{"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869", "qid": "Q16869", "description": "capital of the Eastern Roman, Latin and Ottoman Empires, currently Istanbul, Turkey", "entries": 378, "years": 355, "span": [237, 1930], "span_label": ["237 CE", "1930 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 134}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 76}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 66}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 21}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 20}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 19}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 11}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 8}, {"title": "Births", "count": 7}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 7}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 65}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 15}, {"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "first-bulgarian-empire", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "heraclius", "label": "Heraclius", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "manuel-i-komnenos", "label": "Manuel I Komnenos", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "justinian-i", "label": "Justinian I", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "hagia-sophia", "label": "Hagia Sophia", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 9}], "items": [{"year": 237, "year_label": "237 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Alexander of Constantinople, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1310907306#Births", "title": "237", "revid": 1310907306, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 300, "year_label": "300 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Tetrarchs are probably made in Egypt. After 330 they are moved to Constantinople and in 1204 they are installed at the corner of the facade of the St Mark's Basilica, Venice (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361492719#Art_and_Science", "title": "300", "revid": 1361492719, "section": "Events › By topic › Art and Science"}}, {"year": 324, "year_label": "324 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "(Date unknown) The Roman Emperor Constantine I seizes the Byzantine Empire's capital, Byzantium, and commences work on rebuilding the city as the Eastern Empire's capital, which he will inaugurate as Constantinople in 330.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737678#Roman_Empire", "title": "324", "revid": 1364737678, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 330, "year_label": "330 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – Emperor Constantine the Great dedicates the Column of Constantine and Constantinople, or Nova Roma (modern-day Istanbul). He had spent four years expanding the city of Byzantium, having chosen the site for its strategic location on the Bosporus. The city became the capital of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368804630#Roman_Empire", "title": "330", "revid": 1368804630, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 331, "year_label": "331 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Constantine I dedicates the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308906041#Roman_Empire", "title": "331", "revid": 1308906041, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 331, "year_label": "331 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Fifty Bibles of Constantine are commissioned for use in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308906041#Religion", "title": "331", "revid": 1308906041, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 332, "year_label": "332 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – Constantine I announces a free distribution of food to the citizens in Constantinople, similar to the food given out in the city of Rome. The amount is approximately 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332406433#Roman_Empire", "title": "332", "revid": 1332406433, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 333, "year_label": "333 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Constantine I elevates his youngest son Constans to the rank of Caesar at Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372731369#Roman_Empire", "title": "333", "revid": 1372731369, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 335, "year_label": "335 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – Athanasius is banished to Trier, on the charge that he prevented the grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351653069#Roman_Empire", "title": "335", "revid": 1351653069, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 336, "year_label": "336 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Arius, Alexandrian priest, collapses in the street in Constantinople (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076019#Religion", "title": "336", "revid": 1267076019, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 339, "year_label": "339 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Eusebius of Nicomedia is made bishop of Constantinople, while another Arian succeeds Athanasius as bishop of Alexandria, under the name Gregory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355371026#Religion", "title": "339", "revid": 1355371026, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 340, "year_label": "340 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantinople, capital of Emperor Constantius II, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Rome, capital of his brother Constans I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281359942#Roman_Empire", "title": "340", "revid": 1281359942, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 341, "year_label": "341 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eusebius of Nicomedia, archbishop of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317828287#Deaths", "title": "341", "revid": 1317828287, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 342, "year_label": "342 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – The original Hagia Sophia is dedicated in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314901667#Religion", "title": "342", "revid": 1314901667, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 344, "year_label": "344 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Bishop Eustorgius I brings relics of the Three Magi from Constantinople to Milan, according to a 12th century legend.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1314901826#Religion", "title": "344", "revid": 1314901826, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 347, "year_label": "347 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074920#Births", "title": "347", "revid": 1267074920, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 349, "year_label": "349 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356242214#Births", "title": "349", "revid": 1356242214, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 354, "year_label": "354 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constantius II recalls his Caesar (and cousin) Constantius Gallus to Constantinople after hearing unfavorable reports about him. Gallus, Caesar of the East, has suppressed revolts in Syria Palaestina and central Anatolia. Constantius strips him of his powers and later has him executed in Pola (Croatia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267529595#Roman_Empire", "title": "354", "revid": 1267529595, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 357, "year_label": "357 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "At about this date, the relics of St Andrew the Apostle are taken from Patras to Constantinople by order of the Emperor Constantius II, and deposited in the Church of the Holy Apostles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331328193#Religion", "title": "357", "revid": 1331328193, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 358, "year_label": "358 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constantius II builds new forts to secure upper Mesopotamia. Persia's king Shapur II sends an emissary to Constantinople with gifts and a letter wrapped in white silk. He requests that Constantius return the lands of his ancestors from the Euphrates to the frontier of Macedonia. Constantius tactfully refuses to cede any territories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077925#Roman_Empire", "title": "358", "revid": 1267077925, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 359, "year_label": "359 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The first known Prefect of the city of Constantinople, Honoratus, takes office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332409759#Roman_Empire", "title": "359", "revid": 1332409759, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 361, "year_label": "361 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Julian becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire; he rules from Constantinople, and tries to restore paganism. Constantius II is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331332525#Roman_Empire", "title": "361", "revid": 1331332525, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 364, "year_label": "364 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Emperor Jovian dies after a reign of eight months. He is found dead in his tent at Tyana (Asia Minor) en route back to Constantinople, in suspicious circumstances.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332420284#Roman_Empire", "title": "364", "revid": 1332420284, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 365, "year_label": "365 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – Procopius revolts and bribes two legions passing by Constantinople. He proclaims himself Emperor, and takes control of Thrace and Bithynia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1286254673#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 365", "revid": 1286254673, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 370, "year_label": "370 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eudoxius of Antioch, Syrian patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337457472#Deaths", "title": "370", "revid": 1337457472, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 373, "year_label": "373 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Aqueduct of Valens is inaugurated near Constantinople (modern Istanbul); the aqueduct has a length of 971 meters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364742164#Roman_Empire", "title": "373", "revid": 1364742164, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 378, "year_label": "378 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Valens returns to Constantinople and mobilises an army (40,000 men). He appoints Sebastianus, newly arrived from Italy, as magister militum to reorganize the Roman armies in Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309998773#Roman_Empire", "title": "378", "revid": 1309998773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 380, "year_label": "380 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – Edict of Thessalonica: Theodosius I, with co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II, declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to trinitarian Christianity, in accordance with the patriarchs of Rome and Alexandria, implicitly rejecting the Arianism of the patriarch of Constantinople as heretical.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281452530#Roman_Empire", "title": "380", "revid": 1281452530, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 381, "year_label": "381 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Visigothic chieftain Athanaric becomes the first foreign king to visit the Eastern Roman capital of Constantinople. He negotiates a peace treaty with emperor Theodosius I that makes his people foederati as \"one body within the imperial soldiery\". Athanaric dies 2 weeks later after an 18-year reign in which he has been undisputed king of all the Goths for just 1 year. The peace will continue until Theodosius's death in 395.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281451732#Europe", "title": "381", "revid": 1281451732, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 384, "year_label": "384 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Forum of Theodosius (\"Forum of the Bull\") is built in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741473#Roman_Empire", "title": "384", "revid": 1364741473, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 386, "year_label": "386 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "A column is constructed at Constantinople in honour of Theodosius I. Reliefs depict the emperor's victory over the barbarians in the Balkan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280220103#Roman_Empire", "title": "386", "revid": 1280220103, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Emperor Theodosius I, age 48, dies of a disease involving severe edema in Milan. The Roman Empire is divided for the final time into an eastern and a western half. The Eastern Roman Empire is centered in Constantinople under Arcadius, son of Theodosius, and the Western Roman Empire in Mediolanum under his brother Honorius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Roman_Empire", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 398, "year_label": "398 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Eutropius, Roman general (magister militum), celebrates his victory over the Huns (\"the wolves of the North\") in a parade through Constantinople (see 395).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364744112#Roman_Empire", "title": "398", "revid": 1364744112, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 398, "year_label": "398 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Nectarius, archbishop of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364744112#Deaths", "title": "398", "revid": 1364744112, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 399, "year_label": "399 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gainas, a Gothic leader, is made magister militum and forms an alliance with deserters of Tribigild along the Bosphorus. He proclaims himself co-regent (usurper), and installs his forces in Constantinople. Gainas deposes anti-Gothic officials and has Eutropius, imperial advisor (cubicularius), executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364933714#Roman_Empire", "title": "399", "revid": 1364933714, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 400, "year_label": "400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A riot breaks out in Constantinople; the Great Palace is burned to the ground. Gainas, a Gothic leader, attempts to evacuate his soldiers out of the city, but 7,000 armed Goths are trapped and killed by order of Arcadius. After the massacre, Gainas tries to escape across the Hellespont, but his rag-tag ad hoc fleet is destroyed by Fravitta, a Gothic chieftain in imperial service.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347571639#Roman_Empire", "title": "400", "revid": 1347571639, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 403, "year_label": "403 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Synod of the Oak deposes and banishes John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, but shortly afterward he is recalled only to be banished again.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641291#Religion", "title": "403", "revid": 1367641291, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 404, "year_label": "404 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Eudoxia exiles John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, for criticizing her sumptuous lifestyle. He is banished to the Caucasus in Armenia. Pope Innocent I at Rome orders a synod to reinstate the bishop, but his envoys are imprisoned. Atticus becomes the new bishop of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641593#Religion", "title": "AD 404", "revid": 1367641593, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 407, "year_label": "407 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369368532#Deaths", "title": "407", "revid": 1369368532, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 408, "year_label": "408 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – Emperor Arcadius dies in his palace at Constantinople, after a weak 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, Theodosius II, who rules under the domination of his devout Christian sister Pulcheria and Anthemius, who acts as regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367644906#Roman_Empire", "title": "408", "revid": 1367644906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 412, "year_label": "412 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Theodosian Walls are constructed at Constantinople during the reign of emperor Theodosius II. The work is carried out under supervision of Anthemius, notable praetorian prefect of the East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346865702#Roman_Empire", "title": "412", "revid": 1346865702, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 421, "year_label": "421 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia, a woman of Greek origin. The wedding is celebrated at Constantinople with chariot racing in the Hippodrome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364903948#Roman_Empire", "title": "421", "revid": 1364903948, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 422, "year_label": "422 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Theodosius II receives a statue at Hebdomon, military parade ground on the shores of the Propontis, just outside Constantinople. On its base (fragments are now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum), an inscription praises him as “everywhere and forever victorious.”", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741789#Roman_Empire", "title": "422", "revid": 1364741789, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 425, "year_label": "425 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The Huns advance unopposed on Constantinople, but are halted by a plague that decimates their hordes (see 433).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367645280#Roman_Empire", "title": "425", "revid": 1367645280, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 425, "year_label": "425 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – Atticus, archbishop of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367645280#Deaths", "title": "425", "revid": 1367645280, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 427, "year_label": "427 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Sisinnius I, archbishop of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364738726#Deaths", "title": "427", "revid": 1364738726, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 429, "year_label": "429 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Theodosius II starts to reform the Codex Theodosianus in Constantinople. He establishes a committee to codify all Roman laws. All funds raised by Jews to support schools have to be turned over to the state treasury.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333669155#Roman_Empire", "title": "429", "revid": 1333669155, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 434, "year_label": "434 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Huns under Rugila devastate Thrace and move steadily towards Constantinople. The citizens prepare themselves for a long siege, depending on the strength of the Theodosian Walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747706#Roman_Empire", "title": "434", "revid": 1364747706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 437, "year_label": "437 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Valentinian III cements an alliance with the eastern emperor, Theodosius II, by marrying his daughter Licinia Eudoxia in Constantinople. This marks the reunion of the two branches of the House of Theodosius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205048#Europe", "title": "437", "revid": 1349205048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 438, "year_label": "438 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Relics of John Chrysostom are transported to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364742803#Religion", "title": "438", "revid": 1364742803, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 441, "year_label": "441 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Chrysaphius, chief minister, persuades Emperor Theodosius II at Constantinople to dismiss his sister Pulcheria, for her policy of exiling the Jews, and destroying their synagogues.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339010572#Byzantium", "title": "441", "revid": 1339010572, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 447, "year_label": "447 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Utus: Attila defeats the Roman army near the river Utus (Vit, Bulgaria). The Huns are forced to abandon the siege of Constantinople. They march north and plunder the defenseless Balkan provinces (including Thrace, Scythia, Moesia, Dacia and Illyricum).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367502819#Byzantium", "title": "447", "revid": 1367502819, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 448, "year_label": "448 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Eutyches is accused of heresy at a synod held in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330678266#Religion", "title": "448", "revid": 1330678266, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 449, "year_label": "449 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Anatolius becomes patriarch of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354021999#Religion", "title": "449", "revid": 1354021999, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 450, "year_label": "450 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 49, falls from his horse while hunting at Constantinople and dies soon afterward. He has reigned since 408, mostly under the domination of his Christian sister Pulcheria, who has been allowed to return to court (see 441).