{"slug": "charles-v-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32500", "qid": "Q32500", "description": "Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556 (1500–1558)", "entries": 74, "years": 39, "span": [1506, 1558], "span_label": ["1506 CE", "1558 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 24}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 18}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 15}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "francis-i-of-france", "label": "Francis I of France", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "ferdinand-i-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "henry-viii", "label": "Henry VIII", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "philip-ii-of-spain", "label": "Philip II of Spain", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "spanish-empire", "label": "Spanish Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pope-clement-vii", "label": "Pope Clement VII", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pope-paul-iii", "label": "Pope Paul III", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1506, "year_label": "1506 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – Charles II, the six-year-old son of King Philip of Castile, inherits his father's title of Duke of Burgundy and is proclaimed \"Lord of the Netherlands\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141766#October–December", "title": "1506", "revid": 1368141766, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1507, "year_label": "1507 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Princess Mary of England, the 11-year-old daughter of King Henry VII, is betrothed to the 7-year-old Duke of Burgundy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367240730#October—December", "title": "1507", "revid": 1367240730, "section": "Events › October—December"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – The Treaty of Noyon is signed. King François I of France recognizes Charles I of Spain's claim to Naples, and Charles recognizes Francis's claim to Milan. The treaty also promised Louise of France to Charles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#July–September", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Sir Edward Poynings becomes England's ambassador to Spain a second time and meets with King Carlos I to negotiate a treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#January–March", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1516, "year_label": "1516 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson, Charles of Ghent, becomes King of Spain; his mother Queen Joanna of Castile also succeeds as Queen of Aragon and co-monarch with Carlos, but remains confined at Tordesillas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368315851#January–March", "title": "1516", "revid": 1368315851, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1518, "year_label": "1518 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 28", "text": "August 28 – King Charles of Spain issues a charter authorizing the transportation of slaves directly from Africa to the Spanish Americas. His decision changes the nature and scale of the transatlantic slave trade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000593#July–September", "title": "1518", "revid": 1362000593, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1518, "year_label": "1518 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – King Charles of Spain gives his approval for the Magellan expedition, initially for the purpose of finding a westward route from Spain to the \"Spice Islands\" (now the Maluku Islands in Indonesia), to avoid the more frequently-used eastward route around Africa. Veteran seaman Ferdinand Magellan and navigator Rui Faleiro, both of Portugal, had turned to Spain to fund the expedition after being refused by King Manuel of Portugal. The voyage proves to be further than expected and becomes the first to sail around the world.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000593#January–March", "title": "1518", "revid": 1362000593, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1519, "year_label": "1519 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – King Carlos I of Spain is elected as the new Holy Roman Emperor and takes the regnal name of Charles V. He will reign until 1556).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365433723#April–June", "title": "1519", "revid": 1365433723, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1520, "year_label": "1520 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – Revolt of the Comuneros: Citizens of Toledo, Castile opposed to the rule of the Flemish-born Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, rise up when the royal government attempts to unseat radical city councilors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307705#April–June", "title": "1520", "revid": 1367307705, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1520, "year_label": "1520 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – The Swabian League sells the Duchy of Württemberg to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, for 220,000 florins and payment of the Duchy's debt of 1,100,000 Goldgulden", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307705#January–March", "title": "1520", "revid": 1367307705, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16–18 – Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the Diet of Worms, where he refuses to recant his writings and allegedly proclaims, \"Here I stand\", regarding his belief in the Bible alone, as the standard of Christian doctrine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – The Italian War of 1521–1526 breaks out between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France as Henry III of Nassau-Breda leads Imperial troops on an invasion of northeastern France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#July–September", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, opens the Diet of Worms in Worms, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#January–March", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw and banning his literature.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 25", "text": "October 25 – The Revolt of the Comuneros, an uprising by citizens of the Kingdom of Castile against the rule of Spain's King Carlos I, ends as the comuneros surrender Toledo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#October–December", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – The Pact of Brussels is signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his younger brother Archduke Ferdinand, guaranteeing Charles's support of Ferdinand to become the King of the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#January–March", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 19", "text": "June 19 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor visits King Henry VIII of England, and signs the Treaty of Windsor, pledging a joint invasion of France, bringing England into the Italian War of 1521–1526.