{"slug": "christianity", "label": "Christianity", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5043", "qid": "Q5043", "description": "Abrahamic monotheistic religion", "entries": 122, "years": 120, "span": [5, 1757], "span_label": ["5 CE", "1757 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 61}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 19}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 12}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 12}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Births", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "islam", "label": "Islam", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "alexandria", "label": "Alexandria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "baptism", "label": "Baptism", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "paul-the-apostle", "label": "Paul the Apostle", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "arianism", "label": "Arianism", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "church-of-the-holy-sepulchre", "label": "Church of the Holy Sepulchre", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "jews", "label": "Jews", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 5, "year_label": "5 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "AD 5 – Paul the Apostle, Jewish leader of the Christians", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Births", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 32, "year_label": "32 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "John the Baptist, religious figure in Christianity, Islam, and other Abrahamic religions", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#32_AD", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Deaths › 32 AD"}}, {"year": 34, "year_label": "34 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Saul of Tarsus, on the road to Damascus, is converted to Christianity, and becomes Paul the Apostle (possible date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Syria", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 34 AD › Syria"}}, {"year": 34, "year_label": "34 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Stephen, Jewish martyr of Christianity (stoned to death)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#34_AD", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Deaths › 34 AD"}}, {"year": 37, "year_label": "37 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Pharisee Saul of Tarsus is converted to Christianity, after a vision (possible date). After the year 39, he is recognised as Saint Paul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Anatolia", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 37 AD › Anatolia"}}, {"year": 48, "year_label": "48 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "According to Christian tradition, Martha travels to Avignon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_48", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 48"}}, {"year": 49, "year_label": "49 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Christianity spreads into Europe, especially at Rome and at Philippi (probable date according to chronology derived from the Acts of the Apostles).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_49", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 49"}}, {"year": 50, "year_label": "50 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Christianity is introduced throughout Nubia by a high official of Queen Judith.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Nubia", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 50 AD › Nubia"}}, {"year": 59, "year_label": "59 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Paul the Apostle pleads his case and testifies to his Christianity before King Agrippa II of the Herodians, who reportedly responds \"You almost persuade me to be a Christian.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Palestine", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 59 AD › Palestine"}}, {"year": 63, "year_label": "63 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "According to legend, Joseph of Arimathea goes to Glastonbury on the first Christian mission to Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330182489#Religion", "title": "AD 63", "revid": 1330182489, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 142, "year_label": "142 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Marcion proclaims that the Old Testament is incompatible with Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187866#Religion", "title": "AD 142", "revid": 1371187866, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 177, "year_label": "177 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A systematic persecution of Christians begins in Rome; the followers take refuge in the catacombs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371305288#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 177", "revid": 1371305288, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 189, "year_label": "189 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pantaenus, who was sent by the bishop of Alexandria to India to preach Christianity, meets with little success.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371309450#Religion", "title": "AD 189", "revid": 1371309450, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 190, "year_label": "190 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Athenagoras of Athens, Greek Christian apologist (b. 133)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371309564#Deaths", "title": "AD 190", "revid": 1371309564, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 197, "year_label": "197 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A Christian council is held in Edessa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371314350#Religion", "title": "AD 197", "revid": 1371314350, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 202, "year_label": "202 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "An edict bans conversions to Christianity and all Christian propaganda.