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334307596#Byzantium", "title": "450", "revid": 1334307596, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 457, "year_label": "457 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – Emperor Marcian dies at Constantinople, possibly of foot gangrene, an infection contracted during a long religious journey. He is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles, together with his late wife Pulcheria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050070#Roman_Empire", "title": "457", "revid": 1367050070, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 459, "year_label": "459 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo I signs a peace treaty with the Ostrogoths. King Theodemir sends his son, the future Theodoric the Great, age 5, as a child hostage to Constantinople. He learns at court about Latin, military tactics and religion (until 469).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077454#Roman_Empire", "title": "459", "revid": 1267077454, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 460, "year_label": "460 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo I founds the Excubitors (imperial guard) at Constantinople; this elite tagmatic unit (300 men) is recruited from among the warlike Isaurians (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598361#Roman_Empire", "title": "460", "revid": 1360598361, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 464, "year_label": "464 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Olybrius is elected Roman consul by the Eastern court in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288493894#Roman_Empire", "title": "464", "revid": 1288493894, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 465, "year_label": "465 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – A fire begins in Constantinople and, over the next six days, destroys the buildings in eight of the 14 sections into which the Eastern Roman Imperial capital had been divided.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739674#Roman_Empire", "title": "465", "revid": 1364739674, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 466, "year_label": "466 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo I repels the Hun invasion of Dacia (modern Romania). They ravage the Balkans but are unable to take Constantinople thanks to the city walls, which are rebuilt and reinforced.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739705#Roman_Empire", "title": "466", "revid": 1364739705, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 468, "year_label": "468 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo I assembles a massive naval expedition at Constantinople, which costs 64,000 pounds of gold (more than a year's revenue) and consists of over 1,100 ships carrying 100,000 men. It is the greatest fleet ever sent against the Vandals and brings Leo near to bankruptcy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138410#Roman_Empire", "title": "468", "revid": 1360138410, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 469, "year_label": "469 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ostrogoth prince Theodoric, age 15, returns to Pannonia, after living as a child hostage at the court of Emperor Leo I in Constantinople (see 459).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138926#Roman_Empire", "title": "469", "revid": 1360138926, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 471, "year_label": "471 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Basiliscus, brother-in-law of Emperor Leo I, returns from exile (see 468) and leads an imperial conspiracy against Aspar (magister militum), helping in his murder at Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365043260#Roman_Empire", "title": "471", "revid": 1365043260, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 474, "year_label": "474 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – Emperor Leo I dies of dysentery at Constantinople, after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old grandson Leo II, who briefly becomes ruler of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360137662#Roman_Empire", "title": "474", "revid": 1360137662, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 475, "year_label": "475 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Great fire in Constantinople with loss of Palace of Lausus and - along with it - the famous Zeus from Olympia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360137651#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "475", "revid": 1360137651, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 475, "year_label": "475 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – Emperor Zeno abdicates under pressure, as his wife's uncle Basiliscus stages a coup d'état at Constantinople, with support from Zeno's trusted adviser and fellow Isaurian Illus. Basiliscus usurps the throne and is proclaimed new emperor (Augustus) of the Eastern Roman Empire. He begins a 20-month reign; Zeno and his supporters flee to Isauria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360137651#Roman_Empire", "title": "475", "revid": 1360137651, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 476, "year_label": "476 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August", "text": "August – Basiliscus, Roman usurper, is deposed and Zeno is restored as emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. With the support of his adviser Illus, he besieges Constantinople, but the Senate opens the gates, allowing him to resume the throne. Basiliscus flees to sanctuary in a church, but surrenders himself and his family after extracting a solemn promise from Zeno not to shed their blood. Basiliscus is sent to a fortress in Cappadocia, where he later dies from starvation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355222972#Roman_Empire", "title": "476", "revid": 1355222972, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 479, "year_label": "479 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Theodoric the Great starts a 4-year campaign against the Byzantine Empire. The Ostrogoths ravage the Roman provinces (Moesia and Thrace), and threaten the capital of Constantinople itself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360119770#Europe", "title": "479", "revid": 1360119770, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 481, "year_label": "481 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Theodoric Strabo defeats the Bulgars in Thrace, and moves with an army (13,000 men) towards Constantinople. After logistical problems, he is forced to return to Greece. In an encampment at Stabulum Diomedis, near Philippi, he falls from an unruly horse onto a spear and dies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340789382#Europe", "title": "481", "revid": 1340789382, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 484, "year_label": "484 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Zeno signs a peace treaty with Theodoric the Great. He appoints him to magister militum and becomes a consul. The Eastern Empire is saved by diplomatic negotiations, and the imperial army is strengthened behind the walls of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749511#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "484", "revid": 1364749511, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 491, "year_label": "491 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Anti-Isaurian riots break out in the Hippodrome at Constantinople. Longinus and several other Isaurians, including general Longinus of Cardala, are exiled to Thebaid (Egypt).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368214657#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "491", "revid": 1368214657, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 497, "year_label": "497 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Ambrosian Iliad, an Illuminated manuscript on vellum, of the Iliad of Homer, is produced in Constantinople (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907664#Literature", "title": "497", "revid": 1364907664, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": 507, "year_label": "507 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Anastasius I completes the strategic fortress at Dara (Northern Mesopotamia). He raises the city walls to 30 feet (10 m), disregarding Persian protests. Alarmed by the depredations of Slavs and Bulgars in Thrace, he builds the Anastasian Wall from the Black Sea to Propontis, across the narrow peninsula near Constantinople (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907722#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "507", "revid": 1364907722, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 512, "year_label": "512 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Areobindus, Byzantine general, is proclaimed emperor during a riot at Constantinople but refuses to take part in the usurpation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369170659#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "512", "revid": 1369170659, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 513, "year_label": "513 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Anastasius I reduces taxes in the provinces of Bithynia and Asia, to prevent them from joining the rebellion. Vitalian marches to Constantinople and encamps at the suburb of Hebdomon (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908252#Europe", "title": "513", "revid": 1364908252, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 514, "year_label": "514 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Vitalian, Byzantine general, marches again to Constantinople. A fleet of 200 vessels sails from the Black Sea ports and blockades the entrance of the harbor capital. Emperor Anastasius I is disquieted by riots in the city, which cost many casualties, and decides to negotiate with Vitalian.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908338#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "514", "revid": 1364908338, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 515, "year_label": "515 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Revolt of Vitalian: Byzantine general (magister militum) Vitalian mobilises his army, and marches again towards Constantinople. He captures the suburb of Sycae (modern Turkey) across the Golden Horn, and encamps there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754462#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "515", "revid": 1364754462, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 517, "year_label": "517 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – Timothy I, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340791909#Deaths", "title": "517", "revid": 1340791909, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 518, "year_label": "518 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – Emperor Anastasius I dies childless at Constantinople, age 88, after a 27-year reign in which he has abolished the sale of offices, reformed taxation, and perfected the empire's monetary system, but antagonized some with his heretical Monophysite religious policies. He is succeeded by Justin I (Flavius Justinus), his comes excubitorum, commander of the palace guard. After his death, he leaves the imperial treasury richer by 23,000,000 solidi or 320,000 pounds of gold.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754317#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "518", "revid": 1364754317, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 520, "year_label": "520 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Priscian, Latin grammarian, writes the Institutiones Grammaticae (\"Grammatical Foundations\"). In Constantinople, he codifies this manuscript in 18 volumes, which will be widely used through the Middle Ages. It provides the raw material for the field of speculative grammar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908909#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "520", "revid": 1364908909, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 523, "year_label": "523 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Justinian, later Byzantine emperor, marries in Constantinople his mistress Theodora, who is by profession a courtesan (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792003#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "523", "revid": 1340792003, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 525, "year_label": "525 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Theodoric the Great sends Pope John I to Constantinople, to negotiate a withdrawal of Byzantine emperor Justin's edict against Arian Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792024#Europe", "title": "525", "revid": 1340792024, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 526, "year_label": "526 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope John I returns to Ravenna from Constantinople. Theodoric the Great finds that he has been only partly successful in persuading the Byzantine emperor Justin I to withdraw his edict against Arian Christianity, and throws the pope into prison.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754141#Religion", "title": "526", "revid": 1364754141, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 527, "year_label": "527 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – Justin I, age 77, dies at Constantinople and is succeeded by Justinian I, who becomes sole emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793725#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "527", "revid": 1340793725, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 531, "year_label": "531 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Some members of the Blue and Green chariot racing factions in Constantinople are imprisoned for murder, precipitating the Nika riots the next year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351343342#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "531", "revid": 1351343342, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 532, "year_label": "532 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Nika riots in Constantinople: Anger among the supporters of the most important chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—escalates into violence towards the emperor. For the next five days the capital is in chaos. The fires that start during the tumult result in the destruction of much of the city. The insurrection is put down a week later by Belisarius and Mundus; 30,000 people are killed in the Hippodrome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793755#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "532", "revid": 1340793755, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Justinian I holds a war council in Constantinople. His advisers warn him against launching an expedition to North Africa, because of the supply-lines (1,000 miles into Vandal waters) and the huge drain on the imperial treasury. Justinian appoints Belisarius to command the Byzantine army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 534, "year_label": "534 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – King Gelimer surrenders to Belisarius, after spending a winter in the mountains of Numidia. He and large numbers of captured Vandals are transported to Constantinople. The Vandal Kingdom ends, and the African provinces return to the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353013996#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "534", "revid": 1353013996, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Pope John II dies in Rome after a two-year reign, and is succeeded by Agapetus I as the 57th pope. Agapetus is sent by King Theodahad on an embassy to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Religion", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 536, "year_label": "536 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Justinian I appoints his cousin Germanus as magister militum to deal with the crisis in Africa. He sends a mobile force of comitatenses (mostly cavalry) and an elite guard. Solomon, the previous magister militum, returns to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362906459#Eastern_Roman_(\"Byzantine\")_Empire", "title": "536", "revid": 1362906459, "section": "Events › By place › Eastern Roman (\"Byzantine\") Empire"}}, {"year": 537, "year_label": "537 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – The Goths capture the Portus Claudii at Ostia; the harbor is left unguarded by the Romans. Belisarius is forced to unload his supplies at Antium; he sends urgent messages for reinforcements to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370992976#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "537", "revid": 1370992976, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 537, "year_label": "537 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 27", "text": "December 27 – The construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (begun in 532) is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370992976#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "537", "revid": 1370992976, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 540, "year_label": "540 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Gothic War: Belisarius conquers Mediolanum (modern-day Milan) and the Gothic capital Ravenna. Vitiges and his wife Matasuntha are taken as captives to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291057#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "540", "revid": 1367291057, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 541, "year_label": "541 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague appears suddenly in the Egyptian port of Pelusium, spreading to Alexandria and, the following year, to Constantinople. This is the beginning of a 200-year-long pandemic that will devastate Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299131059#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "541", "revid": 1299131059, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 541, "year_label": "541 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius is appointed as consul in Constantinople, the last person to hold this office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299131059#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "541", "revid": 1299131059, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague, spread from Egypt, kills at least 230,000 in Constantinople (modern Istanbul; before counting stops), and perhaps two million or more in the rest of the empire. Emperor Justinian I contracts the disease but recovers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 544, "year_label": "544 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Justinian I issues a new edict condemning the Three Chapters. In Western Europe, Pope Vigilius refuses to acknowledge the imperial edict and is ordered to summon to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317382475#The_Mediterranean_World,_Europe,_and_the_Middle_East", "title": "544", "revid": 1317382475, "section": "Events › By place › The Mediterranean World, Europe, and the Middle East"}}, {"year": 546, "year_label": "546 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Pope Vigilius arrives in Constantinople, to meet with Emperor Justinian I. The future Pope Pelagius I is sent by Totila to negotiate with Justinian.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747564#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "546", "revid": 1364747564, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 547, "year_label": "547 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gothic War: Belisarius recaptures Rome from the Ostrogoths, but his Italian campaign is unsuccessful (he is starved of supplies and reinforcements from Constantinople).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364909272#Europe", "title": "547", "revid": 1364909272, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 548, "year_label": "548 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Empress Theodora I dies at age 48, probably of breast cancer (according to Bishop Victor of Tunnuna). Her body is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles (Constantinople).