{"slug": "constans-ii", "label": "Constans II", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans_II", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41613", "qid": "Q41613", "description": "Byzantine Emperor from 641 to 668", "entries": 19, "years": 17, "span": [630, 668], "span_label": ["630 CE", "668 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 8}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "rashidun-caliphate", "label": "Rashidun Caliphate", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "syracuse-sicily", "label": "Syracuse, Sicily", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "constantine-iv", "label": "Constantine IV", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "arabbyzantine-wars", "label": "Arab–Byzantine wars", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "exarchate-of-ravenna", "label": "Exarchate of Ravenna", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "asia-minor", "label": "Asia Minor", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 630, "year_label": "630 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Constans II, Byzantine emperor (d. 668)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803540#Births", "title": "630", "revid": 1340803540, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Byzantine Senate turns against Martina and her son Heraklonas, who are both mutilated, and exiled to Rhodes. Supported by general Valentinus, Constantine's son Constans II, age 10, succeeds to the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 642, "year_label": "642 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II marries Fausta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367634849#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "642", "revid": 1367634849, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 643, "year_label": "643 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II recognises Theodore Rshtuni as ruler of Armenia, after his successful campaign against the Muslims. He names him commander (nakharar) of the Armenian army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804491#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "643", "revid": 1340804491, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 644, "year_label": "644 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Valentinus, Byzantine general, attempts to usurp the throne of his son-in-law Constans II. He appears at the gates of Constantinople with a contingent of Byzantine troops, and demands to be crowned emperor. His claim is rejected, and Valentinus is lynched by the populace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635050#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "644", "revid": 1367635050, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 646, "year_label": "646 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gregory the Patrician, Byzantine exarch of Africa, begins a rebellion against Constans II, and proclaims himself emperor; the revolt finds broad support among the populace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804476#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "646", "revid": 1340804476, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 648, "year_label": "648 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II issues an imperial edict forbidding Monothelitism to be discussed, to quiet the intense controversy caused by the Monothelete doctrine. This edict, distributed by patriarch Paul II in Constans' name, is known as the Typos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804464#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "648", "revid": 1340804464, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 649, "year_label": "649 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Arab naval forces under Abdullah ibn Saad conquer Cyprus, sacking the capital Constantia after a short siege, and looting the rest of the island. The Cypriots agree to pay the same revenue as they have done to Emperor Constans II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938693#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "649", "revid": 1365938693, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 653, "year_label": "653 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II voluntarily surrenders Armenia to the Arabs, following a truce with Muawiyah, governor of Syria. Muawiyah grants the Armenians virtual autonomy, and appoints the nakharar Theodor Rshtuni as ruler of Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635810#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "653", "revid": 1367635810, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 654, "year_label": "654 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II appoints his son Constantine IV, age 2, co-emperor (Augustus). He is too young to rule as monarch of the Byzantine Empire, and his title remains a given name.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362652029#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "654", "revid": 1362652029, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 654, "year_label": "654 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The exiled Pope Martin I is deposed, and succeeded by Eugene I, as the 75th pope of the Roman Catholic Church. On September 17, Martin is taken to Constantinople and publicly humiliated, for having condemned the Byzantine Emperor Constans II in 649.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362652029#Religion", "title": "654", "revid": 1362652029, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 655, "year_label": "655 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Masts: Emperor Constans II personally commands the Byzantine fleet (500 ships), and sets off to challenge the Arab navy. He sails to the province of Lycia (now in Turkey) in the southern region of Asia Minor. The two forces meet off the coast of Mount Phoenix, near the harbour of Phoenix (modern Finike). The Arabs under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad are victorious in battle, although losses are heavy for both sides. Constans barely escapes to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636681#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "655", "revid": 1367636681, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 658, "year_label": "658 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II undertakes an expedition to the Balkan Peninsula, and defeats the Avars in Macedonia. He temporarily reasserts Byzantine rule, and resettles some of them in Anatolia to fight against the Rashidun Caliphate (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369710051#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "658", "revid": 1369710051, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 659, "year_label": "659 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Constans II signs a peace treaty with the Rashidun Caliphate. He uses the pause to strengthen his defences, and consolidates Byzantine control over Armenia. Constans establishes the themata, dividing territorial command in Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804363#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "659", "revid": 1340804363, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 660, "year_label": "660 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II is paranoid about the ambitions of his younger brother, Theodosius, and has him murdered. Having attracted the hatred of the citizens of Constantinople, Constans decides to leave the Byzantine capital and moves to Syracuse (Sicily).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359584981#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "660", "revid": 1359584981, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 663, "year_label": "663 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II launches an assault against the Duchy of Benevento (Southern Italy). Taking advantage of the fact that Lombard king Grimoald I is engaged against Frankish forces from Neustria, Constans disembarks at Taranto, and besieges Lucera and Benevento.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635360#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "663", "revid": 1367635360, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 666, "year_label": "666 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II grants the request of Bishop Maurus of Ravenna, allowing the city to consecrate its bishop without approval from Rome (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368711664#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 666", "revid": 1368711664, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 668, "year_label": "668 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – Emperor Constans II is killed under mysterious circumstances in his bath, during a mutiny at Syracuse. The Byzantine court returns to Constantinople after an absence of 5 years, in which the Muslim-Arabs have made annual invasions and devastations of Anatolia. Probably assassinated by his chamberlain after a 27-year reign, Constans is succeeded by his son Constantine IV (the \"Bearded\"), alongside his brothers Heraclius and Tiberius as co-emperors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805218#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "668", "revid": 1340805218, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 668, "year_label": "668 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – Constans II, Byzantine emperor (b. 630)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805218#Deaths", "title": "668", "revid": 1340805218, "section": "Deaths"}}]}