{"slug": "cilicia", "label": "Cilicia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620864", "qid": "Q620864", "description": "ancient region of Asia Minor", "entries": 49, "years": 48, "span": [-395, 1488], "span_label": ["396 BCE", "1488 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 30}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 6}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}], "related": [{"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "tarsus-mersin", "label": "Tarsus, Mersin", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "arabbyzantine-wars", "label": "Arab–Byzantine wars", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "mopsuestia", "label": "Mopsuestia", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "antioch", "label": "Antioch", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "asia-minor", "label": "Asia Minor", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "abbasid-caliphate", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "cyprus", "label": "Cyprus", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ephesus", "label": "Ephesus", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -395, "year_label": "396 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Persians assemble a joint Phoenician, Cilician, and Cypriot fleet, under the command of the experienced Athenian admiral, Conon, and seize Rhodes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223289#Persian_Empire", "title": "396 BC", "revid": 1306223289, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -384, "year_label": "385 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Camissares, Persian satrap of Cilicia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1248865885#Deaths", "title": "385 BC", "revid": 1248865885, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -332, "year_label": "333 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander has a great victory over the Persians in the Battle of the Issus River in Cilicia, but the Persian Emperor Darius III escapes. Darius leaves behind his wife, his two daughters, his mother Sisygambis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361013620#Events", "title": "333 BC", "revid": 1361013620, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -311, "year_label": "312 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius rallies the remnants of his army at Tripolis and summons reinforcements from the garrisons of upper Syria and Cilicia; he also writes his father, Antigonus, and urges him to send help. Meanwhile Ptolemy captures Acre, Joppa, Samaria and Sidon, and starts to besiege Tyre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172925#Syria/Mesopotamia/Babylonia", "title": "312 BC", "revid": 1354172925, "section": "Events › By place › Syria/Mesopotamia/Babylonia"}}, {"year": -311, "year_label": "312 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy raids Antigonus' territories in Cilicia and Syria, and then sails back to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172925#Syria/Mesopotamia/Babylonia", "title": "312 BC", "revid": 1354172925, "section": "Events › By place › Syria/Mesopotamia/Babylonia"}}, {"year": -309, "year_label": "310 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy attacks Cilicia, territory held by Antigonus, but is driven out by Demetrius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351686531#Asia_Minor", "title": "310 BC", "revid": 1351686531, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -284, "year_label": "285 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius Poliorcetes is deserted by his troops and surrenders to Seleucus at Cilicia, where Seleucus keeps him a prisoner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370920977#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "285 BC", "revid": 1370920977, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -271, "year_label": "272 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter is defeated by Egypt's Ptolemy II during the First Syrian War. Ptolemy II annexes Miletus, Phoenicia and western Cilicia from Antiochus. As a result, Ptolemy II extends Egyptian rule as far as Caria and into most of Cilicia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172942#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "272 BC", "revid": 1354172942, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -254, "year_label": "255 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In the Second Syrian War, Ptolemy II loses ground in Cilicia, Pamphylia, and Ionia, while Antiochus II regains Miletus and Ephesus. A peace is then concluded between Antiochus and Ptolemy under which Antiochus is to marry Ptolemy's daughter Berenice Syra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340601033#Egypt", "title": "255 BC", "revid": 1340601033, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -240, "year_label": "241 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Peace is finally reached between Ptolemy III and Seleucus II. Ptolemy manages to keep the Orontes River region in Syria and Antioch as well as Ephesus in Asia Minor and Thrace and Cilicia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1304843215#Egypt", "title": "241 BC", "revid": 1304843215, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -239, "year_label": "240 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Aratus, Greek poet from Soli in Cilicia, best remembered for his poem on astronomy Phaenomena (b. c. 315 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1191165485#Deaths", "title": "240 BC", "revid": 1191165485, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -227, "year_label": "228 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Attalus I Soter of Pergamum defeats Antiochus Hierax (brother of the Seleucid king Seleucus II) in three battles and thereby gains control over all the Seleucid domains in Anatolia except Cilicia in the