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368141112#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "548", "revid": 1368141112, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 549, "year_label": "549 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths under Totila besiege Rome for the third time, after Belisarius has returned to Constantinople. He offers a peace agreement, but this is rejected by Emperor Justinian I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557736#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "549", "revid": 1369557736, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 552, "year_label": "552 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Justinian I receives the first silkworm eggs from two Nestorian monks at Constantinople. They were sent to Central Asia (see 550) and smuggled the precious eggs from China hidden in rods of bamboo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800166#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "552", "revid": 1340800166, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 553, "year_label": "553 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – The Fifth Ecumenical Council is held in Constantinople. In an edict, Emperor Justinian I condemns the Three Chapters, causing further schisms and heresies of monoenergism and monothelitism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072897#Religion", "title": "553", "revid": 1267072897, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 556, "year_label": "556 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – The diplomatic representative (apocrisiarius) to Constantinople is elected as Pope Pelagius I, succeeding Vigilius as the 60th pope of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739824#Religion", "title": "556", "revid": 1364739824, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 558, "year_label": "558 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses due to an earthquake. Emperor Justinian I orders the dome to be rebuilt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749209#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "558", "revid": 1364749209, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 559, "year_label": "559 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – The Kutrigurs and Huns under Zabergan cross the frozen Danube River, and invade the Balkans. They raid Thracia and Macedonia, but are driven back near Constantinople by a Byzantine force under Belisarius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350439939#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "559", "revid": 1350439939, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 562, "year_label": "562 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Belisarius stands trial for corruption in Constantinople, possibly with Procopius acting as praefectus urbi. He is found guilty and sent to prison.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749268#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "562", "revid": 1364749268, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 565, "year_label": "565 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Justin II recalls his cousin Justin (pretender to the throne) to Constantinople; after accusations against him, he is placed under house arrest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749296#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "565", "revid": 1364749296, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 566, "year_label": "566 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Justin II sends his cousin Justin to exile in Alexandria, where he is installed as Augustal prefect of Egypt. There he is murdered in his sleep, and his head is cut off and brought to Constantinople (most likely by assignment of Empress Sophia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749385#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "566", "revid": 1364749385, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 570, "year_label": "570 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ctesiphon, capital of the Sassanid Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800837#Persia", "title": "570", "revid": 1340800837, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pelagius II sends Gregory as his apocrisiarius (ambassador to the imperial court in Constantinople). He is part of a Roman delegation to ask for military aid against the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Religion", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 580, "year_label": "580 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Roman Senate sends an embassy to Constantinople, with a gift (3,000 pounds of gold) to Emperor Tiberius II Constantine, along with a plea for help against the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747518#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "580", "revid": 1364747518, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 581, "year_label": "581 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Maurice accuses Mundhir III of treason, and brings him to Constantinople to face trial. Emperor Tiberius II Constantine treats him well, and allows Mundhir with his family a comfortable residence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801589#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "581", "revid": 1340801589, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 582, "year_label": "582 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Emperor Tiberius II Constantine, age 47, dies (possibly from deliberately poisoned food) at Constantinople, after a 4-year reign during which Thrace and Greece have been inundated by the Slavs. He is succeeded by his son-in-law Maurice, former notary who has commanded the Byzantine army in the war against the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751218#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "582", "revid": 1364751218, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 584, "year_label": "584 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Slavs push south on the Balkan Peninsula – partly in conjunction with the Avars under their ruler (khagan) Bayan I – ravaging the cities Athens and Corinth, and threatening the Long Walls of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754048#Europe", "title": "584", "revid": 1364754048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Maurice, seeing an opportunity to end the prolonged war to the advantage of Constantinople, assists Khosrau II to regain the Persian throne. He sends a Byzantine army (35,000 men) under Narses into Mesopotamia, through Syria. At the same time, an expeditionary force in Armenia advances through Caucasian Iberia into Media (modern Azerbaijan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 597, "year_label": "597 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maurice writes his last will, in which he describes his ideas for governing the Byzantine Empire (his eldest son, Theodosius, will rule the East from Constantinople, and his second son, Tiberius, the West from Rome).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755884#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "597", "revid": 1364755884, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 598, "year_label": "598 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maurice pays tribute to the Avars and concludes a treaty with their leader Bayan I, allowing Byzantine expeditions in Wallachia. He reorganises his army and strengthens the Long Walls (west of Constantinople).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751875#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "598", "revid": 1364751875, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Maurice succeeds in winning over the Avars to Byzantine rule, but his campaigns against the Avars, Lombards, Persians and Slavs drain the imperial treasury, requiring an increase in taxes. He orders the troops to stay for winter beyond the Danube, but a mutiny breaks out under Phocas. He brings the Byzantine forces back over the Danube and marches on to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 603, "year_label": "603 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The future Pope Boniface III is appointed papal legate to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752956#Religion", "title": "603", "revid": 1364752956, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 608, "year_label": "608 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Heraclian revolt: Heraclius the Elder, exarch of Africa, and his son (also named Heraclius) revolt against Emperor Phocas, whose regime in Constantinople has become unpopular and violent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289400818#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "608", "revid": 1289400818, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 609, "year_label": "609 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Nicetas, cousin of future emperor Heraclius, launches an overland invasion in Egypt. He defeats a Byzantine army under Bonus (comes Orientis) outside Alexandria, sent from Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077538#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "609", "revid": 1267077538, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 610, "year_label": "610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Heraclian revolt: Heraclius arrives with a fleet from Africa at Constantinople. Assisted by an uprising in the capital, he overthrows and personally beheads Emperor Phocas. Heraclius gains the throne with help from his father Heraclius the Elder. His first major act is to change the official language of the Byzantine Empire from Latin to Greek (already the language of the vast majority of the population).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795500#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "610", "revid": 1368795500, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 612, "year_label": "612 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Holy Sponge is brought to Constantinople from Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635982#Religion", "title": "612", "revid": 1367635982, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 612, "year_label": "612 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – Empress Eudokia, wife of Heraclius, dies of epilepsy. She leaves two children, and is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635982#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "612", "revid": 1367635982, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 613, "year_label": "613 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Heraclius marries his niece Martina; she becomes empress (Augusta) of the Byzantine Empire. This second marriage is considered to fall within the prohibited degree of kinship, and is approved by the Catholic Church in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755983#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "613", "revid": 1364755983, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 617, "year_label": "617 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine-Sassanid War: The Persian army under Shahin Vahmanzadegan conquers Chalcedon in Anatolia, and reaches the Bosporus, threatening Constantinople. Emperor Heraclius begins peace negotiations, promising an annual tribute of 1,000 talents of gold and silver. Shahin withdraws with his army to Syria, to focus on the invasion of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751852#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "617", "revid": 1364751852, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 618, "year_label": "618 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persians besiege Alexandria; the defence of the city is led by Nicetas (cousin of emperor Heraclius). The Byzantine resistance is undermined by a blockade of the harbor; the usual grain supplies are cut off from Egypt to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802929#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "618", "revid": 1340802929, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 619, "year_label": "619 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Heraclius prepares to leave Constantinople and moves the Byzantine capital to Carthage, but is convinced to stay by Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople. He begins to rebuild the Byzantine army with the aid of funds from church treasures.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802932#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "619", "revid": 1340802932, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 622, "year_label": "622 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius sails from Constantinople with an expeditionary force (probably 50,000 men), and starts a counter-offensive against the Persian Empire (his young son, Constantine III, is left behind as regent under the charge of Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople, and patrician Bonus). He lands a few days later at the junction of Cilicia and Syria, near Alexandretta and ancient Issus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342469#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "622", "revid": 1368342469, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 623, "year_label": "623 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Heraclius invades Armenia, leaving his son Constantine (age 11) and co-regent Bonus to defend Constantinople against the Persians still at Chalcedon (modern Turkey). He sails with 5,000 reinforcements to join the Byzantine army at Trapezus. Raising additional forces in Pontus, Heraclius strikes through the mountains of Armenia and the northern sub-Caucasian principalities. He plunders Media (Azerbaijan), and avoids the Persian armies who attempt to trap him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364763007#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "623", "revid": 1364763007, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 624, "year_label": "624 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium, departs from his capital at Constantinople (now Istanbul in Turkey) with his wife, the Empress Martina, and two of his children, and does not return for more than four years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343884392#January–June", "title": "624", "revid": 1343884392, "section": "Events › By date › January–June"}}, {"year": 625, "year_label": "625 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Sarus: Heraclius is victorious in a Byzantine assault river crossing. The reinforced Persians under Shahrbaraz are defeated along the Sarus River, near Adana (modern Turkey). Heraclius recaptures Cappadocia and Pontus, and returns to Trapezus to spend the winter. Shahrbaraz retreats in good order, and is able to continue his advance through Asia Minor towards Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803472#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "625", "revid": 1340803472, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 627, "year_label": "627 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius sweeps through southern Armenia with a 50,000-man expeditionary force, recapturing most of the Byzantine fortresses lost to the Persians ten and fifteen years earlier. The army of Shahrbaraz, still in Anatolia, is now cut off completely. Hearing from Byzantine agents (showing him letters) that King Khosrau II, dissatisfied with his failure to capture Constantinople, is planning to have him executed, he surrenders to Heraclius, refusing to join the Byzantine army against his ungrateful sovereign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346712156#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "627", "revid": 1346712156, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 629, "year_label": "629 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Emperor Heraclius enters Constantinople in triumph. In a ceremonial parade, accompanied by the True Cross, he is welcomed by the citizens and his son Heraclius Constantine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803532#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "629", "revid": 1340803532, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 636, "year_label": "636 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in Syria. Heraclius leaves for Constantinople with the words, Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068315#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "636", "revid": 1267068315, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 638, "year_label": "638 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557443#Deaths", "title": "638", "revid": 1369557443, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Emperor Heraclius, age 65, dies of dropsy at Constantinople after a 31-year reign. He reorganized the imperial administration, but lost Armenia, parts of Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Byzantine Mesopotamia to the Muslim Arabs. Heraclius is succeeded by his sons Constantine III and Heraklonas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 644, "year_label": "644 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Valentinus, Byzantine general, attempts to usurp the throne of his son-in-law Constans II. He appears at the gates of Constantinople with a contingent of Byzantine troops, and demands to be crowned emperor. His claim is rejected, and Valentinus is lynched by the populace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635050#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "644", "revid": 1367635050, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 648, "year_label": "648 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Theodore I excommunicates Paul II of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804464#Religion", "title": "648", "revid": 1340804464, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 653, "year_label": "653 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – Pope Martin I is arrested in the Lateran in Rome, along with Maximus the Confessor, on the orders of Emperor Constans II, and taken to imprisonment in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635810#Religion", "title": "653", "revid": 1367635810, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 654, "year_label": "654 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The exiled Pope Martin I is deposed, and succeeded by Eugene I, as the 75th pope of the Roman Catholic Church. On September 17, Martin is taken to Constantinople and publicly humiliated, for having condemned the Byzantine Emperor Constans II in 649.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362652029#Religion", "title": "654", "revid": 1362652029, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 655, "year_label": "655 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Masts: Emperor Constans II personally commands the Byzantine fleet (500 ships), and sets off to challenge the Arab navy. He sails to the province of Lycia (now in Turkey) in the southern region of Asia Minor. The two forces meet off the coast of Mount Phoenix, near the harbour of Phoenix (modern Finike). The Arabs under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad are victorious in battle, although losses are heavy for both sides. Constans barely escapes to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636681#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "655", "revid": 1367636681, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 660, "year_label": "660 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constans II is paranoid about the ambitions of his younger brother, Theodosius, and has him murdered. Having attracted the hatred of the citizens of Constantinople, Constans decides to leave the Byzantine capital and moves to Syracuse (Sicily).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359584981#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "660", "revid": 1359584981, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 663, "year_label": "663 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Constans II visits Rome for 12 days (the only emperor to set foot in Rome for two centuries), and is received with great honor by Pope Vitalian. Constans gives the order to strip buildings, including the Pantheon, of their ornaments, which will be carried back to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635360#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "663", "revid": 1367635360, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 668, "year_label": "668 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – Emperor Constans II is killed under mysterious circumstances in his bath, during a mutiny at Syracuse. The Byzantine court returns to Constantinople after an absence of 5 years, in which the Muslim-Arabs have made annual invasions and devastations of Anatolia. Probably assassinated by his chamberlain after a 27-year reign, Constans is succeeded by his son Constantine IV (the \"Bearded\"), alongside his brothers Heraclius and Tiberius as co-emperors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805218#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "668", "revid": 1340805218, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 669, "year_label": "669 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Arab forces that have taken Chalcedon, on the Asian shore of the Bosporus, threaten the Byzantine capital Constantinople. The Muslim-Arabs are decimated by famine and disease. Yazid, the Arab commander, retreats to the island of Cyzicus (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805223#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "669", "revid": 1340805223, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 670, "year_label": "670 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab-Byzantine War: The Arab fleet dominates the Aegean Sea and conquers the strategic islands, Rhodes, Cos and Chios. The shore on the southern part of Sea of Marmara is taken, providing an excellent base at Cyzicus to begin the blockade of Constantinople by sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367634463#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "670", "revid": 1367634463, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 674, "year_label": "674 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Constantinople: The Arab fleet enters the Sea of Marmara and appears before the southern walls of Constantinople, in an attempt to blockade the Byzantine capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352002710#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "674", "revid": 1352002710, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 676, "year_label": "676 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Siege of Constantinople: Caliph Muawiyah I sends his son Yazid with Muslim reinforcements to Constantinople. At the same time, the Byzantines have to face a Slavic attack on Thessaloniki and Lombard attacks in Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938815#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "676", "revid": 1365938815, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 677, "year_label": "677 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Constantine I, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805601#Deaths", "title": "677", "revid": 1340805601, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 680, "year_label": "680 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – The Third Council of Constantinople (Sixth Ecumenical Council) opens in Constantinople to settle the theological controversies of monoenergism and monothelitism, ending September 16, 681.