{"slug": "christians", "label": "Christians", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106039", "qid": "Q106039", "description": "person who adheres to Christianity", "entries": 51, "years": 50, "span": [65, 1675], "span_label": ["65 CE", "1675 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 29}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 8}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "arianism", "label": "Arianism", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "alexandria", "label": "Alexandria", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "february", "label": "February", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantine-v", "label": "Constantine V", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "licinius", "label": "Licinius", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "toledo-spain", "label": "Toledo, Spain", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "iberian-peninsula", "label": "Iberian Peninsula", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "arab-muslims", "label": "Arab Muslims", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 65, "year_label": "65 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The first Christian community in Africa is founded by Mark, a disciple of Peter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363561417#Religion", "title": "AD 65", "revid": 1363561417, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 93, "year_label": "93 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Domitian persecutes the Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330324282#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 93", "revid": 1330324282, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 106, "year_label": "106 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ignatius writes a letter to Christians in Smyrna, using the term Catholic Church (approximate date). This is the earliest surviving witness to the use of the term \"Catholic Church\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359392828#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 106", "revid": 1359392828, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 127, "year_label": "127 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hadrian, acting on the advice of his proconsul of Asia, Gaius Minicius Fundanus, determines that Christians shall not be put to death without a trial.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371192037#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 127", "revid": 1371192037, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 140, "year_label": "140 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Marcion arrives in Rome, bringing Evangelikon and Apostolikon to the Christian community.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187415#Religion", "title": "AD 140", "revid": 1371187415, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 165, "year_label": "165 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The philosopher Justin of Nablus is executed in Rome as a Christian.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302074#Religion", "title": "AD 165", "revid": 1371302074, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 170, "year_label": "170 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Aurelius orders humane treatment for Christians and slaves throughout the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371303023#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 170", "revid": 1371303023, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 192, "year_label": "192 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Syriac Christians establish an early Christian community in Kerala, India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310282#Religion", "title": "AD 192", "revid": 1371310282, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 217, "year_label": "217 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hippolytus begins his \"pontificate\" as antipope and sets up a breakaway church for Christian followers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227173#Religion", "title": "217", "revid": 1371227173, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 235, "year_label": "235 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – Pope Pontian resigns, the first to abdicate, because he and Hippolytus, church leader of Rome, are exiled to the mines of Sardinia. Emperor Maximinus persecutes the Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371191982#Religion", "title": "235", "revid": 1371191982, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 250, "year_label": "250 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – Decian persecution of Christians is initiated when Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (except Jews) to perform a sacrifice to the gods of religion in ancient Rome. On January 20, Pope Fabian becomes one of the first martyrs of this persecution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187135#Religion", "title": "250", "revid": 1371187135, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 257, "year_label": "257 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Valerian's persecution of Christians begins: his edict orders bishops and priests to sacrifice according to the pagan rituals, and prohibits Christians, under penalty of death, from meeting at the tombs of their deceased.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187339#Religion", "title": "257", "revid": 1371187339, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 299, "year_label": "299 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Diocletian expels Christians from the Roman army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267078871#Roman_Empire", "title": "299", "revid": 1267078871, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 306, "year_label": "306 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Constantine institutes toleration of the Christians in his territories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171617#Roman_Empire", "title": "306", "revid": 1330171617, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 308, "year_label": "308 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Maxentius institutes toleration of the Christians in his territories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330171358#Roman_Empire", "title": "308", "revid": 1330171358, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 311, "year_label": "311 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Maximinus recommences the persecution of Christians, having encouraged his subjects to petition him to do so.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330160941#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 311", "revid": 1330160941, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 313, "year_label": "313 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February", "text": "February: Emperors Constantine I and Licinius convene in Mediolanum (modern Milan). Licinius marries Constantine's half-sister Constantia, and they issue the Edict of Milan. This edict ends the Great Persecution against the Christians and is the first piece of legislation in western history to decree freedom of religion. It also returns property confiscated from Christians. The edict is posted in Nicomedia on June 13.