House Plot to assassinate King Charles II of England, is carried out by the royal executioner Jack Ketch, who wields his axe in a manner requiring multiple blows to make Russell suffer as much as possible during the beheading.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366000368#July–September", "title": "1683", "revid": 1366000368, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – The Rye House Plot to assassinate Charles II of England is discovered.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366000368#April–June", "title": "1683", "revid": 1366000368, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – Great fire in Newmarket, Suffolk, England, consuming half the houses and forcing King Charles II (who is in residence) to flee the town.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366000368#January–March", "title": "1683", "revid": 1366000368, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 5", "text": "January 5 – King Charles II of England gives the title Duke of St Albans to Charles Beauclerk, his illegitimate son by Nell Gwyn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366005630#January–March", "title": "1684", "revid": 1366005630, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Catholic James Stuart, Duke of York, becomes King James II of England and Ireland, and King James VII of Scotland, in succession to his brother Charles II (1660–1685), King of England, Scotland, and Ireland since 1660. James II and VII reigns until deposed, in 1688.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#January–March", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, illegitimate son of Charles II of England (beheaded) (b. 1649)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#Deaths", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, illegitimate son of King Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland, lands at Lyme Regis with an invasion force brought from the Netherlands, to challenge his uncle, James II, for the Crown of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#April–June", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – Nell Gwyn, English actress, a mistress of Charles II of England (b. 1650)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#November", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Deaths › November"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – James Renwick, the last of the Covenanters in Scotland to be martyred for opposing the authority of King Charles II, is publicly hanged at Grassmarket square in Edinburgh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#January–March", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – Catherine of Braganza, widowed queen consort of Charles II of England and regent of Portugal (b. 1638)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355353320#October–December", "title": "1705", "revid": 1355353320, "section": "Deaths › October–December"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland, English mistress of Charles II of England (b. 1640)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#Deaths", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield, illegitimate daughter of King Charles II of England (b. 1664)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#Deaths", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1734, "year_label": "1734 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, French-born mistress of Charles II of England (b. 1649)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363450203#Deaths", "title": "1734", "revid": 1363450203, "section": "Deaths"}}]}