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#April–June", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, turns over control of the Duchy of Württemberg from the Duke Ulrich to the Emperor's brother, the Archduke Ferdiand of Austria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#January–March", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1522, "year_label": "1522 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – At Coyoacán in Mexico (at the time, the colony of New Spain) Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés sends his third report to the Emperor Carlos V, describing the events of the last two years, including the conquest of Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372799978#April–June", "title": "1522", "revid": 1372799978, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1523, "year_label": "1523 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, brings the Spanish Inquisition to the Netherlands with the appointment of Frans Van der Hulst as the inquisitor general of the Seventeen Provinces, which will later become parts of the Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the southern Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561167#April–June", "title": "1523", "revid": 1369561167, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1524, "year_label": "1524 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – The Treaty of Tordesillas is signed between representatives of Honoré I, Lord of Monaco and of King Charles of Spain, and places Monaco under the protection of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819061#October–December", "title": "1524", "revid": 1368819061, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1525, "year_label": "1525 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as the King of Spain, issues an edict ordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslims in the Crown of Aragon, similar to that issued for the Crown of Castile by Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819017#October–December", "title": "1525", "revid": 1368819017, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1526, "year_label": "1526 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – Treaty of Madrid: Peace is declared between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis agrees to cede Burgundy and abandons all claims to Flanders, Artois, Naples, and Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369353275#January–March", "title": "1526", "revid": 1369353275, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1526, "year_label": "1526 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity or leave is reached in the Crown of Aragon and the Principality of Catalonia as decreed by the edict of November 25 by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as King of Spain. The deadline for the Kingdom of Valencia had passed on December 31, 1525.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369353275#January–March", "title": "1526", "revid": 1369353275, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1526, "year_label": "1526 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, marries Princess Isabella of Portugal at the Alcázar of Seville palace in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369353275#January–March", "title": "1526", "revid": 1369353275, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1527, "year_label": "1527 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – Sack of Rome: Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome, forcing the Medici Pope Clement VII to make peace with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, marking the end of the High Renaissance. The Pope grows a beard in mourning.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366980186#April–June", "title": "1527", "revid": 1366980186, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1528, "year_label": "1528 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – The Treaty of Gorinchem is signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Charles, Duke of Guelders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369577446#October–December", "title": "1528", "revid": 1369577446, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1529, "year_label": "1529 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France sign the Treaty of Cambrai, or Ladies' Peace in the War of the League of Cognac: Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain the Duchy of Burgundy. Henry VIII of England accedes on August 27.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362793946#July–September", "title": "1529", "revid": 1362793946, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1530, "year_label": "1530 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – Charles V is crowned emperor in Bologna, by Pope Clement VII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794362#January–March", "title": "1530", "revid": 1366794362, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1530, "year_label": "1530 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 21", "text": "January 21 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, issues letters from his winter residence in Bologna, inviting members of the Imperial Diet to convene at Augsburg on April 8 to discuss various theological questions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794362#January–March", "title": "1530", "revid": 1366794362, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1530, "year_label": "1530 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – The Augsburg Confession is presented to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794362#April–June", "title": "1530", "revid": 1366794362, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1530, "year_label": "1530 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – The Tribute of the Maltese Falcon, an agreement by the Grand Master of the Order of St John of Jerusalem to pay an annual tribute to the Charles V, King of Sicily, in return for an order granting the Knights full rulership of Tripoli and the islands of Malta and Gozo, is reached. The transfer of ownership takes place on October 26, 1550, although Tripoli is conquered by the Ottomans on August 15, 1551.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794362#January–March", "title": "1530", "revid": 1366794362, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1530, "year_label": "1530 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – The Knights of Malta are formed, when the Knights Hospitaller are given Malta by Charles V. They transfer the island capital from Mdina to Birgu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794362#October–December", "title": "1530", "revid": 1366794362, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1531, "year_label": "1531 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor abolishes the worst abuses of the encomienda system, by pressure of Bartolomé de las Casas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359939156#Date_unknown", "title": "1531", "revid": 1359939156, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1532, "year_label": "1532 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – The siege of Güns fails as heavy rains and the arrival of reinforcements from Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to supplement the Croatian defenders, causes Suleiman to retreat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818925#July–September", "title": "1532", "revid": 1368818925, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – The Conquest of Tunis by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, begins with the destruction of Barbarossa's fleet. Following the eventual capture of the city from the Ottoman Empire, around 30,000 inhabitants are massacred.