{"slug": "cornwall", "label": "Cornwall", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23148", "qid": "Q23148", "description": "historic county of England and Celtic nation", "entries": 34, "years": 32, "span": [600, 1981], "span_label": ["600 CE", "1981 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 6}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 3}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "vikings", "label": "Vikings", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "devon", "label": "Devon", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "exeter", "label": "Exeter", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "wales", "label": "Wales", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "wessex", "label": "Wessex", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "thelstan", "label": "Æthelstan", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "eighty-years-war", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "habsburg-spain", "label": "Habsburg Spain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "denmark", "label": "Denmark", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-east-anglia", "label": "Kingdom of East Anglia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "alfred-the-great", "label": "Alfred the Great", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Britons of Strathclyde (Scotland), Wales, and Cornwall are all separated by the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Britain", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Geraint of Dumnonia grants land at Maker (Cornwall) to Sherborne Abbey, in an attempt to strengthen his position in the disputed regions of Dorset (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Britain", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 722, "year_label": "722 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Hehil: The West Saxons are defeated by a combined Viking and Cornish army, at Cornovii in Cornwall (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808641#Britain", "title": "722", "revid": 1340808641, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 807, "year_label": "807 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Vikings land on the Cornish coast, and form an alliance with the Cornish to fight against Wessex.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342124762#Britain", "title": "807", "revid": 1342124762, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 815, "year_label": "815 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Egbert of Wessex ravages the territories of the remaining British kingdom Dumnonia, known as the West Welsh (Cornwall).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348647036#Britain", "title": "815", "revid": 1348647036, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 838, "year_label": "838 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Hingston Down: Ecgberht, King of Wessex, leads his men to defeat a combined force of Cornish and Danish Vikings at Hingston Down in Cornwall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941885#British_Isles", "title": "838", "revid": 1340941885, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 875, "year_label": "875 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Donyarth, the last recorded king of Cornwall, drowns in what is thought to be the River Fowey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352180718#Britain", "title": "875", "revid": 1352180718, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 875, "year_label": "875 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Donyarth, king of Cornwall (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352180718#Deaths", "title": "875", "revid": 1352180718, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Prince Edward, the son of King Alfred the Great, defeats the Danish Viking raiders at Farnham, and forces them to take refuge on Thorney Island. At the same time, Danes from East Anglia sail around the Cornish coast, and besiege Exeter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Britain", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 936, "year_label": "936 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Æthelstan sets the border between the Kingdom of England and Cornwall as the east bank of the River Tamar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512077#England", "title": "936", "revid": 1341512077, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1050, "year_label": "1050 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Edward the Confessor unites the English dioceses of Devon and Cornwall. He moves the see from Crediton to Exeter and gives the order to build a cathedral. Leofric becomes the first bishop of Exeter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368550668#Religion", "title": "1050", "revid": 1368550668, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1120, "year_label": "1120 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Pseudo-Ingulf's Croyland Chronicle records Cornwall as a nation distinct from England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1298169999#England", "title": "1120", "revid": 1298169999, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1198, "year_label": "1198 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "John of England captures a party of 18 French knights and many men-at-arms, in the ongoing conflict against France. His brother, King Richard I (the Lionheart) introduces a new Great Seal – in an attempt to keep the war against France funded. The government proclaims that charters previously struck with the old seal are no longer valid and must be renewed with a fresh payment. The office of Lord Warden of the Stannaries is also introduced, to tax the produce of tin mines in Cornwall and Devon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584676#England", "title": "1198", "revid": 1365584676, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1473, "year_label": "1473 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – The Earl of Oxford, John de Vere, seizes St Michael's Mount in Cornwall and defends it for the next five months against 6,000 troops of King Edward IV.