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367880704#Roman_Empire", "title": "202", "revid": 1367880704, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 203, "year_label": "203 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Origen replaces Clement as the head of the Christian school in Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371189154#Religion", "title": "203", "revid": 1371189154, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 235, "year_label": "235 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hippolytus, Christian theologian and writer (b. 170)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191982#Deaths", "title": "235", "revid": 1371191982, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 249, "year_label": "249 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Decian persecution: Decius begins persecuting Christians, and others refusing to sacrifice publicly to the Roman gods for the well-being of the emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227182#Roman_Empire", "title": "249", "revid": 1371227182, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 258, "year_label": "258 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A second Imperial edict prohibits Christianity in the Roman Empire. This edict divides Christians into four categories: priests, who are to be put to death; senators and equestrians, who are to be stripped of their positions and their property confiscated; nuns, who are to be exiled; and imperial civil servants, who are condemned to forced labour.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368343947#Roman_Empire", "title": "258", "revid": 1368343947, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 276, "year_label": "276 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Bahram I of Persia dies after a 3-year reign, in which the Zoroastrian priests at Ctesiphon (Iran) put pressure on him to persecute Buddhists, Christians, and Manichaeans. He is succeeded by his son Bahram II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074469#Sassanid_Empire", "title": "276", "revid": 1267074469, "section": "Events › By place › Sassanid Empire"}}, {"year": 280, "year_label": "280 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date – Saint George, Cappadocian Greek-born Roman soldier and Christian martyr", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495474#Births", "title": "280", "revid": 1367495474, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 295, "year_label": "295 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Petra rejoins the province of Palestine, and is converted to Christianity by the Syrian monk Barsauma.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367879166#Religion", "title": "295", "revid": 1367879166, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 312, "year_label": "312 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Battle of the Milvian Bridge: Constantine defeats Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge, becoming the only Roman emperor in the West. Prior to the battle, he reportedly has a vision of a cross (labarum) with the phrase \"in hoc signo vinces\" (\"In this sign you shall conquer\"). This encourages him to convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557372#Roman_Empire", "title": "312", "revid": 1369557372, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 319, "year_label": "319 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Christianity is introduced in Colchis, present-day Georgia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372362353#Georgia", "title": "319", "revid": 1372362353, "section": "Events › By place › Georgia"}}, {"year": 320, "year_label": "320 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lactantius, Christian writer (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330750501#Date_unknown", "title": "320", "revid": 1330750501, "section": "Deaths › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 326, "year_label": "326 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Christianity is introduced to the Kingdom of Iberia (modern-day Georgia) by Saint Nino (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366011464#Religion", "title": "326", "revid": 1366011464, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 331, "year_label": "331 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constantine the Great vigorously promotes Christianity, confiscating the property and valuables of a number of pagan temples throughout the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308906041#Roman_Empire", "title": "331", "revid": 1308906041, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 341, "year_label": "341 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Coptic Christianity is introduced into Ethiopia by the Syrian apostle Frumentius. He and his colleague Aedesius ware captured by Ethiopians a year or two ago, and have become civil servants at the Aksumite court of King Ezana. Ezana is impressed with Frumentius' teachings and converts to Christianity. Frumentius becomes the first Bishop of Axum and encourages the Christian merchants present in the country to practise their faith openly.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317828287#Religion", "title": "341", "revid": 1317828287, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 356, "year_label": "356 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The veneration of non-Christian images is banned in the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369161915#Roman_Empire", "title": "356", "revid": 1369161915, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 361, "year_label": "361 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Julian tries to organize a pagan church and substitute it for Christianity. Pope Liberius repudiates the Arian creed, and declares that the Council of Ariminum has no authority to issue decrees.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331332525#Religion", "title": "361", "revid": 1331332525, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 369, "year_label": "369 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fritigern becomes king of the Visigoths; amidst hostilities with his rival Athanaric, he asks Valens and the Thracian field army to intervene. They end the civil war, and Fritigern converts to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322977158#Roman_Empire", "title": "369", "revid": 1322977158, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 380, "year_label": "380 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Philip of Side, Christian church historian (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281452530#Births", "title": "380", "revid": 1281452530, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 380, "year_label": "380 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – Edict of Thessalonica: Theodosius I, with co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II, declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to trinitarian Christianity, in accordance with the patriarchs of Rome and Alexandria, implicitly rejecting the Arianism of the patriarch of Constantinople as heretical.