{"slug": "cicero", "label": "Cicero", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541", "qid": "Q1541", "description": "Roman statesman, lawyer, orator, and philosopher (106–43 BC)", "entries": 23, "years": 19, "span": [-105, 385], "span_label": ["106 BCE", "385 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "marseille", "label": "Marseille", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-army", "label": "Roman army", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-senate", "label": "Roman Senate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "roman-forum", "label": "Roman Forum", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "thessaloniki", "label": "Thessaloniki", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "rhodes", "label": "Rhodes", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -105, "year_label": "106 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – Cicero, Roman politician and author (d. 43 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314076766#Births", "title": "106 BC", "revid": 1314076766, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -89, "year_label": "90 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cicero starts to serve in the Roman army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332493065#Roman_Republic", "title": "90 BC", "revid": 1332493065, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -88, "year_label": "89 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Cicero ends his service in the Roman army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369865499#Roman_Republic", "title": "89 BC", "revid": 1369865499, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -78, "year_label": "79 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Cicero travels to Athens and then to Rhodes to continue his studies of philosophy and oratory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325704258#Roman_republic", "title": "79 BC", "revid": 1325704258, "section": "Events › By place › Roman republic"}}, {"year": -74, "year_label": "75 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Cicero is quaestor in Western Sicily.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371365862#Roman_Republic", "title": "75 BC", "revid": 1371365862, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -69, "year_label": "70 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August", "text": "August – In Rome, Cicero prosecutes former governor Verres; Verres exiles himself to Marseille before the trial is over.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329933586#Roman_Republic", "title": "70 BC", "revid": 1329933586, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -65, "year_label": "66 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The lex Manilia, supported by Cicero gives Pompey command over all of Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1097162651#Roman_Republic", "title": "66 BC", "revid": 1097162651, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -65, "year_label": "66 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Catiline accused of conspiring against the Roman Republic with Autronius and the younger Sulla (also in 63 BC during the consulship of Cicero).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1097162651#Roman_Republic", "title": "66 BC", "revid": 1097162651, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -62, "year_label": "63 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Second Catilinarian Conspiracy against the Roman Republic is foiled by Cicero.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209877827#Roman_Republic", "title": "63 BC", "revid": 1209877827, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -61, "year_label": "62 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Cicero delivers his Pro Archia Poeta in defense of Aulus Licinius Archias' claim to Roman citizenship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344835859#Roman_Republic", "title": "62 BC", "revid": 1344835859, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -57, "year_label": "58 BCE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Publius Clodius Pulcher, Roman tribune, institutes a monthly corn dole for poor Romans, and exiles Cicero from the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740578#Roman_Republic", "title": "58 BC", "revid": 1364740578, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -55, "year_label": "56 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Clodia accuses her former lover Marcus Caelius Rufus of trying to poison her. The trial ends with the defendant acquitted thanks to the Pro Caelio speech of Cicero. There is no more reference to the formerly well-known Clodia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325862293#Roman_Republic", "title": "56 BC", "revid": 1325862293, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -51, "year_label": "52 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Milo is tried for the murder of Clodius. Despite Cicero's legal defence (Pro Milone) he is found guilty and exiled in Massilia (modern Marseille).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336454371#Roman_Republic", "title": "52 BC", "revid": 1336454371, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -51, "year_label": "52 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cyrus, Roman architect (builder for Cicero)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336454371#Deaths", "title": "52 BC", "revid": 1336454371, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -48, "year_label": "49 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Cicero slips out of Italy and goes to Thessaloniki.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347951543#Roman_Republic", "title": "49 BC", "revid": 1347951543, "section": "Events › By place and Date › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -45, "year_label": "46 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Cicero, in Rome, writes to Varro \"If our voices are no longer heard in the Senate and in the Forum, let us follow the example of the ancient sages and serve our country through our writings, concentrating on questions of ethics and constitutional law.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361069033#Roman_Republic", "title": "46 BC", "revid": 1361069033, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -44, "year_label": "45 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February", "text": "February – Tullia, daughter of Cicero (b. 79 BC or 78 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361069382#Deaths", "title": "45 BC", "revid": 1361069382, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -43, "year_label": "44 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18–April 21 – Octavian engages in a charm offensive with consular Cicero who is fulminating against Mark Antony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362159803#Roman_Republic", "title": "44 BC", "revid": 1362159803, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -42, "year_label": "43 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – Cicero's 14th and last Philippic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338224737#Roman_Republic", "title": "43 BC", "revid": 1338224737, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -42, "year_label": "43 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – The orator Cicero is killed in Formiae in a litter going to the seaside, by a party led by Herennius (a centurion) and Popilius (a military tribune). His head and hands are displayed on the Rostra in the Forum Romanum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338224737#Roman_Republic", "title": "43 BC", "revid": 1338224737, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -42, "year_label": "43 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – Cicero, Roman statesman and orator (murdered) (b. 106 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338224737#Deaths", "title": "43 BC", "revid": 1338224737, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -3, "year_label": "4 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Tullius Tiro, Roman writer, freedman of Cicero", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371257874#4_BC", "title": "0s BC", "revid": 1371257874, "section": "Deaths › 4 BC"}}, {"year": 385, "year_label": "385 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Roman synod exiles the prophet Jerome, who has incorporated ideas first propounded by the Roman statesman Cicero. He departs for Egypt, Bethlehem, and Jerusalem, accompanied by the Christian ascetic Paula, who will edit Jerome's translation of the Bible, which becomes the Latin Vulgate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280220298#Roman_Empire", "title": "385", "revid": 1280220298, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}]}