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813739#July–September", "title": "1473", "revid": 1361813739, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1595, "year_label": "1595 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 23", "text": "July 23 – The Spanish raid Cornwall, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339059002#July–September", "title": "1595", "revid": 1339059002, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1596, "year_label": "1596 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – During Spain's Brittany Campaign during the Anglo-Spanish War, a Spanish ship carrying 25 soldiers invades England after arriving at Cawsand Bay in Cornwall. After starting a fire, the Spanish retreat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369722581#January–March", "title": "1596", "revid": 1369722581, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1597, "year_label": "1597 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – The 3rd Spanish Armada, a fleet of 140 ships, departs from the port of La Coruña with 12,634 soldiers and sailors and a plan to invade the British Isles with a landing at Falmouth in Cornwall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801855#October–December", "title": "1597", "revid": 1362801855, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Barbary pirates first attack south-western England. In August they enslave about 60 people from Mount's Bay in Cornwall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#July–September", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1637, "year_label": "1637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 18", "text": "February 18 – Eighty Years' War: Battle off Lizard Point – Off the coast of Cornwall, England, a Spanish fleet intercepts an Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of 44 vessels escorted by six warships, destroying or capturing 20 of them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339166592#January–March", "title": "1637", "revid": 1339166592, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 23", "text": "September 23 – The English ship Merchant Royal sinks off Cornwall along with its cargo of 100000 lb of gold and 18 of its 58 crew. More than 380 years later, treasure seekers will still not have located the wreckage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343658448#July–September", "title": "1641", "revid": 1343658448, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – English Civil War: Second Battle of Lostwithiel (in Cornwall) – Charles I and the Royalists gain their last major victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560996#July–September", "title": "1644", "revid": 1369560996, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 19", "text": "January 19 – Sir Richard Grenville, 1st Baronet, a Royalist fighting for Prince Charles against Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth, is imprisoned for insubordination after proposing to make Cornwall self-governing in order to win Cornish support for the Royalists. After being incarcerated at the tidal island of St Michael's Mount off of the coast of Cornwall, he is allowed to escape in March to avoid capture by Cromwell's troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#January–March", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – The future Charles II of England escapes from Cornwall into exile across the English Channel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#January–March", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – England's Commonwealth Army massacres 70 Cornish royalists at Penzance, leading to a rebellion against England's Parliamentarians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346163846#April–June", "title": "1648", "revid": 1346163846, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1738, "year_label": "1738 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – Thomas Pellow of Cornwall finally escapes captivity, 23 years after having been captured by Barbary pirates and held as a slave in Morocco. He arrives in British territory when the ship he is on sails into Gibraltar Bay on July 21, and later recounts his story in the book The Adventures of Thomas Pellow, of Penryn, Mariner: Three and Twenty Years in Captivity Among the Moors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363165384#July–September", "title": "1738", "revid": 1363165384, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1743, "year_label": "1743 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – All 276 people on board the Dutch East India Company ship Hollandia drown after the ship strikes a rock off of the Isles of Scilly in England near Cornwall. The wreckage is located in 1971.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360887949#July–September", "title": "1743", "revid": 1360887949, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1804, "year_label": "1804 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Cornishman Richard Trevithick's newly built Penydarren steam locomotive operates on the Merthyr Tramroad, between Penydarren in Merthyr Tydfil and Abercynon in South Wales, following several trials since February 13, the world's first locomotive to work on rails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369393739#January–March", "title": "1804", "revid": 1369393739, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The Miners Association is established in Cornwall, England, UK.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371625769#Date_unknown", "title": "1858", "revid": 1371625769, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1859, "year_label": "1859 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – The Cornwall Railway opens across the Royal Albert Bridge, linking the counties of Devon and Cornwall in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371179353#April–June", "title": "1859", "revid": 1371179353, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1882, "year_label": "1882 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Redruth Mining School opens in Cornwall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360586433#Date_unknown", "title": "1882", "revid": 1360586433, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1888, "year_label": "1888 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The Camborne School of Mines is founded in Cornwall, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679419#Date_unknown", "title": "1888", "revid": 1372679419, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – American boxer James J. Jeffries wins the world heavyweight boxing championship when he knocks out Cornish-born Bob Fitzsimmons at Coney Island, New York.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#June", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Loss of MV Darlwyne: a pleasure cruiser disappears off the Cornwall coast of England with the loss of all 31 aboard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#July", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – The Penlee lifeboat disaster: While attempting to rescue those on board the Union Star off the coast of South-West Cornwall (England), the lifeboat Solomon Browne is lost with all crew. Sixteen people in all are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#December", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › December"}}]}