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281452530#Roman_Empire", "title": "380", "revid": 1281452530, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 381, "year_label": "381 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Gratian moves the capital to Mediolanum (modern-day Milan). Because of his Christian beliefs, he eliminates Pontifex Maximus as Imperial title. Gratian also refuses the robe of office, insulting the pagan aristocrats of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281451732#Roman_Empire", "title": "381", "revid": 1281451732, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 385, "year_label": "385 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Priscillian, Spanish bishop, is accused of Manichaeism and magic, and beheaded at Trier . He becomes the first person in the history of Christianity to be executed for heresy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280220298#Religion", "title": "385", "revid": 1280220298, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 391, "year_label": "391 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Theodosius I establishes Christianity as the official state religion. All non-Christian temples in the Roman Empire are closed. The eternal fire in the Temple of Vesta at the Roman Forum is extinguished, and the Vestal Virgins are disbanded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327980191#Roman_Empire", "title": "391", "revid": 1327980191, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 392, "year_label": "392 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – Theodosius I issues an edict reinforcing the prohibition of prayers or sacrifices at non-Christian temples, leading to the persecution of pagans and the end of the almost 2,000-year-old Eleusinian Mysteries. He also bans items of pagan spiritual significance that could be used in the home, such as incense or spiritual figures.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331511439#Roman_Empire", "title": "392", "revid": 1331511439, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 393, "year_label": "393 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Theodosius I abolishes the Greek Olympic Games, ending a thousand years of festivals, as part of the general Christian policy to establish universal Christian worship in accordance with the doctrines set forth in the Nicene Creed (the next Olympic Games will not be held until 1896).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364744069#Roman_Empire", "title": "393", "revid": 1364744069, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 405, "year_label": "405 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Salvian, Christian writer (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367640804#Births", "title": "405", "revid": 1367640804, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 413, "year_label": "413 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Augustine of Hippo, age 59, begins to write his spiritual book De Civitate Dei (City of God), as a reply to the charge that Christianity was responsible for the decline of the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366415001#Religion", "title": "413", "revid": 1366415001, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 416, "year_label": "416 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths continue their invasion of Hispania, and take control of Tarraconensis. King Wallia occupies the gold mines at Las Médulas, and forces Jewish citizens to convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641805#Europe", "title": "416", "revid": 1367641805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 430, "year_label": "430 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 28", "text": "August 28 – Augustine dies during the siege of Hippo Regius at age 75, leaving behind his monumental work The City of God and other works that will have influence on Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370135052#Religion", "title": "430", "revid": 1370135052, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 432, "year_label": "432 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Saint Patrick, Roman Britain-born missionary, is consecrated a bishop and converts the Irish to Christianity until his death around 460.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361576950#Religion", "title": "432", "revid": 1361576950, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 469, "year_label": "469 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Vatican makes a pact with the Salian Frankish king Childeric I, agreeing to call him \"the new Constantine\" on condition that he accept conversion to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138926#Religion", "title": "469", "revid": 1360138926, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 510, "year_label": "510 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Sasanian Persians conquer the independent kingdom of Caucasian Albania, a state converted to Christianity in the 4th century by Armenian missionaries (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739939#Persian_Empire", "title": "510", "revid": 1364739939, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": 523, "year_label": "523 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Arethas, leader of the Christian community in Yemen", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792003#Deaths", "title": "523", "revid": 1340792003, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 526, "year_label": "526 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope John I returns to Ravenna from Constantinople. Theodoric the Great finds that he has been only partly successful in persuading the Byzantine emperor Justin I to withdraw his edict against Arian Christianity, and throws the pope into prison.