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331672551#Religion", "title": "680", "revid": 1331672551, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 681, "year_label": "681 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – A military revolt breaks out in the Anatolic Theme (modern Turkey). The Byzantine army marches to Chrysopolis, and sends a delegation across the straits of the Hellespont to Constantinople, demanding that the two brothers should remain co-emperors alongside Constantine IV.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367426529#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "681", "revid": 1367426529, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 681, "year_label": "681 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council (see 680) ends at Constantinople. The council reaffirms the Orthodox doctrines of the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and condemns monothelitism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367426529#Religion", "title": "681", "revid": 1367426529, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 685, "year_label": "685 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – Emperor Constantine IV dies of dysentery at Constantinople after a 17-year reign, and is succeeded by his 16-year-old son Justinian II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749113#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "685", "revid": 1364749113, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 692, "year_label": "692 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Quinisext Council is held in Constantinople; it lays the foundation for the Orthodox canon law. Justinian II suppresses non-Orthodox religious practices, and orders the arrest of Pope Sergius I; the militias of Rome and the Exarchate of Ravenna refuse, and take the pope's side.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806257#Religion", "title": "692", "revid": 1340806257, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 698, "year_label": "698 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring–summer – Arab forces under Hasan ibn al-Nu'man capture Carthage, ending Byzantine rule in North Africa. The defeated Byzantine fleet revolts and proclaims Tiberios III, who deposes Leontios after a brief siege of Constantinople, Byzantine Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806584#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "698", "revid": 1340806584, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – An army of 15,000 Bulgar and Slav horsemen under Justinian II appear before the walls of Constantinople. After three days, his troops discover an unused water conduit under the walls of the city, and enter through the Valens Aqueduct. Hearing that Justinian has taken control of the Blachernae Palace, Emperor Tiberios III flees to Bithynia (modern Turkey), where he evades capture for several months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 708, "year_label": "708 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Anchialus: A Byzantine expeditionary force under Emperor Justinian II is defeated near the seaside city of Anchialus, on the Black Sea Coast. The Byzantines are overwhelmed by a surprise attack of Bulgarian cavalry, led by Tervel. Justinian manages to reach the fortress, and escapes to Constantinople on a ship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807106#Europe", "title": "708", "revid": 1340807106, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 709, "year_label": "709 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – Emperor Justinian II sends a punitive expedition to Italy under the patrikios Theodore, to intervene in the dispute between Pope Constantine I and Archbishop Felix of Ravenna, who claims to be independent of the pope's authority. Theodore captures Ravenna, and arrests Felix and other Italian leaders. He deports them to Constantinople, from whence they are exiled to Cherson (Crimea).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807109#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "709", "revid": 1340807109, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Pope Constantine departs for a year-long visit to Constantinople. He will be the last pontiff to visit the capital for more than a thousand years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Religion", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Philippicus incites the inhabitants of Cherson to revolt, with the help of the Khazars. Emperor Justinian II sallies forth from Constantinople to oppose the rebels in the Crimea. Philippicus defeats the Byzantine forces in northern Anatolia, and seizes the capital. He is proclaimed emperor and Justinian is executed, ending the house of Heraclius, that has ruled since 610.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December", "text": "December – Upon hearing the news of Justinian's death, Anastasia, Justinian's mother, escapes with Justinian's 6-year-old son Tiberius to the sanctuary at the St. Mary's Church (Constantinople). She is pursued by Philippicus' henchmen, who drag the child from the altar and murder him outside the church. It is unknown what became of Justinian's wife, Theodora.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 712, "year_label": "712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Bulgars under Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, raid Thrace and reach the city walls of Constantinople. Skirmishes continue until 716; Emperor Philippicus transfers a Byzantine army from the Opsikion Theme in Asia Minor, to police the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357552155#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "712", "revid": 1357552155, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 715, "year_label": "715 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Emperor Anastasios II is deposed in an army mutiny, and succeeded by Theodosius III, a tax-collector from the theme of Opsikion (modern Turkey). After a six-month siege, Theodosius and his troops take Constantinople; Anastasios is forced to abdicate the throne, and retires to a monastery in Thessaloniki (Macedonia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661130#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "715", "revid": 1367661130, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 716, "year_label": "716 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Arab-Byzantine Wars: Umayyad Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd Al-Malik begins the preparations for his campaign on Constantinople; he orders new ships be built in the port-cities in Palestine, Egypt & Ifriqiya. General Umar ibn Hubayra raids southern Anatolia by sea and conquers Lycia, where another Arab fleet joins him, and they spend winter. As the navy advances, Sulayman sends land armies into Anatolia, which settle at Caesarea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808331#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "716", "revid": 1340808331, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Muslim general Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik leads his army of 80,000 men from Pergamum to Abydos, where he crosses the Hellespont. To prevent interference by the Bulgars, or by any Byzantine forces in Thrace, he sends part of his army to a covering position near Adrianople; with his main body, Maslama builds siege lines to blockade Constantinople, which is protected by the massive Theodosian Walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 718, "year_label": "718 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Siege of Constantinople: A Bulgar relief force attacks the siege lines at Constantinople, on the west side of the Bosporus. Contemporary chroniclers report that at least 22,000–32,000 Arabs are killed during the Bulgarian attacks. Caliph Umar II is forced to lift the siege after 13 months; the Muslim army attempts to withdraw back through Anatolia, while the rest escapes by sea in the remaining vessels. The Arab fleet suffers further casualties to storms, and an eruption of the volcano of Thera. According to Arab sources 150,000 Muslims perish during the campaign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661186#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "718", "revid": 1367661186, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 719, "year_label": "719 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ex-Emperor Anastasios II starts a revolt against Leo III with considerable support, including auxiliaries provided by Tervel, emperor (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire. His attack on Constantinople fails; Anastasios is captured and is put to death (by beheading), on the orders of Leo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050525#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "719", "revid": 1367050525, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 727, "year_label": "727 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A revolt breaks out in Greece against the religious policies of Emperor Leo III (see 726). A rebel fleet under Agallianos Kontoskeles sets out for Constantinople with Kosmas, an anti-emperor, but is destroyed by the Byzantine fleet through the use of Greek fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372352645#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 727", "revid": 1372352645, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 733, "year_label": "733 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo III confiscates the papal territories in Sicily and Calabria (Southern Italy), from which Pope Gregory III derives most of his income tax. He transfers ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the former Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum to Anastasius, patriarch of Constantinople. Gregory begins his support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm. By now the break between the papacy and the Byzantine Empire is almost complete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809659#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "733", "revid": 1340809659, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – 740 Constantinople earthquake. An earthquake strikes Constantinople and the surrounding countryside, causing destruction to the city's land walls and buildings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 741, "year_label": "741 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Emperor Leo III (\"the Isaurian\") dies of dropsy at Constantinople, after a 24-year reign that has saved the Byzantine Empire and delivered Eastern Europe from the threat of an Arab conquest. He is succeeded by his son Constantine V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322653390#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "741", "revid": 1322653390, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 743, "year_label": "743 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Constantine V defeats his brother-in-law Artabasdos, who has led a two-year insurrection in an attempt to usurp the Byzantine throne. He heads for Constantinople, and captures the capital three months later. Artabasdos and his son Niketas are publicly blinded, and relegated to the monastery of Chora. Constantine renews his policy of Iconoclasm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906425#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "743", "revid": 1364906425, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 751, "year_label": "751 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Leo IV, son of Emperor Constantine V, is crowned co-emperor at Constantinople. Only a year or so after his mother Irene died, Constantine's second wife Maria dies, at approximately the same time as Leo's coronation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809785#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "751", "revid": 1340809785, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 754, "year_label": "754 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February", "text": "February – Council of Hieria: Emperor Constantine V summons a Christian council in the palace of Hieria in Constantinople. The council, under the presidency of Bishop Theodosius of Ephesus, supports the policy of Iconoclasm and condemning the use of religious images (icons) in the Byzantine Empire. Constantine increases the persecution of the monasteries; hundreds of monks and nuns are mutilated or put to death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360259946#Religion", "title": "754", "revid": 1360259946, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 764, "year_label": "764 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "According to the historian Theophanes the Confessor, icebergs float past Constantinople from the Black Sea (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847738#Geography", "title": "764", "revid": 1340847738, "section": "Events › By topic › Geography"}}, {"year": 766, "year_label": "766 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sabin, ruler (khagan) of Bulgaria, flees to the Byzantine fortress city of Mesembria, from where he escapes to Constantinople. Constantine V arranges for the transfer of Sabin's family from Bulgaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073182#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "766", "revid": 1267073182, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 767, "year_label": "767 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Pope Paul I dies at Rome after a 10-year reign, in which he has protested against Constantine V's revival of Iconoclasm at Constantinople. He gives refuge to Greek monks who were expelled from the Byzantine Empire, and moves the relics of many saints from the catacombs to Roman churches. Duke Toto of Nepi has his layman brother elected to succeed Paul, under the name Constantine II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350246348#Religion", "title": "AD 767", "revid": 1350246348, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 773, "year_label": "773 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Pavia: Charlemagne besieges Pavia, which is poorly stocked with food. King Desiderius remains in the capital, and orders his son Adalgis to defend Verona to guard Gerberga, and the children of Carloman I. After a short siege, Adalgis flees to Constantinople, where he is received by Emperor Constantine V. Meanwhile, the Franks capture the cities of Verona and Mortara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369635460#Europe", "title": "773", "revid": 1369635460, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 774, "year_label": "774 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Telerig sends a message to Constantine V, stating that he is going to flee in exile to Constantinople. In exchange, he asks the emperor to reveal the spies to his associates in Pliska for their own safety. Constantine sends the Bulgarian government a list of the spies; however, Telerig executes them all, and eliminates the Byzantine spy network within his government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848019#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "774", "revid": 1340848019, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 775, "year_label": "775 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Emperor Constantine V dies while on a campaign in Bulgaria. In his 34-year reign he has suppressed monasticism and image worship, restored aqueducts, revived commerce, and repopulated Constantinople. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son Leo IV (\"the Khazar\"), who continues Constantine's campaigns against the Bulgars and Muslim Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848014#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "775", "revid": 1340848014, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 782, "year_label": "782 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Harun al-Rashid reaches as far as Chrysopolis, across the Bosporus Straits from the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. After the defection of the Armenian general Tatzates, Empress Irene accepts a three-year truce, including the annual payment of a tribute of 70,000 or 90,000 gold dinars, and the handing over of 10,000 silk garments. Harun releases all his captives (5,600 men), including chief minister Staurakios and other hostages.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267081621#Abbasid_Empire", "title": "782", "revid": 1267081621, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Empire"}}, {"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Byzantine expeditionary force under Staurakios, chief minister (logothete), begins a campaign against the communities (Sclaviniae) of Greece. Setting out from Constantinople, the imperial army follows the Thracian coast into Macedonia, and then south into Thessaly, Central Greece and the Peloponnese. Staurakios restores a measure of Byzantine authority over these areas, and collects booty and tribute from the locals.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 784, "year_label": "784 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Tarasios is elected patriarch of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848263#Religion", "title": "784", "revid": 1340848263, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Methodios I, patriarch of Constantinople (or 800)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Births", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 792, "year_label": "792 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Constantine VI suppresses a rebellion, and restores his mother Irene to her former position as co-empress of the Byzantine Empire. The rival factions in Constantinople continue their intrigues against Constantine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906591#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "792", "revid": 1364906591, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 800, "year_label": "800 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Methodios I, patriarch of Constantinople (or 788)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367075277#Births", "title": "800", "revid": 1367075277, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 802, "year_label": "802 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – Empress Irene is deposed after a 5-year reign, and banished to Lesbos. High-ranking patricians place Nikephoros, the minister of finance (logothetes tou genikou), on the throne. He is crowned in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople, by Patriarch Tarasios, as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848783#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "802", "revid": 1340848783, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 803, "year_label": "803 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Bardanes Tourkos, Byzantine general (strategos), is proclaimed emperor by the troops of the Anatolic, Opsikion, Thracian and Bucellarian themes. The 'rebel' army marches to Chrysopolis, a suburb of Constantinople. After the defection of two of his trusted aides, future emperors Leo the Armenian and Michael the Amorian, Bardanes negotiates peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848789#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "803", "revid": 1340848789, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 804, "year_label": "804 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Charlemagne finishes the conquest of Saxony. The Carolingian administration in the north is restored and the diocese of Bremen is re-established. Venice, torn by infighting, switches allegiance from Constantinople to King Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076299#Europe", "title": "804", "revid": 1267076299, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 811, "year_label": "811 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Stauracius is installed as emperor at Adrianople (the first time a Byzantine emperor is crowned outside Constantinople). Because of a sword wound near his neck (during the Battle of Pliska), Stauracius is paralyzed. The imperial court is split between the noble factions of his wife Theophano and his sister Prokopia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655051#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "811", "revid": 1366655051, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 812, "year_label": "812 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Ex-emperor Staurakios, a son of Nikephoros I, dies of putrefaction in his wounds (see 811) in a monastery. He has reigned only two months and eight days, before being exiled by senior officials in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345909676#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "812", "revid": 1345909676, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 813, "year_label": "813 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – Krum reaches Constantinople, and sets his camp outside the walls. He is given an invitation, and a promise of safe conduct, to meet Leo V. Krum sets out unarmed for the capital with only a small escort, but is ambushed and manages to escape. After this unsuccessful Byzantine murder attempt, the Bulgars ravage much of Eastern Thrace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340940841#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "813", "revid": 1340940841, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 814, "year_label": "814 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars: Over the winter Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, had assembled a huge army (including Slavs and Avars), for a campaign against the Byzantine Empire. But before he sets out for a major attack on Constantinople, he dies of a stroke. Krum is succeeded by his son Omurtag.