{"slug": "copts", "label": "Copts", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146744", "qid": "Q146744", "description": "ethnoreligious group indigenous to North Africa", "entries": 6, "years": 6, "span": [631, 2011], "span_label": ["631 CE", "2011 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Copt", "Coptic Christians"], "related": [{"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "aegean-sea", "label": "Aegean Sea", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "levant", "label": "Levant", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mu-awiya-i", "label": "Mu'awiya I", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "monophysitism", "label": "Monophysitism", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ifriqiya", "label": "Ifriqiya", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "byzantine-navy", "label": "Byzantine navy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sea-of-marmara", "label": "Sea of Marmara", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 631, "year_label": "631 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Heraclius appoints Cyrus, patriarch of Alexandria, with power to act as viceroy (dioikesis) of Egypt. He begins a 10-year persecution against the non-Chalcedonian Coptic Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749921#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "631", "revid": 1364749921, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 649, "year_label": "649 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, governor of Syria, develops an Arab navy in the Levant and uses it to confront the Byzantine Empire in the Aegean Sea. It is manned by Monophysitise Christian, Coptic and Syrian Christian sailors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938693#Arabian_Empire", "title": "649", "revid": 1365938693, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 718, "year_label": "718 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – A Muslim supply fleet of 760 ships under Sufyan arrives from Egypt and North Africa, concealing itself along the Asiatic shore. The Byzantines learn of the fleet's location from defecting Christian Egyptian sailors. Emperor Leo III sends the Byzantine navy again; his Greek fire ships destroy the enemy vessels in the Sea of Marmara and seize their supplies on shore, denying the sieging army vital provisions. On land the Byzantine troops ambush an advancing Arab army, and destroy it in the hills around Sophon, south of Nicomedia (modern Turkey). The Arab besiegers are still suffering from hunger and pestilence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661186#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "718", "revid": 1367661186, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 725, "year_label": "725 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Egypt, resentment of the Copts against Umayyad taxation (called jizya) leads to a revolt (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808658#Religion", "title": "725", "revid": 1340808658, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 828, "year_label": "828 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Coptic revolt breaks out in Egypt (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941478#Religion", "title": "828", "revid": 1340941478, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – A bomb explodes as Coptic Christians in Alexandria, Egypt leave a new year service, killing 23 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372940525#January", "title": "2011", "revid": 1372940525, "section": "Events › January"}}]}