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754141#Religion", "title": "526", "revid": 1364754141, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 529, "year_label": "529 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Academy, originally founded at Athens by Plato around 387 BC, closes down by order of Justinian I, on charges of un-Christian activity. Many of the school's professors emigrate to Persia and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351343002#Education", "title": "529", "revid": 1351343002, "section": "Events › By topic › Education"}}, {"year": 538, "year_label": "538 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "As a result of persecutions by the Byzantine Empire, Monophysite Christians establish the Coptic Church in Alexandria (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351200776#Religion", "title": "538", "revid": 1351200776, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 550, "year_label": "550 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Justinian I sends two Nestorian monks on a mission to Central Asia, to spread Christianity in the East (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799644#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "550", "revid": 1340799644, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 569, "year_label": "569 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Garamantian Kingdom (modern Libya) signs a peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire. The capital city of Garama is converted to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349645704#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "569", "revid": 1349645704, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 570, "year_label": "570 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Jews of Clermont-Ferrand are forced to convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800837#Religion", "title": "570", "revid": 1340800837, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 577, "year_label": "577 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Temple of Dendur, dedicated to the Egyptian gods Isis, Harpocrates (Horus) and Osiris, is converted for use as a Christian church (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369170756#Religion", "title": "577", "revid": 1369170756, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 586, "year_label": "586 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Custennin of Dumnonia is converted to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748798#Religion", "title": "586", "revid": 1364748798, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 597, "year_label": "597 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Gregorian Mission: Augustine of Canterbury lands with a group of missionaries on the Isle of Thanet (South East England). He is welcomed by King Æthelberht of Kent, who accepts baptism (along with the rest of his court) at the behest of his Christian Frankish wife, Bertha. Æthelbert assigns Augustine and his 40 monks a residence at Canterbury, where they found a Benedictine monastery that will make the town a centre of Christianity (or 596).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755884#Religion", "title": "597", "revid": 1364755884, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 598, "year_label": "598 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Missionaries begin to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity throughout much of what will later be the British Isles (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751875#Religion", "title": "598", "revid": 1364751875, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Augustine of Canterbury converts Æthelberht of Kent to Christianity (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Religion", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 604, "year_label": "604 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sæbert succeeds his father Sledd as king of Essex. He is persuaded to convert to Christianity through the intervention of his uncle, King Æthelberht of Kent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754628#Britain", "title": "604", "revid": 1364754628, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Sisebut orders in the Council of Toledo that Jews are to convert to Christianity. Children are taken from their parents and put in monasteries, where they learn the teaching of evangelism in the Visigothic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Europe", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 625, "year_label": "625 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "King Edwin of Northumbria marries Æthelburga of Kent. As a Christian, she brings her personal chaplain, Paulinus, and encourages her husband to convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803472#Britain", "title": "625", "revid": 1340803472, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 627, "year_label": "627 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to Christianity by Bishop Paulinus of York, who previously saved his life.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346712156#Britain", "title": "627", "revid": 1346712156, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 630, "year_label": "630 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Ricberht of East Anglia dies and is succeeded by Sigeberht, who returns from exile in France. He rules together with his kinsman Ecgric, re-establishing Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803540#Britain", "title": "630", "revid": 1340803540, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – Siege of Jerusalem: The Rashidun army (20,000 men), led by 'Amr ibn al-'As, conquers Jerusalem after a six-month siege. The Byzantine garrison surrenders to Caliph Umar I, who is invited by Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, to pray in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Umar declines, fearing that accepting the invitation might endanger the church's status, and turn the Christian holy site into a mosque.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Arabian_Empire", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 653, "year_label": "653 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sigeberht II is persuaded by Oswiu to adopt Christianity, as part of a mobilization against Penda.