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655218#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "814", "revid": 1366655218, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 815, "year_label": "815 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian Treaty: Emperor Leo V the Armenian signs a 30-year peace agreement in Constantinople with Omurtag, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire. The Rhodope Mountains become the Byzantine border again, and Leo regains its lost Black Sea cities, after the Bulgars have them demolished.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348647036#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "815", "revid": 1348647036, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 820, "year_label": "820 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Emperor Leo V (the Armenian) is assassinated by conspirators in the Hagia Sophia, at Constantinople. Though unarmed, he fights back fiercely but dies of his wounds. He is succeeded by Michael II, the commander of the palace guard (excubitores). Leo's family (including his mother and his wife Theodosia) are exiled to monasteries in Princes' Islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013367#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "820", "revid": 1345013367, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 821, "year_label": "821 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine general Thomas the Slav leads a revolt, and secures control over most of the Byzantine themes (provinces) in Anatolia. He gets recognition from the Abbasid Caliphate, and concludes a peace treaty with Caliph al-Ma'mun. Thomas crosses with his fleet from Abydos to Thrace, and blockades Emperor Michael II in Constantinople; but Thomas' first attack on the capital fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941313#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "821", "revid": 1340941313, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 822, "year_label": "822 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine general and usurper Thomas the Slav continues his revolt against Emperor Michael II. He unsuccessfully besieges Constantinople, while his fleet is destroyed by Michael's fleet, using Greek fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074664#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "822", "revid": 1267074664, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 826, "year_label": "826 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Euphemius, Byzantine admiral, organises an uprising in Sicily against Emperor Michael II. He proclaims himself Emperor (with the title of basileus) in Syracuse, independent from Constantinople. In turn, Euphemius is defeated by Byzantine troops (reinforcements from the East), and is driven out to North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941323#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "826", "revid": 1340941323, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 828, "year_label": "828 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Euphemius, Byzantine admiral, is murdered by emissaries from the Byzantine garrison at Castrogiovanni, which is besieged by the Muslims. Threatened by Byzantine reinforcements arriving from Constantinople, the survivors burn their ships and retreat overland westward to Mazara del Vallo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941478#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "828", "revid": 1340941478, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 828, "year_label": "828 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Nikephoros I, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941478#Deaths", "title": "828", "revid": 1340941478, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 829, "year_label": "829 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – Emperor Michael II dies after an 8-year reign in Constantinople, and is succeeded by his 16-year-old son Theophilos, as sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He continues his father's ideology of iconoclasm.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941503#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "829", "revid": 1340941503, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 830, "year_label": "830 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Emperor Theophilos, 16, marries the Armenian noblewoman Theodora, in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople. He chooses her during a representation of a bride-show; she becomes empress (Augusta) of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359310799#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "830", "revid": 1359310799, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 842, "year_label": "842 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – The Medieval Iconoclastic Controversy ends, as a council in Constantinople formally reinstates the veneration of icons in the churches.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256465#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "842", "revid": 1350256465, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 842, "year_label": "842 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Emperor Theophilos dies of dysentery at Constantinople, after a 12-year reign in which he expended much effort defending the eastern frontier against the invading Muslim Arabs. Theophilos is succeeded by his 2-year-old son Michael III, with his mother Theodora as regent and the 'temporary' sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256465#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "842", "revid": 1350256465, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 843, "year_label": "843 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – A Byzantine expedition, led by Theoktistos, conquers Crete from the Saracens. After initial success, he is forced to abandon his army, due to political intrigues in Constantinople. The troops are left behind and slaughtered by the Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941897#Arabian_Empire", "title": "843", "revid": 1340941897, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 847, "year_label": "847 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Methodius I, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348153742#Deaths", "title": "847", "revid": 1348153742, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 860, "year_label": "860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Byzantine–Rus' War: A fleet of about 200 Rus' vessels sails into the Bosphorus, and starts pillaging the suburbs of Constantinople. The raiders set homes on fire, and drown and kill the citizens. Unable to do anything to repel the invaders, Patriarch Photios I urges his flock to implore the Theotokos to save the Byzantine capital. Having devastated the suburbs, the Rus' Vikings pass into the Sea of Marmara and attack the Isles of the Princes, plundering the local monasteries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666755#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "860", "revid": 1367666755, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 867, "year_label": "867 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Stephen I, patriarch of Constantinople (d. 893)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655299#Births", "title": "867", "revid": 1366655299, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 867, "year_label": "867 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September", "text": "September – Photius I (\"the Great\"), patriarch of Constantinople, is removed from office and banished. Ignatius is reinstated as patriarch by Basil I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655299#Religion", "title": "867", "revid": 1366655299, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 869, "year_label": "869 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Hagia Sophia Basilica (church) in Constantinople suffers great damage during an earthquake, which makes the eastern half-dome collapse. Basil I orders it to be repaired.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369351830#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "869", "revid": 1369351830, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 874, "year_label": "874 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – The remains of Saint Nikephorus I are interred in the Church of the Holy Apostles, in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347164206#Religion", "title": "874", "revid": 1347164206, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 880, "year_label": "880 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, by Patriarch Photius I, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372561483#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "880", "revid": 1372561483, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 886, "year_label": "886 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – Emperor Basil I the Macedonian dies from a fever, contracted after a hunting accident. He is succeeded by the 19-year-old Leo VI, officially Basil's son, but reputedly a son of former emperor Michael III, as sole ruler (basileus) of the Byzantine Empire. After his coronation Leo reburies the remains of his reputed father Michael, with great ceremony in the imperial mausoleum, within the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367666946#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "886", "revid": 1367666946, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 894, "year_label": "894 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Stylianos Zaoutzes, leading minister and basileopator, convinces Emperor Leo VI (the Wise) to move the Bulgarian market from Constantinople to Thessaloniki. This affects the commercial importance of Bulgarian trade. Simeon I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, mobilizes his Bulgarian forces and invades Byzantine territory, ravaging the countryside.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130298#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "894", "revid": 1341130298, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 901, "year_label": "901 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Abu Abbas Abdallah defeats a relief Byzantine navy dispatched from Constantinople at Messina. He dismantles the fortifications of Messina and transfers his booty to Palermo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013381#Europe", "title": "901", "revid": 1345013381, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 901, "year_label": "901 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Antony II, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013381#Deaths", "title": "901", "revid": 1345013381, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 901, "year_label": "901 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January", "text": "January – Arethas of Caesarea speaks on the occasion of the Epiphany. He becomes the official rhetor at the Byzantine court of Emperor Leo VI (the Wise) at Constantinople, and is nominated as Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013381#Religion", "title": "901", "revid": 1345013381, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 907, "year_label": "907 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rus'–Byzantine War: Varangian prince Oleg of Novgorod leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople, concluded by the Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (in which the city of Chernihiv in Ukraine is first mentioned). He lays siege to the Byzantine capital with some 2,000 ships (dugout boats), and secures trading rights from the world's leading center of commerce.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130849#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "907", "revid": 1341130849, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 908, "year_label": "908 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – The three-year-old Constantine VII, the son of Emperor Leo VI (the Wise), is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire by Patriarch Euthymius I at Constantinople. The ceremony is held in the Hagia Sophia. After the rituals, Constantine is crowned (symbolically) and becomes Leo's successor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468131#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "908", "revid": 1364468131, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 912, "year_label": "912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Orso II Participazio becomes the doge of Venice. He sends his son Pietro to Constantinople in order to re-establish the relationship with Alexander III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468136#Europe", "title": "912", "revid": 1364468136, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 913, "year_label": "913 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Simeon I (the Great), ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire, launches a campaign at the head of a large Bulgarian army, and reaches Constantinople unopposed. The Bulgarians besiege the Byzantine capital and construct ditches from the Golden Horn to the Golden Gate at the Marmara Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070619#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "913", "revid": 1267070619, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Empress Zoe Karbonopsina leads a palace coup at Constantinople and, with the support of the magistros John Eladas, overthrows Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos as regent over her son, Emperor Constantine VII. She allows Nicholas to remain as patriarch, repudiates the title granted to Simeon I of Bulgaria (see 913) and nullifies the marriage plans (with a Bulgarian princess) made for her son by Nicholas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 917, "year_label": "917 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Theophylactus, patriarch of Constantinople (d. 956)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468140#Births", "title": "917", "revid": 1364468140, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 917, "year_label": "917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Battle of Achelous: A Byzantine expeditionary force (62,000 men) under General Leo Phokas (the Elder) is routed by the Bulgarians at the Achelous River near the fortress of Anchialos (modern Pomorie) on the Black Sea coast. Phokas flees to Mesembria (modern Nesebar) and escapes by boarding a ship. Tsar Simeon I (the Great) becomes de facto ruler of the whole Balkan Peninsula, except the well-protected Byzantine capital of Constantinople and the Peloponnese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468140#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "917", "revid": 1364468140, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 919, "year_label": "919 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Romanos Lekapenos, admiral (droungarios) of the Byzantine navy, seizes the Boukoleon Palace in Constantinople. He is named megas hetaireiarches (head of the imperial guard). Lekapenos consolidates his position and becomes regent of Emperor Constantine VII. He marries his 9-year-old daughter Helena Lekapene to Constantine and assumes the new title of basileopator (one of the highest offices in the Byzantine Empire).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509579#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "919", "revid": 1341509579, "section": "Events › By Place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 920, "year_label": "920 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – Romanos I has himself crowned co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He shares the throne with the 15-year-old Constantine VII (his son-in-law), and constructs an alternative palace at Constantinople with an adjoining monastery near the Great Palace. Though Constantine retains his formal position as first on the protocol list, Romanos becomes sole ruler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205100#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "920", "revid": 1349205100, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Battle of Pegae: Bulgarian forces under kavhan (first minister) Theodore Sigritsa defeat the Byzantine army at the outskirts of Constantinople. After the battle, the Bulgarians burn the palaces in Pegae (\"the Spring\"), and devastate the area north of the Golden Horn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 922, "year_label": "922 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Constantinople: Emperor Romanos I sends Byzantine troops to repel another Bulgarian raid at the outskirts of Constantinople. The Byzantines storm the Bulgarian camp, but are defeated when they are confronted by the main Bulgarian forces. Having won the battle, the Bulgarians lack the maritime power to conduct a successful siege of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509630#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "922", "revid": 1341509630, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 924, "year_label": "924 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Tsar Simeon I, ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire, leads the burning of the Church of St. Mary of the Spring in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360748864#July—September", "title": "924", "revid": 1360748864, "section": "Events › July—September"}}, {"year": 924, "year_label": "924 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – After pillaging the suburbs of Constantinople, Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria meets with the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos on the Golden Horn to arrange a truce, according to which Byzantium will pay the Bulgarians an annual tribute in exchangefor the return of some cities on the Black Sea coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360748864#July—September", "title": "924", "revid": 1360748864, "section": "Events › July—September"}}, {"year": 928, "year_label": "928 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – Stephen II, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364916804#Deaths", "title": "928", "revid": 1364916804, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 933, "year_label": "933 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Tryphon, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917339#Deaths", "title": "933", "revid": 1364917339, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 934, "year_label": "934 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring and Summer – The Hungarians make an alliance with the Pechenegs, and fight their way through Thrace to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512094#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "934", "revid": 1341512094, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 944, "year_label": "944 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – The \"Holy Mandylion\" (a cloth with the face of Jesus) is conveyed to Constantinople, where it arrives on the feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos. A triumphal entry is staged for the relic in the capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512279#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "944", "revid": 1341512279, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 945, "year_label": "945 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Constantine VII concludes a Rus'–Byzantine treaty in which Rus' merchants are to conduct their trade in Constantinople. While many Rus' make their fortunes in trade with the Arab Muslims, the Rurik Dynasty of Kiev grows rich from Byzantine commerce.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365595392#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "945", "revid": 1365595392, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 950, "year_label": "950 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Page with Joshua Leading the Israelites, from the Joshua Roll, is made in Constantinople. It is now kept at the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana in Rome (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260811#Religion", "title": "950", "revid": 1365260811, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 958, "year_label": "958 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October / November – Battle of Raban: The Byzantines under John Tzimiskes defeat the Hamdanid forces in northern Syria. Emir Sayf al-Dawla is forced to retreat – many of his court companions and ghilman fall in pursuit, while over 1,700 of his Turk cavalry are captured and paraded in the streets of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468198#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "958", "revid": 1364468198, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 959, "year_label": "959 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April - May – The Byzantines refuse to pay the yearly tribute. A Hungarian army, led by Apor, invades Macedonia and Thrace. He plunders its territories until reaching Constantinople. On his way back, Apor is defeated during a night attack by Byzantine forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512808#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "959", "revid": 1341512808, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 961, "year_label": "961 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Siege of Chandax: Byzantine forces under Nikephoros II Phokas capture and pillage Chandax after an 8-month siege. Nikephoros massacres the population without mercy and carries them off into slavery, returning to Constantinople with Emir Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb and his family as prisoners. The island Emirate of Crete is converted into a Byzantine theme and the remaining Muslims are converted to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512994#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "961", "revid": 1341512994, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 963, "year_label": "963 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – Nikephoros II Phokas is proclaimed emperor by his troops in Caesarea. He sends a fleet to secure the Bosphorus Strait against his enemies. Chief minister Joseph Bringas gathers support and closes the gates of Constantinople. General Marianos Argyros is killed in a riot, forcing Bringas to flee.