{"slug": "commonwealth-of-england", "label": "Commonwealth of England", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330362", "qid": "Q330362", "description": "historic republic on the British Isles (1649–1660)", "entries": 13, "years": 8, "span": [1649, 1660], "span_label": ["1649 CE", "1660 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "ireland", "label": "Ireland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "oliver-cromwell", "label": "Oliver Cromwell", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "edinburgh", "label": "Edinburgh", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "october", "label": "October", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "the-hague", "label": "The Hague", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lisbon", "label": "Lisbon", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "charles-ii-of-england", "label": "Charles II of England", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1649, "year_label": "1649 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – The deposed King Charles I is beheaded outside the Banquet Hall in the Palace of Whitehall, London. The Commonwealth of England, with a republican form of government, replaces the monarchy as the form of government of England and members of the Long Parliament serve as government. Charles, Prince of Wales declares himself as King of England, Scotland and Ireland pending restoration of the monarchy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367892628#January–March", "title": "1649", "revid": 1367892628, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – The Commonwealth of England's navy Robert Blake blockades a surviving English Royalist fleet commanded by Prince Rupert of the Rhine in the Tagus estuary at Lisbon. Rupert breaks out on October 12.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373388330#January–March", "title": "1650", "revid": 1373388330, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October", "text": "October – An English diplomatic team, headed by Oliver St John, goes to The Hague to negotiate an alliance between the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#October–December", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1652, "year_label": "1652 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 26", "text": "August 26 – First Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of Plymouth – A fleet from the Commonwealth of England attacks an outward-bound convoy of the Dutch Republic, escorted by 23 men-of-war and six fire ships, commanded by Vice-Commodore Michiel de Ruyter; the Dutch escape.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367149733#July–September", "title": "1652", "revid": 1367149733, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1652, "year_label": "1652 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – At Edinburgh, the parliamentary commissioners of the Commonwealth of England proclaim the Tender of Union to be in force in Scotland, annexing the Scottish nation with the concession that Scotland would have 30 representatives in the parliament of the English Commonwealth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367149733#January–March", "title": "1652", "revid": 1367149733, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 12", "text": "December 12 – The dissolution of Barebone's Parliament is voted by its members after having passed laws for the Commonwealth of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#October–December", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – The Instrument of Government in England becomes Britain's first written constitution, under which Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, being advised by a remodelled English Council of State. This is the start of The First Protectorate, bringing an end to the first period of republican government in the country, the Commonwealth of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#October–December", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Barebone's Parliament, named for a prominent Puritan member, Praise-God Barebone, opens its session in London with elected representatives to pass laws for the Commonwealth of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#July–September", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – A commercial treaty between England and Sweden is signed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#April–June", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1654, "year_label": "1654 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Sir William Petty wins the contract from the Commonwealth of England to make a survey of Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981814#October_–December", "title": "1654", "revid": 1365981814, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – The third and final session of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland is opened by Lord Protector Richard Cromwell, with Chaloner Chute as the Speaker of the House of Commons, with 567 members. \"Cromwell's Other House\", which replaces the House of Lords during the last years of the Protectorate, opens on the same day, with Richard Cromwell as its speaker.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986380#January–March", "title": "1659", "revid": 1365986380, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – The Kingdom of France, the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic sign the Concert of The Hague, agreeing a common stance on the Second Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986380#April–June", "title": "1659", "revid": 1365986380, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – The Convention Parliament, a new House of Commons for England, freely elected with no requirement for candidates to swear loyalty to the Commonwealth of England, assembles in London to work out the restoration of the monarchy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}