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635810#Britain", "title": "653", "revid": 1367635810, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 662, "year_label": "662 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Swithelm of Essex is converted to Christianity and baptised by Cedd, at the court of King Æthelwald of East Anglia, who acts as his sponsor. East Anglia may have held some sort of overlordship over Essex at this time (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805159#Britain", "title": "662", "revid": 1340805159, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 665, "year_label": "665 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "According to the Annales Cambriae, the Anglo-Saxons convert to Christianity after the Second Battle of Badon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805187#Religion", "title": "665", "revid": 1340805187, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 680, "year_label": "680 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Boniface begins his education at an English Celtic Christian monastery, probably in Exeter near his birthplace and one of many monasteriola built by local landowners and churchmen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331672551#Religion", "title": "680", "revid": 1331672551, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 682, "year_label": "682 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The wandering ex-Wessex sub-king, Cædwalla, seeks St. Wilfrid as his spiritual father, but does not convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347973674#Europe", "title": "682", "revid": 1347973674, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 690, "year_label": "690 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Willibrord, Anglo-Saxon missionary, travels from York with 12 Benedictine monks to Westkapelle, (modern Netherlands) to Christianize the pagan Frisians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806273#Religion", "title": "690", "revid": 1340806273, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 744, "year_label": "744 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sturm, disciple of Boniface, establishes the Benedictine Abbey of Fulda (Hesse), as part of Boniface's mission to bring Christianity to the pagan tribes in Germany (or 742).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305046877#Religion", "title": "744", "revid": 1305046877, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 776, "year_label": "776 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Saxon Wars: The Saxons again revolt against Christianity and Frankish rule. Eresburg falls, but a Saxon assault upon the castle of Syburg fails. Charlemagne hurriedly returns from Italy, launching a counter-offensive which defeats the Saxons. Most of their leaders are summoned to the Lippe at the town of Bad Lippspringe (North Rhine-Westphalia), to submit formally to Charlemagne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848048#Europe", "title": "776", "revid": 1340848048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 782, "year_label": "782 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Massacre of Verden: Charlemagne executes 4,500 rebel Saxons at Verden for practicing paganism. He issues the Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae and imposes Christianity on the Saxons, making Saxony a Frankish province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081621#Europe", "title": "782", "revid": 1267081621, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 785, "year_label": "785 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Council of Paderborn: The clergy debates the matter of the Christianization of the Saxons. They make laws against idolatry, and order the death penalty for self-appointed witch-hunters, who have caused the death of people accused of witchcraft.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342449#Religion", "title": "785", "revid": 1351342449, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 826, "year_label": "826 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Harald Klak accepts Christianity, and is baptized with his wife and son Godfrid at Mainz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941323#Religion", "title": "826", "revid": 1340941323, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Omurtag, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his youngest son Malamir, because his older brother Enravota favours Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#Europe", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 862, "year_label": "862 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March", "text": "March – Viking raiders led by Weland are trapped at Trilbardou Bridge (Northern France), and submit to King Charles the Bald. He and his family accept Christianity (they are baptised) before leaving Neustria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129421#Central_Europe", "title": "862", "revid": 1341129421, "section": "Events › By place › Central Europe"}}, {"year": 911, "year_label": "911 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – King Charles III (the Simple) and Rollo, leader of the Vikings, sign a peace agreement (Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte). In return for his homage and conversion to Christianity, Rollo becomes a vassal and is made Count of Rouen; this is the beginning of the duchy of Normandy. He divides the lands between the rivers Epte and Risle among his chieftains, and prevents any other Vikings sailing up the Seine to attack the West Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372066182#Europe", "title": "AD 911", "revid": 1372066182, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 912, "year_label": "912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Ordoño II of Galicia continues his expansion of the Christian polity. He sacks the cities of Mérida and Évora.