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272224#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "963", "revid": 1365272224, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 967, "year_label": "967 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Otto I dispatches an imperial delegation (led by a Venetian named Domenico) to Constantinople with assurances of his friendship and a request for Princess Theophano (a daughter of the late Emperor Romanos II) for his 12-year-old son Otto II. As dowry Otto demands the Byzantine holdings in southern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919490#Europe", "title": "967", "revid": 1364919490, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 969, "year_label": "969 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – Emperor Nikephoros II is murdered in the royal palace of Boukoleon at Constantinople after a 6-year reign. Former friends have acted on the instructions of his wife Theophano. Nikephoros is succeeded by his nephew John I Tzimiskes, who becomes co-emperor and regent. He sends Theophano into exile to the island of Prinkipo (Prince Islands).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590679#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "969", "revid": 1365590679, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 970, "year_label": "970 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Byzantine-Imperial truce: Emperor Otto I (the Great) meets with John I at Bari and accepts a permanent peace agreement. Pandulf I (Ironhead) is released from captivity in Constantinople (see 969).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261460#Europe", "title": "970", "revid": 1365261460, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 970, "year_label": "970 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – Polyeuctus, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261460#Deaths", "title": "970", "revid": 1365261460, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 971, "year_label": "971 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "John I returns in triumph to Constantinople. He brings along Boris II, ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, and his family, together with the contents of the Bulgarian imperial treasury. Boris is given the Byzantine 'court title' of magistros as compensation. The Bulgarian lands in Thrace and Lower Moesia become part of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918921#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "971", "revid": 1364918921, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 972, "year_label": "972 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "John I removes various Bulgarian boyars from their homes, and settles them in Constantinople and Anatolia (modern Turkey), where they are given high titles and lands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272305#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "972", "revid": 1365272305, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 974, "year_label": "974 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Boniface VII is expelled by order of Otto II and flees to Constantinople, taking the Church treasury of the Vatican Basilica along with him. He is succeeded by Benedict VII as the 135th pope of the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513416#Religion", "title": "974", "revid": 1341513416, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 976, "year_label": "976 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – Emperor John I Tzimiskes dies at Constantinople, after returning from a second campaign against the Abbasids in Syria. He is buried in the Church of Christ Chalkites, and succeeded by his 18-year-old nephew Basil II, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. The administration remains in the hands of Basil Lekapenos (an illegitimate son of the late Emperor Romanos I).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468275#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "976", "revid": 1364468275, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 977, "year_label": "977 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May", "text": "May – Boris II, dethroned emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria, and his brother Roman manage to escape from captivity in Constantinople. They reach the Bulgarian border, but Boris is killed by mistake by the border guards. Roman is crowned as new ruler, although leadership and the control of the army remain in the hands of General Samuel (a member of the Cometopuli Dynasty).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908323#Europe", "title": "977", "revid": 1341908323, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 978, "year_label": "978 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Pankaleia: Rebel forces under General Bardas Skleros are defeated by the Byzantine army loyal to Emperor Basil II, commanded by General Bardas Phokas (the Younger), near Pankaleia (modern-day Hisarköy). Phokas regroups his forces and continues his march to the East, drawing Skleros away from Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272344#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "978", "revid": 1365272344, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 983, "year_label": "983 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Antony III (the Studite), patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908613#Deaths", "title": "983", "revid": 1341908613, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 984, "year_label": "984 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Anti-Pope Boniface VII returns from Constantinople and gains support from the powerful Roman Crescentii family. He takes hold of the papal throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908618#Religion", "title": "984", "revid": 1341908618, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 988, "year_label": "988 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Emperor Basil II, supported by a contingent of 6,000 Varangians (the future Varangian Guard), organizes the defences of Constantinople to meet a threat from the insurgents, Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros. Basil crosses the Bosphorus, and leads a surprise attack on the rebel camp of Kalokyros Delphinas, at Chrysopolis. Delphinas is captured and executed, either by crucifixion or by impalement (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364920019#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "988", "revid": 1364920019, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 989, "year_label": "989 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Basil II uses his contingent of 6,000 Varangians to help him defeat Bardas Phokas (the Younger), who suffers a seizure during the siege of Abydos (threatening to blockade the Dardanelles). Phokas dies, ending the revolt and threat to Constantinople. Upon Phokas' death, the other rebel leader Bardas Skleros (who is captured and blinded) yields to Basil's superior forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624689#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "989", "revid": 1357624689, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 992, "year_label": "992 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Pietro II Orseolo, doge of Venice, concludes a treaty with Emperor Basil II to transport Byzantine troops, in exchange for commercial privileges in Constantinople. Venetian ships are exempted from customs duties at Abydos (mostly foreign goods are carried on Venetian ships). Venetian merchants in Constantinople are placed directly under the Grand Logothetes (Minister of Finance).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919750#Europe", "title": "992", "revid": 1364919750, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 997, "year_label": "997 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – Battle of Spercheios: Byzantine forces, under General Nikephoros Ouranos, defeat the Bulgarians at the Spercheios River in Greece. During a night battle, the Bulgarian co-ruler Samuel is wounded; he and his son Gavril Radomir evade capture, by feigning death among the bodies of their slain soldiers. Samuel sets off to Bulgaria, and retreats with the remnants of his army, into the Pindus Mountains. Ouranos returns to Constantinople, with 1,000 heads of Bulgarian soldiers and 12,000 captives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468397#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "997", "revid": 1364468397, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 998, "year_label": "998 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Sisinnius II, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593041#Deaths", "title": "998", "revid": 1365593041, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1011, "year_label": "1011 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Lombard Revolt: Mahmoud the Fat of Bari rises up against the Lombard rebels, led by Melus, and delivers the city to Basil Mesardonites, Byzantine governor (catepan) of the Catepanate of Italy. Melus is forced to flee to Salerno, and his brother-in-law Dattus escapes to Monte Cassino, but their families are taken captive, and carted off to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368048875#Europe", "title": "1011", "revid": 1368048875, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1017, "year_label": "1017 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Emperor Basil II (\"the Bulgar Slayer\") replaces Leo Tornikios with the new catapan Basil Boioannes and sends him reinforcements (including a detachment of the elite Varangian Guard) from Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212758#Europe", "title": "1017", "revid": 1342212758, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1019, "year_label": "1019 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sergius II (the Studite), patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212971#Deaths", "title": "1019", "revid": 1342212971, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – Basil Boioannes, Byzantine general and governor of the Catapanate of Italy, sails from Bari across the Adriatic Sea to begin an invasion of Croatia, ruled by Krešimir III. He later takes Kresimir's wife as a hostage, transporting her to Bari and then to Constantinople as a hostage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#July–September", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1025, "year_label": "1025 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15 – Byzantine Emperor Basil II (\"Bulgar Slayer\") dies in Constantinople after a 50-year reign. Never married, he is succeeded by his brother and co-emperor Constantine VIII, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Constantine calls the Sicilian invasion off. Catapan Basil Boioannes diverts the Byzantine expeditionary force already assembled on Calabria, to join the siege of Capua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367042525#Events", "title": "1025", "revid": 1367042525, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1028, "year_label": "1028 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Emperor Constantine VIII dies at Constantinople after a 3-year reign. On his deathbed, and without a male heir, Constantine arranges that his eldest daughter, Zoë Porphyrogenita, succeeds him and marries the Byzantine nobleman, Romanos III (Argyros).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299472#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1028", "revid": 1363299472, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1034, "year_label": "1034 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Emperor Romanos III (Argyros) is drowned in his bath, at the urging of his wife Zoë, who marries her chamberlain, and elevates him to the throne of the Byzantine Empire, as Michael IV. Romanos is buried in the Church of St. Mary Peribleptos in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342215274#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1034", "revid": 1342215274, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1042, "year_label": "1042 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Zoë marries her third husband, a Byzantine bureaucrat who ascends as co-emperor Constantine IX at Constantinople. Theodora agrees to surrender her co-emperorship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350130047#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1042", "revid": 1350130047, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1043, "year_label": "1043 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rus'–Byzantine War: A Kievan Rus' naval raid, led by Grand Prince Vladimir Yaraslavich, unsuccessfully attacks Constantinople. A 6,000-strong Kievan contingent under Vyshata is also defeated and deported to the capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365591040#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1043", "revid": 1365591040, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1043, "year_label": "1043 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20 – Alexios Stoudites, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365591040#Deaths", "title": "1043", "revid": 1365591040, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1047, "year_label": "1047 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25–28 – Rebel general Leo Tornikios (a nephew of Emperor Constantine IX) proclaims himself emperor at Adrianople, and besieges Constantinople. Byzantine troops personally led by Constantine repel him, and re-occupy the walls. Tornikios is forced to withdraw, while his followers start to abandon him. Finally, he is captured at a church in Boulgarophygon (modern Turkey), and is publicly blinded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368550348#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1047", "revid": 1368550348, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1054, "year_label": "1054 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Pope Leo IX sends a legatine mission, under Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida, to Constantinople, to negotiate with Patriarch Michael I Cerularius, in response to his actions concerning the church in Constantinople. Leo becomes the first pope directly to invoke the forged Donation of Constantine, citing a large portion in a letter to Michael, believing it genuine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267065294#Religion", "title": "1054", "revid": 1267065294, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1055, "year_label": "1055 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos dies after a 12½-year reign at Constantinople. He is succeeded by Theodora (a sister of the former Empress Zoë), who is proclaimed by the imperial guard (with strong opposition from the council) as empress of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301978694#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1055", "revid": 1301978694, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1056, "year_label": "1056 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – Empress Theodora (a sister of the former Empress Zoë) dies after a 18-month reign, by a sudden illness at Constantinople. She is succeeded by Michael VI Bringas (\"the Old\"), who had served as military finance minister under the former Emperor Romanos III. Michael is appointed through the influence of Leo Paraspondylos, Theodora's most trusted adviser. This ends the Macedonian dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365382431#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1056", "revid": 1365382431, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1057, "year_label": "1057 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – General Isaac Komnenos proclaims himself emperor in Paphlagonia (modern Turkey), and starts a civil war against Emperor Michael VI. He advances with a Byzantine expeditionary force towards Constantinople. At the same time, Michael sends an army against the rebels – western regiments and eastern ones (those from the Anatolic Theme and Charsianon) – to stop him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1335991921#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1057", "revid": 1335991921, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1058, "year_label": "1058 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 – Byzantine Emperor Isaac I Komnenos deposes Michael I Cerularius, patriarch of Constantinople, and has him exiled to Prokonnessos (until 1059).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1269479149#Religion", "title": "1058", "revid": 1269479149, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1067, "year_label": "1067 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – Emperor Constantine X dies after a 7-year reign at Constantinople. His wife, Empress Eudocia Macrembolitissa, is crowned Augusta and becomes co-regent for her two sons (Michael VII and Konstantios) along with Constantine's brother John Doukas, who rules as Caesar of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260536#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1067", "revid": 1365260536, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1068, "year_label": "1068 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Romanos IV leaves a portion of his army as a rearguard at Melitene. The Byzantine garrison fails to check a Seljuk raid that manages to sack Amorium (penetrating deep in Byzantine territory). Romanos winters near Aleppo before returning to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372127712#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1068", "revid": 1372127712, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1069, "year_label": "1069 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Seljuk forces under Alp Arslan defeat the Byzantine rear guard and advance deep into Cappadocia and Lycaonia. They plunder at will, but fail to capture the city of Iconium. Romanos retreats and returns to Constantinople. Alp Arslan takes advantage of Romanos' retreat and captures Manzikert. He recaptures the strategical fortress cities of Chliat and Van, consolidating his control over the Lake Van region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243049384#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1069", "revid": 1243049384, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1071, "year_label": "1071 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Romanos IV is deposed by John Doukas (Caesar) and his political advisor Michael Psellos after his return to Constantinople. Michael VII Doukas is crowned co-emperor and his mother Eudokia is forced to retire to a monastery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332932306#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1071", "revid": 1332932306, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1075, "year_label": "1075 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – John VIII, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265849#Deaths", "title": "1075", "revid": 1365265849, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1077, "year_label": "1077 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder, governor (doux) of the Theme of Dyrrhachium in the western Balkans, and Nikephoros Botaneiates, a general (strategos) of the Theme of Anatolics (modern Turkey), are proclaimed emperors by their troops. Emperor Michael VII Doukas offers Bryennios the title of caesar (co-emperor) if he submits to his rule, but Bryennios refuses. He sets out from Dyrrhachium, and marches towards Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303472978#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1077", "revid": 1303472978, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1078, "year_label": "1078 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Nikephoros Botaneiates enters Constantinople in triumph and is crowned by Patriarch Cosmas I as emperor Nikephoros III of the Byzantine Empire. Michael VII resigns his throne after a 7-year reign and retires into the Monastery of Stoudios.