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330160715#Roman_Empire", "title": "313", "revid": 1330160715, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 320, "year_label": "320 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Licinius reneges on the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan, and begins a new persecution of Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire. He imprisons Christians, confiscates their properties and destroys churches.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330750501#Roman_Empire", "title": "320", "revid": 1330750501, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 338, "year_label": "338 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Shapur II, king of the Persian Empire, begins a widespread persecution of Christians. He orders forcible conversions to the state religion, Zoroastrianism, lest the Christians disrupt his realm while he is away fighting the Romans in Armenia and Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267075323#Persia", "title": "338", "revid": 1267075323, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 341, "year_label": "341 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Thousands of Christians are executed at Seleucia in Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317828287#Religion", "title": "341", "revid": 1317828287, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 350, "year_label": "350 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January", "text": "January – Constans I flees towards Spain, where he is subsequently assassinated at Castrum Helenae. Magnentius rules the Western portion of the Roman Empire and is far more tolerant towards Christians and Pagans alike.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501252#Roman_Empire", "title": "350", "revid": 1367501252, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 358, "year_label": "358 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Constantius II recalls Pope Liberius to Rome, where he receives a joyous welcome from the Christians. Antipope Felix II prudently retires to his estate near Porto (Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077925#Religion", "title": "358", "revid": 1267077925, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 361, "year_label": "361 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Gregory Nazianzus (Saint Gregory the Theologian) returns to Nazianzus and is appointed a priest by his father, who wants him to assist local Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331332525#Religion", "title": "361", "revid": 1331332525, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 362, "year_label": "362 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Athanasius returns to Alexandria and convenes a council, at which he appeals for unity among Christians who differ in terminology, but Emperor Julian orders Athanasius to leave Alexandria. He will remain in exile in Upper Egypt, until after Julian's death the next year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331333761#Religion", "title": "362", "revid": 1331333761, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 373, "year_label": "373 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Valens is converted to Arianism, and orders the persecution of Trinitarian Christians in the Roman East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364742164#Roman_Empire", "title": "373", "revid": 1364742164, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 383, "year_label": "383 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 381): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend the Nicene Creed, and denounce Arianism and Apollinarism. Most trinitarian Christian churches consider this an Ecumenical council.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205021#Religion", "title": "AD 383", "revid": 1349205021, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 388, "year_label": "388 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A group of Christians storms the synagogue of the city Callinicum (Syria), at the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321355496#Religion", "title": "388", "revid": 1321355496, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 390, "year_label": "390 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Prosper of Aquitaine, disciple and Christian writer (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355430318#Births", "title": "390", "revid": 1355430318, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 391, "year_label": "391 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Patriarch Theophilus destroys all pagan temples in Alexandria under orders from Theodosius I. Christians go on an iconoclastic rampage, smashing religious symbols or monuments through the city and destroying the Temple of Serapis. The \"Order of Monks\" known as the Parabalani take charge of patrolling the streets.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327980191#Religion", "title": "391", "revid": 1327980191, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 391, "year_label": "391 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Macarius of Egypt, Christian monk and hermit", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327980191#Deaths", "title": "391", "revid": 1327980191, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 399, "year_label": "399 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Evagrius Ponticus, Christian monk and ascetic (b. 345)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364933714#Deaths", "title": "399", "revid": 1364933714, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 400, "year_label": "400 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Salvian, Christian writer (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347571639#Births", "title": "400", "revid": 1347571639, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 408, "year_label": "408 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – Emperor Arcadius dies in his palace at Constantinople, after a weak 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, Theodosius II, who rules under the domination of his devout Christian sister Pulcheria and Anthemius, who acts as regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367644906#Roman_Empire", "title": "408", "revid": 1367644906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 415, "year_label": "415 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March", "text": "March – Hypatia of Alexandria, Neoplatonist philosopher, is murdered by a Christian mob of Nitrian monks at the church (former temple conceived by Cleopatra VII) called Caesareum. Having driven out the Jews, Alexandria's new patriarch, Cyril, has instigated the mob after taking offense at Hypatia's scientific rationalism (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501934#Religion", "title": "415", "revid": 1367501934, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Battle of Vartanantz: King Yazdegerd II defeats the Armenian army (66,000 men) under their rebel leader Vartan Mamikonian on the Avarayr Plain (Armenia). Despite the loss of Mamikonian, who is killed, the Armenians consider this battle to have been a moral and religious victory, since Yazdegerd, out of respect for their efforts, allows them to remain Christian. The anniversary is a national and religious holiday.