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468136#Europe", "title": "912", "revid": 1364468136, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Hubasa takes Barqah (modern-day Benghazi), the ancient capital of Cyrenaica. The Abbasid governor withdraws to Egypt, before the superior strength of the Fatimids. With this rich, fertile province fallen into his hands, it provides Hubāsa with 24,000 gold dinars in annual revenues from taxes, as well as 15,000 dinars paid by Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Africa", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 960, "year_label": "960 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Harald Bluetooth, king of Denmark, consolidates his rule over Jutland and Zealand. He adopts Christianity, erecting a carved stone at Jelling to honour his parents. It features a runic inscription (best-known in Denmark) and an image of Christ surrounded by interlace. The other Scandinavian kingdoms slowly convert to Christianity (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272128#Europe", "title": "960", "revid": 1365272128, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 961, "year_label": "961 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Siege of Chandax: Byzantine forces under Nikephoros II Phokas capture and pillage Chandax after an 8-month siege. Nikephoros massacres the population without mercy and carries them off into slavery, returning to Constantinople with Emir Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb and his family as prisoners. The island Emirate of Crete is converted into a Byzantine theme and the remaining Muslims are converted to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512994#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "961", "revid": 1341512994, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 965, "year_label": "965 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The last of the Jelling stones was erected in Denmark by the king Harald Bluetooth; a monumental incident in danish history, often referred to as the birth of Denmark as a nation unified under the religion of Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371364470#Europe", "title": "965", "revid": 1371364470, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 966, "year_label": "966 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – Mieszko I, first duke and prince of Poland, is baptized a Christian, which is usually considered the foundation of the Polish state. Mieszko's baptism, under the influence of his wife Doubravka of Bohemia, brings his territories into the community of Christian countries. The lands ruled by Mieszko cover about 250,000 km², and are inhabited by about 1.2 million people around this time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513206#Europe", "title": "966", "revid": 1341513206, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 967, "year_label": "967 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Otto I completes and dedicates a new cathedral at Magdeburg in Saxony. Like other imperial churches of the period, it includes a westwork – a structure attached to the entrance wall and outfitted with galleries. Otto makes Magdeburg a base for missionary efforts to convert the Slavs to the east. The patron saint of the city is Mauritius, who, as a military leader fighting for Christianity against pagan armies, shares affinities with Otto himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919490#Religion", "title": "967", "revid": 1364919490, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Cloves, ginger, black pepper, and other Eastern spices are available for purchase in the marketplace at Mainz. The spices are brought to the city by Jewish traveling merchants, known as the Radhanites, who have contacts in the international trade between the Christian and Islamic world (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Commerce", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By topic › Commerce"}}, {"year": 974, "year_label": "974 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Qarmatians are defeated north of Cairo by Fatimid forces under General Jawhar al-Siqilli. He consolidates Fatimid rule and sends a legation to the Christian land of Nubia to secure the southern border of Egypt. Arab traders introduce Islam to the population, which gradually supplants Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513416#Africa", "title": "974", "revid": 1341513416, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 981, "year_label": "981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus, conquers and razes the city of Zamora, as part of his effort to seize the Christian-dominated north of the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366191661#Europe", "title": "981", "revid": 1366191661, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 983, "year_label": "983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Great Slav Rising: The Polabian Slavs (Wends), mainly Lutici and Obotrite tribes living east of the Elbe River revolt against Christianity and their subjugation to the German (former East Frankish) realm of the Holy Roman Empire. They invade northern Germany, sacking the cities of Havelberg, Brandenburg and Hamburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908613#Europe", "title": "983", "revid": 1341908613, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 988, "year_label": "988 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Grand Prince Vladimir the Great, ruler of Kievan Rus', marries Anna Porphyrogenita (sister of Basil II) and converts to Christianity. He is baptized at Cherson in the Crimea, taking the Christian name of Basil (in honor of his brother-in-law). Vladimir returns in triumph to Kiev, and begins the Christianization of Kievan Rus' to the Eastern Orthodox Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364920019#Religion", "title": "988", "revid": 1364920019, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 995, "year_label": "995 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Olaf Tryggvason is crowned king of Norway (and ruled until 1000) and builds the country's first Christian church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360634539#Europe", "title": "995", "revid": 1360634539, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 999, "year_label": "999 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sigmundur Brestisson, a Viking chieftain, introduces Christianity in the Faroe Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468443#Religion", "title": "AD 999", "revid": 1364468443, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1007, "year_label": "1007 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Keraites, a Turco-Mongolian tribe, are converted to Nestorianism (a sect of Christianity).