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329585949#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1078", "revid": 1329585949, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1082, "year_label": "1082 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Venetian treaty: Alexios I signs a trade and defence pact with Venice, in the form of an imperial Golden Bull. He grants the Venetians a commercial colony in Constantinople, as well as free trading and exemption from taxes, throughout the Byzantine Empire in return for their defense of the Adriatic Sea against the Normans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070113#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1082", "revid": 1267070113, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1089, "year_label": "1089 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A church council, held in Constantinople, discuses relations between Eastern and Western Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270667#Religion", "title": "1089", "revid": 1365270667, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1091, "year_label": "1091 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Tzachas, a Seljuk Turkish military commander, establishes an independent maritime state centred in the Ionian coastal city of Smyrna (modern-day İzmir). He proclaims himself emperor (basileus), and concludes an alliance with the Pechenegs in Thrace. Tzachas uses his fleet to blockade Constantinople by sea, while the Pechenegs besiege the capital by land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267069429#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1091", "revid": 1267069429, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – The People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit arrives at Constantinople. He is received by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who gives him financial support. The crusaders commit endless thefts in the suburbs. Peter combines his forces with Walter Sans Avoir and camps outside Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – The People's Crusade led by Peter the Hermit reaches Sofia, where they meet envoys from Constantinople with orders to keep them supplied along the road. At Philippopolis the Greeks are so deeply moved by the suffering of Peter and his followers that the locals give them money, food and horses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1097, "year_label": "1097 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon attack the Byzantine imperial palace at Blachernae. Norman forces led by Bohemond I join the Crusaders – he is not welcome in Constantinople because his father, Robert Guiscard, has invaded Illyria (territory belonging to the Byzantine Empire), and captured the cities of Dyrrhachium and Corfu (see 1084).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268080#First_Crusade", "title": "1097", "revid": 1365268080, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May", "text": "May or June – Count Raymond IV of Toulouse (Saint-Gilles) sails to Constantinople to obtain the support of Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos in his attempt to seize Tripoli.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#Levant", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1143, "year_label": "1143 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – Emperor John II Komnenos Komnenos dies of a poisoned arrow wound while hunting wild boar on Mount Taurus in Cilicia. He is succeeded by his 24-year-old son Manuel I, who is chosen as his successor, in preference to his elder surviving brother Isaac. Manuel dispatches John Axouchos, his commander-in-chief (megas domestikos), to Constantinople ahead of him – with orders to arrest Isaac in the Great Palace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337864253#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1143", "revid": 1337864253, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1145, "year_label": "1145 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch, travels to Constantinople to ask Emperor Manuel I Komnenos for help to support his campaign against the Seljuks. When he arrives, Raymond is forced to accept the suzerainty of the Byzantine Empire. Manuel treats him graciously, gives him gifts and promises him a money subsidy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362160818#Levant", "title": "1145", "revid": 1362160818, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – The German crusaders suffer a natural disaster near Constantinople, when part of their encampment is swept away by a flash flood with considerable loss of life. Emperor Manuel I Komnenos orders the Crusaders to cross to Asia Minor by the Hellespont. Conrad III ignores the advice of Manuel and after some minor clashes with the Byzantines, pushes towards Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Second_Crusade", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – King Conrad III recovers from his wounds and leaves Constantinople with his household. He is well supplied with money by Emperor Manuel I Komnenos and uses these funds to recruit pilgrims to augment the forces that remain to him. Conrad and his re-equipped Crusaders sail with a Byzantine fleet to Palestine. The fleet is scattered by storms and lands in different ports.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Second_Crusade", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1149, "year_label": "1149 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Manuel I Komnenos recovers Corfu with the help of the Venetians, who defeat the Sicilian fleet. During the three-month siege, Byzantine admiral Stephen Kontostephanos is killed by a stone thrown by a catapult. Manuel prepares an offensive against the Normans; King Roger II sends a fleet (some 40 ships) under George of Antioch, to pillage the suburbs of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184526#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1149", "revid": 1369184526, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1153, "year_label": "1153 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Andronikos I Komnenos, son of Isaac Komnenos, is imprisoned in the imperial palace for conspiring against his uncle, Emperor Manuel I (Komenenos) at Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184506#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1153", "revid": 1369184506, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1158, "year_label": "1158 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Emperor Manuel I Komnenos sets out from Constantinople at the head of an expeditionary army. He marches to Cilicia; and while the main army follows the coast road eastwards Manuel hurries ahead with a force of only 500 cavalry. He manages to surprise Thoros II \"the Great\", lord of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, who participated in the attack on Cyprus in 1156. Thoros flees into the mountains and Cilicia is occupied by the Byzantines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301998061#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1158", "revid": 1301998061, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1165, "year_label": "1165 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Andronikos I Komnenos, a cousin of Manuel I, escapes from prison at Constantinople. After passing through many dangers, he reaches Kiev and seeks refuge at the court of Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362483614#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1165", "revid": 1362483614, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1166, "year_label": "1166 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos asks Venice to help pay the costs of defending Sicily, whose Norman rulers have had good relations with Venice. Doge Vitale II Michiel refuses to pay the requested subsidy. Manuel begins to cultivate relationships with the main commercial rivals of Venice: Genoa and Pisa. He grants them their own trade quarters in Constantinople, very near the Venetian settlements.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303964516#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1166", "revid": 1303964516, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1168, "year_label": "1168 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Amalric I of Jerusalem and Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos negotiate an alliance against Fatimid-Egypt. Archbishop William of Tyre is among the ambassadors sent to Constantinople to finalize the treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165077#Levant", "title": "1168", "revid": 1362165077, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1170, "year_label": "1170 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fes in the Almohad Caliphate (modern Morocco) becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488642#Africa", "title": "1170", "revid": 1367488642, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1171, "year_label": "1171 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – King Amalric I of Jerusalem departs with a large staff for Constantinople. At Callipolis he is met by his father-in-law, John Doukas Komnenos, military governor (doux) of Cyprus. Amalric enters the Byzantine capital and is welcomed by Manuel I. In June, a treaty is signed, Amalric recognizes Manuel's suzerainty over Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165802#Levant", "title": "1171", "revid": 1362165802, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1174, "year_label": "1174 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), on his fifth Italian campaign, begins the siege of Alessandria in northern Italy. He is opposed by the Lombard League (now joined by Venice, Sicily and Constantinople).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362171775#Europe", "title": "1174", "revid": 1362171775, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1180, "year_label": "1180 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – Emperor Manuel I Komnenos dies in Constantinople after a 37-year reign. He is succeeded by his 11-year-old son, Alexios II Komnenos, who will reign briefly as emperor of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of his mother, Maria of Antioch. Maria assumes power as regent (until 1183) and takes as her advisor and lover, Alexios Komnenos (protosebastos), a nephew of Manuel I, which causes scandal and unrest among the Byzantine populace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368649234#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1180", "revid": 1368649234, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – Massacre of the Latins: The Eastern Orthodox inhabitants of Constantinople massacre the Venetian, Genoan, and other Latin officials and traders who rule as agents of Empress Maria of Antioch. She is the mother and regent of 12-year-old Emperor Alexios II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1185, "year_label": "1185 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11–12 – Isaac II Angelos leads a revolt in Constantinople and deposes Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos. Andronikos tries in vain to flee across Asia but is captured and killed by an angry mob. Isaac is proclaimed emperor, ending the Komnenos Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484284#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1185", "revid": 1362484284, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Isaac II (Angelos) sends a Byzantine expeditionary force under Alexios Branas to suppress the Vlach-Bulgarian Rebellion – but Alexios revolts against Isaac and is proclaimed emperor in Andrianople. He musters troops and advances on Constantinople in an attempt to seize it. However, Alexios is unable to bypass the city defenses and is defeated by the imperial forces led by Conrad of Montferrat, the emperor's brother-in-law. On the battlefield, Alexios is beheaded by Conrad's supporting footsoldiers and the rebel army flees the field.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1190, "year_label": "1190 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – A German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) led by Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) marches towards Constantinople, on the way to the Holy Land. Emperor Isaac II (Angelos), suspicious that Frederick is planning to conquer Constantinople, attempts to stop him by attacking the Crusaders. The German forces are too strong and they capture Adrianople. A peace treaty is signed by both Isaac and Frederick, that ensures the Germans are given supplies, and free passage through to Palestina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650742#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1190", "revid": 1368650742, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Prince Yury Bogolyubsky leads a rebellion of disaffected Georgian nobleman against his ex-wife, Queen Tamara (the Great), but her forces win a two pitched battle at Tmogvi and Erusheti. Yury is captured, and Tamara allows him to withdraw to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Europe", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1198, "year_label": "1198 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – George II (Xiphilinos), patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584676#Deaths", "title": "1198", "revid": 1365584676, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1203, "year_label": "1203 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – The Crusader army evacuates Zara (modern Zadar) and sets sail to Corfu; Boniface of Montferrat and Doge Enrico Dandolo stay behind to await Prince Alexios Angelos. After a brief pause at Durrës (modern Albania), the fleet reaches Corfu. Meanwhile, news of its approach (through spies) has reached Emperor Alexios III Angelos at Constantinople. He gives order to strengthen the city walls and the fortifications.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187440#Fourth_Crusade", "title": "1203", "revid": 1369187440, "section": "Events › By place › Fourth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1204, "year_label": "1204 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Sack of Constantinople: Crusaders enter Constantinople by storm and start pillaging the city as part of the Fourth Crusade. Forces of the Republic of Venice seize the antique statues that will become the horses of Saint Mark.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361051821#Events", "title": "1204", "revid": 1361051821, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1205, "year_label": "1205 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "March – Byzantine officials in Adrianople revolt and expel Latin administrators, requesting Bulgarian support from Kaloyan, ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, against Baldwin I who assembles an army (some 40,000 men) and marches to aid the Byzantines. Meanwhile, Baldwin sets out from Constantinople in force, he arrives at Adrianople and promptly begins to siege the city by the end of March.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624697#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1205", "revid": 1357624697, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1206, "year_label": "1206 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Henry of Flanders is crowned as the second emperor of the Latin Empire, in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople, after hearing of the death of his brother, Emperor Baldwin I, who has died in prison at Baldwin's Tower in Tsarevets Castle, in Veliko Tarnovo (after being captured by the Bulgarians in 1205). Upon Henry's ascension as Latin emperor, the Lombard nobles of the Kingdom of Thessalonica refuse to give him allegiance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267066460#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1206", "revid": 1267066460, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1209, "year_label": "1209 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – The First Parliament of Ravennika, convened by Emperor Henry of Flanders, is held in the town of Ravennika in Greece, in an attempt to resolve the rebellion of the Lombard nobles of the Kingdom of Thessalonica. Henry pardons Lord Amédée Pofey (or Buffois), and reinvests with his fief, while the other nobles persist in their rebellion and keep to their castles. After receiving imperial recognition, Geoffrey I of Villehardouin becomes Henry's vassal, thereby subordinating Achaea directly to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362169644#Europe", "title": "1209", "revid": 1362169644, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1212, "year_label": "1212 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 26", "text": "August 26 – Michael IV, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354428304#Deaths", "title": "1212", "revid": 1354428304, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1216, "year_label": "1216 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 31", "text": "January 31 – Theodore II, patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371079230#Deaths", "title": "1216", "revid": 1371079230, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1217, "year_label": "1217 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Peter II of Courtenay is crowned emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople at Rome, by Pope Honorius III. Shortly after his coronation, Peter borrows some ships from the Venetians, promising in return to conquer Durazzo for them. He fails in this enterprise and seeks to make his way to Constantinople by land. On the journey, he is seized by troops of Theodore Komnenos Doukas, despot of Epirus, and is put in prison.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488093#Europe", "title": "1217", "revid": 1367488093, "section": "Events › Other events by place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1219, "year_label": "1219 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Peter II of Courtenay, Latin emperor of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345005371#Deaths", "title": "1219", "revid": 1345005371, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – Germanus II takes office as Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, after moving the patriarchate's capital 56 mi from Constantinople (now Istanbul) to Nicaea (now Iznik in Turkey), as the guest of John III Doukas Vatatzes, Emperor of Nicaea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#January–March", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1228, "year_label": "1228 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Robert I (or Courtenay) dies after a 7-year reign in Morea (Southern Greece). He is succeeded by his 11-year-old brother, Baldwin II, as ruler of the Latin Empire in Constantinople, with John of Brienne as regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360747311#Europe", "title": "1228", "revid": 1360747311, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1235, "year_label": "1235 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Constantinople: The Byzantine emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes and the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II besiege Constantinople in an attempt to take it from its Latin rulers, John of Brienne and Baldwin II. Angelo Sanudo successfully negotiates a two-year truce.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362483906#Events", "title": "1235", "revid": 1362483906, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1236, "year_label": "1236 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Spring – A fleet consisting of ships from the republics of Venice, Genoa and Pisa arrive at Constantinople. It is headed by Geoffrey II of Villehardouin, ruler of Achaea, who brings 100 of his own knights, 300 cross-bowman, and 500 archers. Geoffrey, formally a vassal of Emperor John I of Constantinople, breaks the blockade of the city, sinks 15 Byzantine ships and enters the Golden Horn. A treaty is signed for two years after the intervention of Angelo Sanudo, duke of Archipelago.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428601#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1236", "revid": 1361428601, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Germanus II (Nauplius), patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Deaths", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1253, "year_label": "1253 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May", "text": "May – Louis IX of France (\"the Saint\") dispatches William of Rubruck from Constantinople on a missionary journey to Karakorum to seek an alliance against Syrian and Egyptian Muslims.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362664638#Asia", "title": "1253", "revid": 1362664638, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1254, "year_label": "1254 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Doge Reniero Zeno sends the Horses of Saint Mark, looted from Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, to Venice, where they are installed on the terrace of the façade of St. Mark's Basilica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296887805#Europe", "title": "1254", "revid": 1296887805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1254, "year_label": "1254 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – Manuel II, Byzantine patriarch of Constantinople", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296887805#Deaths", "title": "1254", "revid": 1296887805, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1255, "year_label": "1255 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Mongols of central and eastern Asia; his efforts have been unsuccessful.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315790496#Europe", "title": "1255", "revid": 1315790496, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1256, "year_label": "1256 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October", "text": "October – Mongol forces led by Baiju Noyan (operating under Hulagu Khan's command) win a victory over Kaykaus II, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, and capture Anatolia. Kaykaus flees to the Byzantine court where he seeks refuge at Constantinople. The Empire of Trebizond fearing a potential punitive Mongol expedition, becomes a vassal state and is forced to pay a tribute tax every year in gold and silk.