{"slug": "covenanter", "label": "Covenanter", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanter", "wikidata": null, "qid": null, "description": null, "entries": 13, "years": 11, "span": [1638, 1752], "span_label": ["1638 CE", "1752 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 9}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "charles-i-of-england", "label": "Charles I of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "new-model-army", "label": "New Model Army", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "roundhead", "label": "Roundhead", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "parliament-of-england", "label": "Parliament of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "newcastle-upon-tyne", "label": "Newcastle upon Tyne", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "william-iii-of-england", "label": "William III of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "jacobitism", "label": "Jacobitism", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mary-ii", "label": "Mary II", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "james-ii-of-england", "label": "James II of England", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "northumberland", "label": "Northumberland", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1638, "year_label": "1638 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – Scottish Covenanters meet at Muchalls Castle to compose a response to the 14 demands of the Bishops of Aberdeen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352457236#July–September", "title": "1638", "revid": 1352457236, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1640, "year_label": "1640 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Second Bishops' War: A Scottish Covenanter army invades Northumberland in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323300#July–September", "title": "1640", "revid": 1361323300, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1644, "year_label": "1644 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – English Civil War: Battle of Tippermuir – Montrose defeats Lord Elcho's Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560996#July–September", "title": "1644", "revid": 1369560996, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – Battle of Inverlochy: The Scottish Covenanters are defeated by Montrose.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#January–March", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1645, "year_label": "1645 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – Battle of Auldearn: Scottish Covenanters are defeated by Montrose.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370309626#April–June", "title": "1645", "revid": 1370309626, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – The Covenanters hand over King Charles I of England to the Parliamentarians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#October–December", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 – Commissioners of the Parliament of England and Scottish Covenanters meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne set out the Heads of Proposals (\"Newcastle Propositions\") demanding that King Charles I gives up control of the army and place restrictions on Catholics, as the basis for a constitutional settlement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#July–September", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – The Battle of Carbisdale begins when a Royalist army invades mainland Scotland from the Orkney Islands. The Royalists are defeated by a Covenanter army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373388330#April–June", "title": "1650", "revid": 1373388330, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – At the Battle of Inverkeithing in Scotland, the English Parliamentarian New Model Army, under Major-General John Lambert, defeats a Scottish Covenanter army acting on behalf of Charles II, led by Sir John Brown of Fordell.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#July–September", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Battle of Drumclog: A group of 200 Scottish Covenanters overwhelm a small Scottish Army unit, that had been pursuing them for the murder of Archbishop Sharp. The Covenanters, led by 19-year-old William Cleland, kill 36 of the Scottish soldiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#April–June", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – The Killing Time: Five Covenanters in Wigtown, Scotland, notably Margaret Wilson, are executed for refusing to swear an oath declaring King James of England, Scotland and Ireland as head of the church, becoming the Wigtown martyrs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#April–June", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – First Jacobite rising: Battle of Killiecrankie near Pitlochry in Perthshire – Scottish Covenanter supporters of William III and Mary II (under Hugh Mackay) are defeated by Jacobite supporters of James II, but the latter's leader, John Graham, Viscount Dundee, is killed. Hand grenades are used in action.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#July–September", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 21", "text": "August 21 – A group of Scottish Presbyterians who had fled to America from Scotland held the first Covenanter communion in the 13 American colonies, meeting in New Kingstown, Pennsylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#July–September", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}