southeast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326026286#Asia_Minor", "title": "228 BC", "revid": 1326026286, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -203, "year_label": "204 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus III of the Syrian-based Seleucid kingdom realize Egypt's weakness and agree to partition Egypt's Anatolian and Aegean possessions. Antiochus' share is to be southern Syria, Lycia, Cilicia and Cyprus, while Philip is to gain western Anatolia and the Cyclades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115585#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "204 BC", "revid": 1300115585, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -77, "year_label": "78 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Senate sends Publius Servilius Vatia to Cilicia as governor, where he fights a successful campaign against the Piracy in southern Anatolia (Lycia, Pamphylia and Isauria), he is thereafter known by the agnomen Isauricus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209581221#Roman_Republic", "title": "78 BC", "revid": 1209581221, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -66, "year_label": "67 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The lex Gabinia gives Pompey command of the Mediterranean and its coasts for 50 miles inland for three years. He defeats the pirates in three months and pacifies Cilicia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366933711#Roman_Republic", "title": "67 BC", "revid": 1366933711, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -40, "year_label": "41 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Mark Antony meets Cleopatra VII in Tarsus (Cilicia) and forms an alliance. He returns to Alexandria with her and they become lovers in the winter of 41–40 BC. To safeguard herself and Caesarion, she has Antony order the execution of her (half) sister Arsinoe IV, who is living at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267079508#Egypt", "title": "41 BC", "revid": 1267079508, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Quintus Labienus occupies Cilicia and marches, with an army, into Anatolia. Most cities surrender without resistance, except for Alabanda and Mylasa. The Parthians restore their territory to nearly the limits of the old Achaemenid Empire. Labienus proclaims himself \"Parthian Emperor\" of Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Asia_minor", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › Asia minor"}}, {"year": -38, "year_label": "39 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Publius Ventidius defeats Pharnastanes with his cataphracts at the Amanus Gates, and goes on to reclaim Syria, Phoenicia and Judea. Labienus flees to Cilicia, where he is captured and executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326022052#Roman_Republic", "title": "39 BC", "revid": 1326022052, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -30, "year_label": "31 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Tarcondimotus I, Roman client king of Cilicia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371049882#Deaths", "title": "31 BC", "revid": 1371049882, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 19, "year_label": "19 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "King Vonones I is removed to Cilicia and kept under house arrest. He escapes, but is caught and killed by a retired Roman legion veteran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Parthia", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 19 AD › Parthia"}}, {"year": 57, "year_label": "57 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Envoys from Cilicia come to Rome to accuse their late governor, Cossutianus Capito, of extortion; the Roman Senate is supported in the case by Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Roman_Empire", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 57 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 74, "year_label": "74 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Polemon II, prince of the Bosporan Kingdom, Pontus, Cilicia and Cappadocia", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332696044#Deaths", "title": "AD 74", "revid": 1332696044, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 117, "year_label": "117 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Trajan falls seriously ill and dies of a stroke at Selinus in Cilicia, age 63, while en route from Mesopotamia to Italy, leaving the Roman Empire at its maximal territorial extent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187799#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 117", "revid": 1371187799, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 194, "year_label": "194 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Issus: Septimius Severus marches with his army (12 legions) to Cilicia, and defeats Pescennius Niger, Roman governor of Syria. Pescennius retreats to Antioch, and is executed by Severus' troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310793#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 194", "revid": 1371310793, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 261, "year_label": "261 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman–Persian Wars: Balista, Roman usurper, collects ships from Cilician ports and defeats a Persian raiding force near Pompeiopolis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188936#Roman_Empire", "title": "261", "revid": 1371188936, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 276, "year_label": "276 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Florianus holds power for some weeks and fights indecisively against Probus in Cilicia, but his soldiers, many of whom are from the colder Rhine and Danube frontiers, suffer from heat and disease. He is overthrown and then assassinated by his own troops near Tarsus (Turkey), in collusion with Probus. Probus, age 44, is proclaimed new Emperor of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074469#Roman_Empire", "title": "276", "revid": 1267074469, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 313, "year_label": "313 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Tzirallum: Licinius defeats his rival Maximinus in Thrace, who then flees to Cilicia. After losing the Cilician Gates to Licinius' forces, Maximinus commits suicide.