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350995211#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1256", "revid": 1350995211, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1259, "year_label": "1259 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Epirote–Nicaean conflict, Battle of Pelagonia: The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362482647#Europe", "title": "1259", "revid": 1362482647, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1261, "year_label": "1261 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – Treaty of Nymphaeum: Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos signs a trade and defense agreement with the Republic of Genoa, to counterweight the Venetian presence in the region. Genoa agrees to ally with the Empire of Nicaea, by providing a fleet of up to 50 galleys during the projected Nicaean siege of Constantinople, while 16 galleys are to be immediately sent against the Latin Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011180#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1261", "revid": 1350011180, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1277, "year_label": "1277 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April", "text": "April – John XXI sends a papal embassy to Constantinople to force Michael VIII Palaiologos, his 18-year-old son and heir Andronikos and Patriarch John XI Bekkos to reaffirm their allegiance to the Union of Lyon in the Palace of Blachernae. Michael refuses to accept a religious union of the Greek Orthodox Church with Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362646784#Religion", "title": "1277", "revid": 1362646784, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos is excommunicated by Pope Martin IV without any warning or provocation. Martin authorizes Charles I, king of Sicily, to make a Crusade against Michael, who has re-established his rule in Constantinople. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in Naples, Provence, and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – War of the Sicilian Vespers: A group of Sicilian conspirators begins an uprising against the rule of King Charles I of Sicily; over the next six weeks, thousands of French are killed. The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the planned crusade against the Byzantines, while still en route to the target city of Constantinople, and allows King Peter III of Aragon (\"the Great\") to take over rule of the island from Charles (which in turn leads to Peter's excommunication by Pope Martin IV).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Europe", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June", "text": "June – Rabban Bar Sauma, Chinese Nestorian monk and diplomat, travels from Constantinople to Italy. There he arrives in Naples and witnesses a sea battle in the harbour between the Aragonese and the Angevin fleets. Bar Sauma goes to Rome, but arrives too late to meet Pope Honorius IV, who recently died. He instead is engaged in negotiations with the cardinals, who are in a conclave to elect a successor, and visits the St. Peter's Basilica. Bar Sauma goes to Genoa, where he receives a warm welcome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Europe", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1295, "year_label": "1295 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – War of Curzola: Genoese raids on the Venetian quarter in Constantinople lead to a formal declaration of war with the Republic of Venice. A Venetian fleet (some 40 war galleys) attacks Galata, the quarter of the Genoese merchants. Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos arrests surviving Venetians in the capital and joins the war with the Republic of Genoa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368220335#Europe", "title": "1295", "revid": 1368220335, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – A major earthquake strikes Byzantium and Constantinople (now Istanbul in Turkey). Byzantine Emperor Michael IX Palaiologos spreads the word that the former Patriarch of the Eastern Church, Athanasius I had given him a warning about the imminent wrath of God against the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#January–March", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos, facing a possible siege of Constantinople by Ottoman-Turkish forces, seeks support from the European kingdoms. He makes Roger de Flor, Italian military adventurer and nobleman, an offer of service. Roger with his fleet and army (some 7,000 men), now known as the Catalan Company, departs from Messina with 36 ships (including 18 galleys), and arrives in Constantinople. He is adopted into the imperial family, Andronikos appoints him as grand duke (megas doux) and commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army and fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#July–September", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1304, "year_label": "1304 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – Roger de Flor, Italian nobleman and adventurer, settles with the Catalan Company in Gallipoli and other towns in the southern part of Thrace and visits Constantinople to demand payment for his forces. He lives at the expense of the local population and uses the city as a base for his marauding raids in the surrounding area.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428823#October_–_December", "title": "1304", "revid": 1361428823, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1320, "year_label": "1320 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 9", "text": "September 9 – Battle of Saint George: Byzantine forces under Andronikos Asen defeat the army of the Principality of Achaea, securing the possession of Arcadia. During the battle, Latin commander Bartholomew II Ghisi is taken prisoner, along with several high-ranking nobles of the principality, and is sent to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353685641#July_–_September", "title": "1320", "revid": 1353685641, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1321, "year_label": "1321 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – At Easter, the Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 breaks out in the Byzantine Empire as Co-Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos flees Constantinople to Adrianople, where he sets up his court and initiates an uprising against his grandfather, the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos. The 24-year-old Andronikos is joined by Theodore Synadenos and John Kantakouzenos in the rebellion. Syrgiannes Palaiologos leads an expeditionary army towards the capital, forcing the emperor to negotiate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355655788#April_–_June", "title": "1321", "revid": 1355655788, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1347, "year_label": "1347 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency for John V Palaiologos ends with Kantakouzenos entering Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289406739#January–December", "title": "1347", "revid": 1289406739, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1354, "year_label": "1354 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – The reign of John VI Kantakouzenos as Byzantine Emperor is ended, after John V Palaiologos retakes Constantinople and is restored as sole emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325866553#January–December", "title": "1354", "revid": 1325866553, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1362, "year_label": "1362 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Ottomans capture Philippopolis (or in 1364, 1371) and Adrianopole (the modern-day city of Edirne, or in 1369) from the Byzantine Empire, reducing its territory to the city of Constantinople, part of the Peloponessus, and some islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360556919#Date_unknown", "title": "1362", "revid": 1360556919, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1371, "year_label": "1371 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine co-emperor John V Palaiologos pledges loyalty to the Ottoman Empire, to prevent the Turks from invading Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370413855#Date_unknown", "title": "1371", "revid": 1370413855, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1373, "year_label": "1373 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – Byzantine co-emperor Andronikos IV Palaiologos allies with Savcı Bey, the son of the Ottoman Sultan Murad I, rebels against his father, John V Palaiologos, for agreeing to let Constantinople become a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, but the rebellion fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369605206#April–June", "title": "1373", "revid": 1369605206, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1373, "year_label": "1373 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – At Constantinople, Manuel II Palaiologos is proclaimed as co-Emperor of Byzantium by his father, the Emperor John V Palaiologos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369605206#July–September", "title": "1373", "revid": 1369605206, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1376, "year_label": "1376 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – With the help of the Genoese, Byzantine co-emperor Andronicus IV Palaeologus invades Constantinople and dethrones his father, John V Palaeologus, as co-emperor. John V Palaeologus is taken prisoner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371264713#July–September", "title": "1376", "revid": 1371264713, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1379, "year_label": "1379 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Forces of the Republic of Venice and Ottoman Turks, having invaded Constantinople, restore John V Palaiologos as Byzantine co-emperor. Andronikos IV Palaiologos is allowed to remain as co-emperor, but is confined to the city of Silivri for the remainder of his life.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368794716#July–September", "title": "1379", "revid": 1368794716, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ottomans conquer Thessaly (now eastern Greece) and begin an eight-year siege of Constantinople, in the Byzantine Empire. In the same year, they begin building the Anadoluhisarı fortress to defend themselves during the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#Date_unknown", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1410, "year_label": "1410 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Ottoman Interregnum: Süleyman Çelebi, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, defeats his brother Musa Çelebi, at the Battle of Kosmidion outside of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337551949#April–June", "title": "1410", "revid": 1337551949, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1411, "year_label": "1411 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantinople is briefly besieged by the Ottoman pretender Musa Çelebi, due to Byzantine support for Süleyman Çelebi during the Ottoman Interregnum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354941251#Date_unknown", "title": "1411", "revid": 1354941251, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1421, "year_label": "1421 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 19", "text": "January 19 – The coronation of John VIII Palaiologos as the Emperor of Byzantium, the \"Eastern Roman Empire\", takes place in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656442#January–March", "title": "1421", "revid": 1365656442, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1422, "year_label": "1422 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10–September – The Ottoman sultan Murad II besieges Constantinople; the siege is broken off as a result of the rebellion of Küçük Mustafa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325155630#April–June", "title": "1422", "revid": 1325155630, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1436, "year_label": "1436 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – The treaty between the Republic of Venice and the Byzantine Empire is renewed for five years in a signing at Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320639#October–December", "title": "1436", "revid": 1351320639, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1452, "year_label": "1452 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: The Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, breaks through the Hexamilion wall for the fourth time, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula to prevent the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea from assisting Constantinople, during the final Ottoman siege of the imperial capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355060030#October–December", "title": "1452", "revid": 1355060030, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1454, "year_label": "1454 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Mehmed II, the Muslim Sultan of the Ottoman empire, restores the Christian Ecumenical Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, and appoints the Byzantine Greek theologian Gennadius Scholarius as the Patriarch Gennadius II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367365323#January–March", "title": "1454", "revid": 1367365323, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1455, "year_label": "1455 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Pope Calixtus III decides to send Christians on a crusade against the Ottoman Empire in an attempt to recapture Constantinople. At a ceremony at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, the Pope provides Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy with the crusader's cross and sends him on a mission to meet with King Charles VII of France in hopes of getting French support for the proposed crusade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371446040#July–September", "title": "1455", "revid": 1371446040, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1460, "year_label": "1460 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – After gaining a consensus at the Council of Mantua, Pope Pius II formally declares a Christian crusade against the Muslim Ottoman Empire to recapture Constantinople, which had been captured by the Ottomans in 1453.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371496065#January–March", "title": "1460", "revid": 1371496065, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – Cairo is captured by the Ottoman Empire after a three day battle, and the Mamluk Sultanate falls. The Abbasid Caliphate, reestablished in 1261, falls to the Ottomans and the last Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil III, is deported along with his family to Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#January–March", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – More than two months after fleeing Cairo and attempting a counterattack against the Ottomans, Tuman Bay II is captured alive with many of his Mamluk officers. Selim initially plans to exile Tuman Bey and other former Mamluk nobles to Constantinople, but changes his mind.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#January–March", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1518, "year_label": "1518 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The remnants of The Abbasid Caliphate (stationed in Egypt under the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) hands over the title of caliph to the Ottoman Empire that had conquered Constantinople in 1453, 65 years earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000593#Date_unknown", "title": "1518", "revid": 1362000593, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1525, "year_label": "1525 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December", "text": "December – The first French ambassador to reach the Sublime Porte, Jean Frangipani, sets out for Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819017#October–December", "title": "1525", "revid": 1368819017, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1529, "year_label": "1529 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – The Ottoman army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople, to invade Hungary once again.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362793946#April–June", "title": "1529", "revid": 1362793946, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1542, "year_label": "1542 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 – Antoine Escalin des Eymars, the French ambassador, returns from Constantinople, with promises of Ottoman aid in a war against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947406#January–March", "title": "1542", "revid": 1359947406, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – The allied French and Ottoman navies depart from the French port of Marseille and travel to Constantinople, the Ottoman capital. The French fleet is commanded by Antoine Escalin des Aimars, known as Captain Polin, French ambassador to the Ottomans, while the Turks are led by Hayreddin Barbarossa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#April–June", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1566, "year_label": "1566 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – Suleiman the Magnificent, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, begins his last campaign, departing from Constantinople at the head of one of the largest armies he has ever commanded, with a plan to attack Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire. However, he dies in September.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365562466#April–June", "title": "1566", "revid": 1365562466, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1575, "year_label": "1575 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – In an attempt to reform the Eastern Orthodox Church, Lutheran missionaries meet with Jeremias II Tranos, the Ecumenical Patriarch, at his residence in Constantinople, and present him with a Greek translation of the Augsburg Confession. Jeremias sends the missionaries, Jakob Andreae and Martin Crusius, three rebuttals to define the objections he has to the Lutheran document, declaring the reasons why the Eastern Orthodoxy has no desire for reformation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481402#April–June", "title": "1575", "revid": 1362481402, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1579, "year_label": "1579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire for more than 14 years, is assassinated in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362792771#October–December", "title": "1579", "revid": 1362792771, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Druze warlord Fakhr-al-Din II is executed in Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#April–June", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – The Great Fire of 1660 begins in Constantinople, capital of the Ottoman Empire (now Istanbul in Turkey), and destroys two-thirds of the city over two consecutive days, consuming 280,000 buildings and killing 40,000 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#July–September", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – A fire that breaks out on this day in Constantinople destroys 12,000 houses and kills 7,000 inhabitants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871381#July–September", "title": "1729", "revid": 1368871381, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1754, "year_label": "1754 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – A powerful earthquake strikes Constantinople shortly after 9 o'clock in the evening. A Scottish physician, Mordach Mackenzie, reports in a letter that the tremor damaged or destroyed numerous buildings and comments, \"Some say there were 2000 people destroyed by this calamity, in the town and suburbs; some 900; and others reduce them to 60, who, by what I have seen, are nearer the truth.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360193273#July–September", "title": "1754", "revid": 1360193273, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "German warships and (both commissioned in 1912), which reached Constantinople on August 10, are transferred to the Ottoman Navy, Goeben becoming its flagship, Yavuz Sultan Selim.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#August", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1915, "year_label": "1915 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March", "text": "Constantinople Agreement: Britain, France and the Russian Empire agree to give Constantinople (Istanbul) and the Bosphorus to Russia in case of victory (the treaty is later nullified by the Bolshevik Revolution).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518749#March", "title": "1915", "revid": 1373518749, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1916, "year_label": "1916 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – WWI: Gallipoli Campaign – The last British troops are evacuated from Gallipoli, as the Ottoman Empire prevails over a joint British and French operation to capture Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519106#January", "title": "1916", "revid": 1373519106, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1921, "year_label": "1921 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – The Times newspaper in London begins a series of articles, written by its Constantinople correspondent Philip Graves, exposing The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as a forgery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371086035#August", "title": "1921", "revid": 1371086035, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1930, "year_label": "1930 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – The government of Turkey requests the international community to adopt Istanbul and Ankara, as the official names for Constantinople and Angora. The U.S. State Department adopts the \"Istanbul\" form in May.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373315156#March", "title": "1930", "revid": 1373315156, "section": "Events › March"}}]}