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#April–June", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Eighteen days after the death of Francesco II Sforza, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V claims the Duchy of Milan as his inheritance under Sforza's will. King François of France disputes the claim of Charles, citing the French right to rule Milan, Genoa and Asti, and the dispute leads to war between France and the Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#October–December", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes the first person to pass through the new Porta Nuova in Palermo, celebrating the European conquest of the North African territory of Tunis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#July–September", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1536, "year_label": "1536 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Italian War of 1536–1538 resumes between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis seizes control of Savoy, and captures Turin. Charles triumphally enters Rome, following the Via Triumphalis, and delivers a speech before the Pope and College of Cardinals, publicly challenging the king of France to a duel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494676#January–March", "title": "1536", "revid": 1366494676, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1536, "year_label": "1536 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 2", "text": "June 2 – Pope Paul III announces that he will send three legates to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; to King Ferdinand of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia; and King François of France to prevent an outbreak of war in Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494676#April–June", "title": "1536", "revid": 1366494676, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1537, "year_label": "1537 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – King Carlos I of Spain (who is also the Holy Roman Emperor) issues a royal decree providing for the first election in the New World, allowing he citizens of the Province of Rio de la Plata (now Paraguay) to elect a replacement for the late Captain-General Pedro de Mendoza. Domingo Martínez de Irala is elected the new Captain-General in 1538.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362632656#July–September", "title": "1537", "revid": 1362632656, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – The betrothal ceremony of 12-year-old Princess Elisabeth, niece of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to the 17-year-old Prince Sigismund II Augustus, son of King Sigismund of Poland (who is also the Grand Duke of Lithuania) and heir to the throne, takes place in Innsbruck. The two are married five years later on May 5, 1543.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#July–September", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Truce of Nice: Peace is declared between Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#April–June", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – Battle of Preveza: The Ottoman fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent, under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa, defeats the Holy League of Emperor Charles V, under the command of Andrea Doria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#July–September", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – The Treaty of Frankfurt is signed at Frankfurt-am-Main by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of the Empire's Roman Catholic states, and the Lutheran theologian Philip Melanchthon, representative of the Schmalkaldic League of Protestant German states. Effective May 1, the parties agree that no violent actions will be taken by either side against the other during a 15 month truce period.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#April–June", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – Treaty of Toledo: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (aka Charles I of Spain) and Francis I of France agree to make no further alliances with England. The treaty comes after Henry VIII of England's split with Rome and Pope Paul III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#January–March", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1540, "year_label": "1540 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – In Peru, Spanish captain Garcí Manuel de Carbajal founds the Villa Hermosa de Arequipa; one year later, Charles V of Germany and I of Spain will give the valley a status of 'city' by royal decree.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494590#July–September", "title": "1540", "revid": 1366494590, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1540, "year_label": "1540 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, enters Ghent without resistance, and executes rebels, ending the Revolt of Ghent (1539–1540).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494590#January–March", "title": "1540", "revid": 1366494590, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1541, "year_label": "1541 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – In what is now the capital of Ecuador, San Francisco de Quito is declared a city by the decree of King Charles I of Spain and the Viceroyalty of Peru.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813253#January–March", "title": "1541", "revid": 1361813253, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1541, "year_label": "1541 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who also serves as King Carlos I of Spain, is finally able to depart from Algiers and abandons his army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813253#October–December", "title": "1541", "revid": 1361813253, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1541, "year_label": "1541 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – King Charles of Spain begins the disastrous campaign against the Regency of Algiers as he assembles a fleet of 500 ships, with 24,000 soldiers, at the Spanish island of Majorca and prepares to cross the Mediterranean with the fleets of allied nations led by the Admiral Andrea Doria of the Republic of Genoa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813253#July–September", "title": "1541", "revid": 1361813253, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1542, "year_label": "1542 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 – Antoine Escalin des Eymars, the French ambassador, returns from Constantinople, with promises of Ottoman aid in a war against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947406#January–March", "title": "1542", "revid": 1359947406, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – King Henry VIII of England signs an agreement with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to invade France by June 20, 1544 with at least 35,000 infantry and 7,000 cavalry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#October–December", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – King Henry VIII of England allies with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, against France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#January–March", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September–October – Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, but the siege is withdrawn on the approach of the French army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#July–September", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – A combined force of troops from the Holy Roman Empire and from Spain, both commanded by Emperor Charles V, defeat the French in the Battle of Serravalle after three days of fighting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#April–June", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – The Treaty of Speyer is signed between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Denmark (which includes Norway). Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor agrees to recognize Christian III as the ruler of Denmark and Norway, and abandons further attempts to restore King Christian II to the throne. In return, Denmark and Norway agree to support the Habsburg monarchy in the Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#April–June", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – On orders of King Henry VIII, the English Navy, commanded by Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, begins crossing the English Channel to invade from the west with 19,000 troops, while Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, commences an invasion of France from the east.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#April–June", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 18", "text": "September 18 – Peace of Crépy: Peace is declared between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France. The war between France and England continues.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#July–September", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1545, "year_label": "1545 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – The \"New Laws\"(Leyes Nuevas), officially the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians are repealed less than a year after being issued by King Carlos of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366653612#October–December", "title": "1545", "revid": 1366653612, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1546, "year_label": "1546 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, imposes a Reichsacht declaring Schmalkadic leaders John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse to be outlaws, and directs Maurice, Duke of Saxony to enforce it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368296265#July–September", "title": "1546", "revid": 1368296265, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1548, "year_label": "1548 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Archduke Maximilian of Austria, is married to his first cousin, Maria of Spain, at the arrangement of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Maria's father and Maximilian's uncle. Charles, who also serves as King of Spain, makes the arrangement in order to have the couple serve as his regents while he travels to Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656469#July–September", "title": "1548", "revid": 1366656469, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1549, "year_label": "1549 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – The Pragmatic Sanction is proclaimed by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Low Countries are declared inseparable.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362482759#October–December", "title": "1549", "revid": 1362482759, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1551, "year_label": "1551 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – The regency over the Kingdom of Spain by Archduchess Maria and her husband, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, ends after almost three years when Maria's brother Crown Prince Philip returns to Madrid. Philip resumes his role as regent for King Charles I, the father of both Maria and Philip; Maria and Maximilian had served during the absence of both the King and the Crown Prince starting on October 1, 1548.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783865#July–September", "title": "1551", "revid": 1352783865, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – Maurice, Elector of Saxony, liberates Augsburg and sets about to capture Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#April–June", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – John Frederick, Elector of Saxony and Philipp I of Hesse, taken prisoner by Charles V in 1546, are released.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#July–September", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1553, "year_label": "1553 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 2", "text": "January 2 – The siege of Metz in France, started by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during the Italian War of 1551–59 on October 19 last is lifted after 75 days. During the city's defence by the Duke of Guise and 6,000 soldiers, Charles V had lost two-thirds of his original force of at least 20,000 men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480437#January–March", "title": "1553", "revid": 1362480437, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1553, "year_label": "1553 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Italian War of 1551–1559: Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of the Florentine Republic, signs a secret treaty with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to conquer the Republic of Siena to bring it back into the Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480437#October–December", "title": "1553", "revid": 1362480437, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1554, "year_label": "1554 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25– Queen Mary I of England marries King Prince Philip of Naples, the only son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and heir to the throne of Spain, at Winchester Cathedral just two days after their first meeting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649182#July–September", "title": "1554", "revid": 1366649182, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1555, "year_label": "1555 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 25", "text": "October 25 – Charles V abdicates as Holy Roman Emperor and is succeeded by his brother Ferdinand.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561106#October–December", "title": "1555", "revid": 1369561106, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1555, "year_label": "1555 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – The Peace of Augsburg is signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League, establishing the principle Cuius regio, eius religio, that is, rulers within the Empire can choose the religion of their realm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561106#July–September", "title": "1555", "revid": 1369561106, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Charles V abdicates his position as Holy Roman Emperor in favor of his younger brother, Ferdinand, King of the Romans. The Imperial Diet postpones recognizing the abdication for the next 18 months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#July–September", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1556, "year_label": "1556 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – Charles V abdicates the thrones of the Spanish Empire (including his colonies in the New World) in favor of his son, Philip II, and retires to a monastery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320371006#January–March", "title": "1556", "revid": 1320371006, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1558, "year_label": "1558 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – The Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire gives recognition to Ferdinand as Holy Roman Emperor, two months after his proclamation on March 14 as the successor to his brother Charles V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141988#April–June", "title": "1558", "revid": 1368141988, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}