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910071#Religion", "title": "1007", "revid": 1341910071, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1008, "year_label": "1008 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Bruno of Querfurt, a missionary bishop, and 18 companions sets out on a mission to spread Christianity among the Prussians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910052#Religion", "title": "1008", "revid": 1341910052, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The last evidence of indigenous Christian and non-Arabophone culture in Tripolitania (modern Libya) is seen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Africa", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1022, "year_label": "1022 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Olof Skötkonung dies and is succeeded by his son Anund Jakob as ruler of Sweden. He becomes the second Christian king of the Swedish realm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213197#Europe", "title": "1022", "revid": 1342213197, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 (9 Muharram 415 AH) – In the first example of the reversal of the policy of religious tolerance created by the late Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim, Egyptian Christian Abu Zakariyya is arrested on charges of apostasy. Zakariyya, raised as a Christian, had converted to Islam, but then renounced Islam and converted back to Christianity, with immunity granted by al-Hakim. Zakariyya, apparently singled out for punishment is executed on October 14 (7 Shaban 415 CE).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#January–March", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1055, "year_label": "1055 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Ferdinand I of León (\"the Great\") begins his campaign against al-Andalus. He conquers Seia from the Christian allies of the Muslim taifas. In a drive to consolidate his southern border in Portugal he re-populates the city of Zamora with some of his Cantabrian (montañeses) subjects.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301978694#Europe", "title": "1055", "revid": 1301978694, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1056, "year_label": "1056 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The Muslims expel 300 Christians from Jerusalem, and European Christians are forbidden to enter the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365382431#Religion", "title": "1056", "revid": 1365382431, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1089, "year_label": "1089 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A church council, held in Constantinople, discuses relations between Eastern and Western Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270667#Religion", "title": "1089", "revid": 1365270667, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – The Rhineland massacres: Members of the People's Crusade led by Count Emicho destroy most of the Jewish communities along the Rhine in a series of large pogroms in France and Germany. Thousands of Jews are massacred, driven to suicide, or forced to convert to Christianity. Estimates of the number of Jewish men, women and children murdered are 2,000 to 12,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1150, "year_label": "1150 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Aintab: A Crusader army led by King Baldwin III repels the attacks of Nur al-Din near Aintab. Baldwin safely evacuates the Christian residents of the County of Edessa, which is captured by the Zangids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164290#Levant", "title": "1150", "revid": 1362164290, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1165, "year_label": "1165 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Eskil, Danish archbishop of Lund, appoints Fulco as the first Bishop of Estonia, marking the early beginning of the introduction of Christianity to the country. He will visit Estonia for the first time in 1169 or 1170.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362483614#Religion", "title": "1165", "revid": 1362483614, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1173, "year_label": "1173 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date – Peter Waldo, French spiritual leader, is converted to Christianity and founds the Waldensians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300112960#Religion", "title": "1173", "revid": 1300112960, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1230, "year_label": "1230 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Frederick II bestows on the Teutonic Order a special privilege for the conquest of Prussia, including Chełmno Land, with papal sovereignty. He allows the Teutonic Knights to forcibly convert the Prussians to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333053721#Europe", "title": "1230", "revid": 1333053721, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1232, "year_label": "1232 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Domus Conversorum (\"House of the Converts\"), a building and institution in London for Jewish converts to Christianity, is established by Henry III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489153#England", "title": "1232", "revid": 1367489153, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1239, "year_label": "1239 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – King Béla IV of Hungary allows some 40,000 Cumans, pagan nomads fleeing the Mongols, to settle in Hungary between the rivers Danube and Theiss, after their leader, Köten, has promised to convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650554#Europe", "title": "1239", "revid": 1368650554, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1245, "year_label": "1245 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – Innocent IV sends Giovanni da Pian del Carpine (accompanied by Stephen of Bohemia) to the Mongol court at Karakorum, suggesting that the Mongols convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355852673#Religion", "title": "1245", "revid": 1355852673, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December", "text": "December – Louis IX receives an embassy during his stay in Cyprus from the Mongol general, Eljigidei, who is viceroy in Persia. They bring a letter from Guyuk Khan (who had died by the time his envoys reached Cyprus) with no demands of submission, but talking in terms about Mongol favouritism for Christianity, and a proposal of a joint invasion against the Ayyubid forces in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Seventh_Crusade", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Events › By place › Seventh Crusade"}}, {"year": 1262, "year_label": "1262 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Mindaugas of Lithuania perhaps renounces Christianity, returning to the country's pagan roots, and reverting to Grand Duke.