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330160715#Roman_Empire", "title": "313", "revid": 1330160715, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 334, "year_label": "334 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Flavius Dalmatius puts down a revolt in Cyprus, led by Calocaerus. Calocaerus is brought to Tarsus (Cilicia), and executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641884#Roman_Empire", "title": "334", "revid": 1367641884, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 361, "year_label": "361 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia, age 44; on his deathbed he is baptised, and declares his cousin Julian rightful successor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331332525#Roman_Empire", "title": "361", "revid": 1331332525, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 622, "year_label": "622 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius sails from Constantinople with an expeditionary force (probably 50,000 men), and starts a counter-offensive against the Persian Empire (his young son, Constantine III, is left behind as regent under the charge of Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople, and patrician Bonus). He lands a few days later at the junction of Cilicia and Syria, near Alexandretta and ancient Issus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342469#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "622", "revid": 1368342469, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 698, "year_label": "698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn–winter – The Byzantine general Heraclius, brother of Tiberios III, crosses the mountain passes of the Taurus Mountains into Cilicia with an army. He launches a campaign in Syria, defeats an Arab force from Antioch, and raids as far as Samosata (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806584#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "698", "revid": 1340806584, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 703, "year_label": "703 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: The Umayyad army under Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik captures Mopsuestia in Cilicia from the Byzantines, and refortifies it, making it the first major Muslim stronghold in the area that will later become the Thughur.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807078#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "703", "revid": 1340807078, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 778, "year_label": "778 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Leo IV (\"the Khazar\") repulses an Abbasid invasion in Anatolia. A Byzantine expeditionary force under Michael Lachanodrakon, military governor (strategos) of the Thracesian Theme, defeats the Muslim-Arabs at the fortress city of Germanikeia in Cilicia (modern Turkey). He plunders the region and takes many captives, mostly Jacobites, who are resettled in Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081416#Arab_Caliphate_and_Byzantine_Empire", "title": "778", "revid": 1267081416, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Caliphate and Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 845, "year_label": "845 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: A prisoner exchange occurs between the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate, at the River Lamos in Cilicia (modern Turkey). The exchanges last for 10 days, and the Byzantines recover 4,600 prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342044538#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "845", "revid": 1342044538, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 897, "year_label": "897 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph al-Mu'tadid recovers control of the Cilician Thughur (southeastern Anatolia) and of northern Syria, during the turmoil in the Tulunid government (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130275#Arabian_Empire", "title": "897", "revid": 1341130275, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine wars: Emperor Leo VI (\"the Wise\") begins an offensive against the Abbasid army in Cilicia, Upper Mesopotamia and Armenia. He also continues the war against the Muslims in Sicily and southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 905, "year_label": "905 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Caliph Al-Muktafi sends an Abbasid army (10,000 men) led by Muhammad ibn Sulayman to re-establish control over Syria and Egypt. The campaign is supported from the sea by a fleet from the frontier districts of Cilicia under Damian of Tarsus. He leads his ships up the Nile River, raids the coast, and intercepts the supplies for the Tulunids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350019271#Arabian_Empire", "title": "905", "revid": 1350019271, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 956, "year_label": "956 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September - October – A Byzantine fleet under Basil Hexamilites deals a crushing defeat to the Hamdanid fleet at Tarsus in Cilicia (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917782#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "956", "revid": 1364917782, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 960, "year_label": "960 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – Battle of Andrassos: The Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger defeat the Hamdanid army (30,000 men) in an ambush in the passages of the Cilician mountains, in south Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). Emir Sayf al-Dawla barely manages to escape, and returns to Aleppo with only 300 horsemen. The Hamdanids can no longer afford to raid in Anatolia, which is a turning point in the Arab-Byzantine wars in the East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272128#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "960", "revid": 1365272128, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 965, "year_label": "965 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Nikephoros II conquers the fortress cities of Tarsus and Mopsuestia. The Muslim residents abandon the defense and flee into Syria. Nikephoros completes the conquest of Cilicia; Muslim raids into Anatolia (modern Turkey) permanently cease. Byzantine troops under General Niketas Chalkoutzes occupy Cyprus, liberating the Greek population from Muslim domination.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371364470#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "965", "revid": 1371364470, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 966, "year_label": "966 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 - Arab–Byzantine wars: A prisoner exchange occurs at the border between the Byzantine Empire and the Emirate of Aleppo at Samosata, headed by Emperor Nikephoros II and Sayf al-Dawla, the Emir of Aleppo. The Emirate receives 3,000 captured prisoners from the region of Cilicia, after its conquest by the Byzantine Emperor, as well as the poet Abu Firas al-Hamdani, who has previously been held prisoner by the Byzantines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513206#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "966", "revid": 1341513206, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1067, "year_label": "1067 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Seljuk Turks make incursions into Mesopotamia, Cilicia and Cappadocia. They sack the Byzantine city of Caesarea, move south through the Cilician Gates and raid the region around Antioch in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260536#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1067", "revid": 1365260536, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1080, "year_label": "1080 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Rubenid Principality of Cilicia gains independence after its founder, Ruben I, succeeds in establishing his authority in the mountainous regions of Cilicia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363303187#Armenia", "title": "1080", "revid": 1363303187, "section": "Events › By place › Armenia"}}, {"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After a success over the Armenians of Cilicia and the Emirate of Aleppo, Baldwin of Bourcq becomes Count of Edessa, with the support of Daimbert.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#Levant", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1101, "year_label": "1101 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Byzantine fleet under Admiral Eustathios recaptures the ports of western Cilicia, Seleucia and Corycus. Eustathios extends his power over Cilician territory (belonging to Bohemond I) further east – occupying Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268186#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1101", "revid": 1365268186, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1103, "year_label": "1103 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Bohemond I, Norman prince of Antioch, is released from Seljuk imprisonment at Niksar, after a ransom is paid of 100,000 gold pieces. During his absence, Tancred (Bohemond's nephew) attacks the Byzantines, and re-captures the cities of Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra in Cilicia. Tancred is deprived of his lordship by Bohemond's return, and is rewarded with a small fief within the Principality of Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265973#Levant", "title": "1103", "revid": 1365265973, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1137, "year_label": "1137 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor John II (Komnenos) leads a Byzantine expeditionary force into Cilicia (the Byzantine fleet guards his flank). He defeats the Armenians under Prince Leo I (\"Lord of the Mountains\"), and captures the cities of Mersin, Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra. Leo retreats to the great fortifications of Anazarbus – where its garrison resists for 37 days. The Byzantine siege engines batter down its walls, and the city is forced to surrender. Leo escapes into the Taurus Mountains, while the Byzantine forces march southward into the plain of Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362157430#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1137", "revid": 1362157430, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1266, "year_label": "1266 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Battle of Mari: Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Baibars defeat the Armenian army in Cilicia, in retaliation for the support of the Mongol invasion in Syria. He expands his domain, capturing the city of Byblos (modern Lebanon) and the important castle of Toron from the Crusader States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320651#Levant", "title": "1266", "revid": 1351320651, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1488, "year_label": "1488 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 17", "text": "August 17 – The Mamluk Sultanate defeats the Ottoman Empire Army in the Battle of Aga-Cayiri fought in the Cilicia region of Asia Minor, now in Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368209981#July–September", "title": "1488", "revid": 1368209981, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}