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Persia", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 487, "year_label": "487 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Lateran Council, convened by Pope Felix III, establishes conditions for readmitting to the Church those Christians who have been rebaptized by the Vandals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340789359#Religion", "title": "487", "revid": 1340789359, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 580, "year_label": "580 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Liuvigild calls for an Arian synod in Toledo (central Spain), which modifies several doctrines; he tries to unify the Christians within the Visigothic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747518#Europe", "title": "580", "revid": 1364747518, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 589, "year_label": "589 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Gregory, archdeacon of Rome, converts English slaves on the Roman market. He calls them Angels if they would be Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654394#Religion", "title": "589", "revid": 1366654394, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Nubian rulers become Christian (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Religion", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Augustine of Canterbury meets with the Welsh bishops at Aust near Chepstow. He accuses them of not adopting the Roman Christian way of dating Easter, and persuades them to accept the teaching of baptism (according to the Roman Rite).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Religion", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 625, "year_label": "625 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "King Edwin of Northumbria marries Æthelburga of Kent. As a Christian, she brings her personal chaplain, Paulinus, and encourages her husband to convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803472#Britain", "title": "625", "revid": 1340803472, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 631, "year_label": "631 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Benjamin I, Coptic patriarch of Alexandria, escapes during the persecutions of his fellow Christians and hides in the monastery of St. Macarius (Upper Egypt).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749921#Religion", "title": "631", "revid": 1364749921, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 660, "year_label": "660 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "King Sigeberht II of Essex is murdered by his brothers, Swithelm and Swithfrith, and other kinsmen for being \"too ready to pardon his enemies\"; that is to say, the Christians. Swithelm becomes king of Essex, with Swithfrith as joint-monarch for a period (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359584981#Britain", "title": "660", "revid": 1359584981, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 686, "year_label": "686 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan imprisons and tortures patriarch Mar Khnanishu I. He is the first caliph to insist on the collection of the poll tax from the Christians (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367994465#Arabian_Empire", "title": "686", "revid": 1367994465, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 722, "year_label": "722 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Covadonga: Visigothic nobleman Pelagius (Don Pelayo) defeats the Umayyad forces under Munuza, provincial governor of Asturias, at Picos de Europa (near Covadonga). This marks the beginning of the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. He founds the Kingdom of Asturias, and establishes a military base at Cangas de Onís (northwest of Spain) (or 718).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808641#Europe", "title": "722", "revid": 1340808641, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 746, "year_label": "746 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine Wars: Taking advantage of discontent among the Muslim Arabs, Emperor Constantine V invades Syria, and captures Germanikeia (modern Turkey). He organises the resettlement of part of the local Christian population in Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809747#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "746", "revid": 1340809747, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 754, "year_label": "754 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February", "text": "February – Council of Hieria: Emperor Constantine V summons a Christian council in the palace of Hieria in Constantinople. The council, under the presidency of Bishop Theodosius of Ephesus, supports the policy of Iconoclasm and condemning the use of religious images (icons) in the Byzantine Empire. Constantine increases the persecution of the monasteries; hundreds of monks and nuns are mutilated or put to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360259946#Religion", "title": "754", "revid": 1360259946, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "A paper mill begins production at Baghdad during the Abbasid era, as the Arabs spread the techniques developed by Chinese papermakers. Baghdad becomes a great seat of learning, with Christian and Jewish scholars as well as Muslims, while Europe remains largely unlettered. The Arabs will become the world's most proficient papermakers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Communication", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By topic › Communication"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Alfonso III repopulates the city of Zamora with Mozarabs (Iberian Christians who have lived under Moorish rule) from Toledo in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Europe", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 978, "year_label": "978 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Almanzor, a court official and regent of Córdoba, becomes a chamberlain (hajib) and seizes power from the 13-year-old Caliph Hisham II. During his reign, Almanzor will exercise strong influence over Subh (the mother of Hisham) and wages successful campaigns against the Christian kingdoms in Northern Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272344#Europe", "title": "978", "revid": 1365272344, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1675, "year_label": "1675 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – John Sassamon, an English-educated Native American Christian, dies at Assawampsett Pond, an event which will trigger a year-long war between the English American colonists of New England, and the Algonquian Native American tribes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992546#January–March", "title": "1675", "revid": 1365992546, "section": "Events › January–March"}}]}