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275696322#Europe", "title": "1262", "revid": 1275696322, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1439, "year_label": "1439 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – Pope Eugene IV issues the Bull of Union with the Greeks (Laetentur Caeli), signed by the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaiologos, proclaiming the end of the East–West Schism between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy and the union of the two divisions of the Christian faith. The bull is repudiated by most Eastern bishops shortly thereafter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373513363#July–September", "title": "1439", "revid": 1373513363, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1480, "year_label": "1480 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Two days after Ottoman troops had broken a siege and taken control of the village of Otranto in southern Italy, led by Gedik Ahmed Pasha, carry out the massacre of 813 inhabitants who had refused to convert from Christianity to Islam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370179650#July–September", "title": "1480", "revid": 1370179650, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1481, "year_label": "1481 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – The first execution during the Spanish Inquisition is carried out in Seville in an auto-da-fé as six people convicted of heresy are burned alive. As a result of this and other murders, thousands of conversos— mostly Jewish people who had converted to Christianity— flee their homes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936509#January–March", "title": "1481", "revid": 1365936509, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1493, "year_label": "1493 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – Friar Bernardo Buil, a Catalan monk in Spain, is appointed by Pope Alexander VI as the first Christian \"Vicar Apostolic of the New World\". Friar Buil will depart from Cadiz on September 25 on the second voyage of Christopher Columbus, and will begin his mission at La Isabela, a Spanish settlement on the island of Hispanola in what becomes the Dominican Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631093#April–June", "title": "1493", "revid": 1371631093, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1501, "year_label": "1501 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – The Rebellion in the Alpujarras ends in southern Spain with a treaty of surrender of the last Muslim insurgents in the Alpujarra Mountains in Andalusia on the Mediterranean Sea. The Muslims are given the choice of expulsion or conversion to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582028#April–June", "title": "1501", "revid": 1360582028, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1509, "year_label": "1509 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Maximillian I orders all Jews within the Holy Roman Empire to destroy all books opposing Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369335853#July–September", "title": "1509", "revid": 1369335853, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1567, "year_label": "1567 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – Antão de Noronha, Viceroy of Portuguese India (the modern-day Indian state of Goa) issues decrees prohibiting the public performance of Hindu rituals for marriages, cremations, and sacred thread wearing. Other rules require all natives 15 or older to attend Christian religious services, upon penalty of punishment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362147494#October–December", "title": "1567", "revid": 1362147494, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1580, "year_label": "1580 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – Three Jesuit priests from Portuguese Goa, including Rodolfo Acquaviva, arrive in Agra on the mainland of India as guests of the Mughal Emperor, Akbar the Great, who is curious about Christianity. The Emperor grants land to the Jesuit fathers for the building of the first Roman Catholic Church in the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369376205#January–March", "title": "1580", "revid": 1369376205, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1614, "year_label": "1614 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – In Japan, the practice of Christianity is banned, and an edict is issued for the expulsion of all foreign missionaries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372816433#January–March", "title": "1614", "revid": 1372816433, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August", "text": "August – The Cambridge Platform, a new, localized system of Christian church governance, is agreed upon and written down in New England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346163846#July–September", "title": "1648", "revid": 1346163846, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1678, "year_label": "1678 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – The first part of English nonconformist preacher John Bunyan's Christian allegory The Pilgrim's Progress is published in London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368552109#January–March", "title": "1678", "revid": 1368552109, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A firman (decree) of Ottoman sultan Osman III (d. October 30) preserves the division of ownership and responsibilities of various Christian holy places in Jerusalem and Bethlehem (e.g. the former's Church of the Holy Sepulchre); this becomes established as the Status Quo in international law.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#Date_unknown", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}