{"slug": "crete", "label": "Crete", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34374", "qid": "Q34374", "description": "island of Greece", "entries": 42, "years": 40, "span": [-2159, 1966], "span_label": ["2160 BCE", "1966 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 21}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "greece", "label": "Greece", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "saracens", "label": "Saracens", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "aegean-sea", "label": "Aegean Sea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pergamum", "label": "Pergamum", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "arabs", "label": "Arabs", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -2159, "year_label": "2160 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "c. 2160 BC: Beginning of Middle Minoan period in Crete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371895850#Events", "title": "22nd century BC", "revid": 1371895850, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1899, "year_label": "1900 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "c. 1900 BC: Minoan Old Palace (Protopalatial) period starts in Crete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363826027#Events", "title": "19th century BC", "revid": 1363826027, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1699, "year_label": "1700 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "c. 1700 BC: Minoan Old Palace period ends and Minoan Second Palace period starts in Crete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300121382#Events", "title": "17th century BC", "revid": 1300121382, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1699, "year_label": "1700 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "c. 1700 BC: beginning of the Late Minoan period on Crete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300121382#Events", "title": "17th century BC", "revid": 1300121382, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1499, "year_label": "1500 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "c. 1500 BC: Settlers from Crete, Greece move to Miletus, Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320312812#Events_and_trends", "title": "1500s BC (decade)", "revid": 1320312812, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1449, "year_label": "1450 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "c. 1450 BCE—Mycenaeans attack and capture Crete, destroying many royal palaces including Knossos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307151207#Events_and_trends", "title": "1450s BC", "revid": 1307151207, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1399, "year_label": "1400 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "c. 1400 BC – The center of political and cultural power in the Aegean has shifted from Crete to mainland Greece, which at that time is home to wealthy warrior-kings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315282659#Events_and_trends", "title": "1400s BC (decade)", "revid": 1315282659, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -428, "year_label": "429 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenians, in alliance with Polichne, destroy the Cretan city of Kydonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172916#Greece", "title": "429 BC", "revid": 1354172916, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -342, "year_label": "343 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Phalaikos unsuccessfully lays siege to Kydonia on the island of Crete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172730#Greece", "title": "343 BC", "revid": 1354172730, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -330, "year_label": "331 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "While Alexander is fighting in Asia, Agis III of Sparta, profiting from the Macedonian king's absence from Greece, leads some of the Greek cities in a revolt. With Persian money and 8,000 Greek mercenaries, he holds Crete against Macedonian forces. In the Peloponnesus he routs a force under the Macedonian general Coragus and, although Athens stays neutral, he is joined by Elis, Achaea (except Pellene) and Arcadia, with the exception of Megalopolis, the staunchly anti-Spartan capital of Arcadia, which Agis III's forces besiege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210205718#Greece", "title": "331 BC", "revid": 1210205718, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -325, "year_label": "326 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Following the mutiny of his army at the Hyphasis River, Alexander is persuaded by his army leaders to abandon his plans for invading the Ganges Valley. Alexander appoints Nearchus, a Cretan with naval experience, as admiral and places under his command all in the ranks of his army with any knowledge of seafaring. Nearchus has Indian shipwrights build 800 vessels, some as large as 300 tons, to take the army through Persian Gulf waters to Babylon. Alexander the Great begins the return march down the Indus to the sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279205798#Macedonian_Empire", "title": "326 BC", "revid": 1279205798, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonian Empire"}}, {"year": -323, "year_label": "324 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Dinarchus, a professional speech writer in Athens, comes to prominence in the scandal that follows the flight to Athens of Alexander the Great's treasurer, Harpalus. When Harpalus escapes and flees to Crete, Dinarchus writes the prosecution speeches against Demosthenes, Demades, Aristogiton, Philocles and other well-known politicians accused of misappropriating some of this money.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242939237#Greece", "title": "324 BC", "revid": 1242939237, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -219, "year_label": "220 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Gortynians occupy Matala, on the island of Crete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598324#Greece", "title": "220 BC", "revid": 1360598324, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -187, "year_label": "188 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hannibal flees via Crete to the court of King Prusias I of Bithynia who is engaged in warfare with Rome's ally, King Eumenes II of Pergamum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560521#Asia_Minor", "title": "188 BC", "revid": 1369560521, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor"}}, {"year": -149, "year_label": "150 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The pretender to the Seleucid throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the late Antiochus IV, defeats the Seleucid king, Demetrius I Soter, in battle and kills him. The Roman Senate, along with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt, support Alexander Balas and he becomes the ruler of the Seleucid Empire. Demetrius I Soter's son, Demetrius, goes into exile in Crete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210509839#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "150 BC", "revid": 1210509839, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -70, "year_label": "71 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Marcus Antonius is defeated by the Cretans, who have made an alliance with the pirates. He is compelled to concede a humiliating peace. Antonius dies in office the same year and is awarded, posthumously, with the cognomen Creticus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1212466388#Roman_Republic", "title": "71 BC", "revid": 1212466388, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -68, "year_label": "69 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kydonia, an ancient city on the island of Crete falls to Roman military forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225088492#Greece", "title": "69 BC", "revid": 1225088492, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -31, "year_label": "32 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sparta under Caius Iulius Eurycles, whose father Antony had been ordered to be executed for piracy, declares his support for Octavian. Lappa (modern Argyroupoli) in Attica and Kydonia in Crete revolt against Cleopatra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325920749#Roman_Republic", "title": "32 BC", "revid": 1325920749, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 269, "year_label": "269 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Heruli capture Athens and raid the Aegean Islands as far as Crete and Rhodes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227782#Roman_Empire", "title": "269", "revid": 1371227782, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 365, "year_label": "365 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – An earthquake and tsunami devastate Crete and Alexandria and affects Italy, Greece, and Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1286254673#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 365", "revid": 1286254673, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 679, "year_label": "679 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constantine IV signs a peace treaty, of a nominal 30-year duration, with Caliph Mu'awiya I of the Umayyad Caliphate. Constantine pays an annual tribute of 3,000 (nomismata) pounds of gold, 50 horses and 50 slaves. The Arab garrisons are withdrawn from their bases on the Byzantine coastlands, including Crete & Cyzicus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204947#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 679", "revid": 1349204947, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 828, "year_label": "828 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Kydonia, on the northwest coast of Crete, is destroyed by Saracen pirates (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941478#Europe", "title": "828", "revid": 1340941478, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 841, "year_label": "841 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Constantine Kontomytes, Byzantine general (strategos) of the Thracesian Theme, inflicts a severe defeat on the Cretan Saracens. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary force, to raid the monastic community near Mount Latros (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360650312#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "841", "revid": 1360650312, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1212, "year_label": "1212 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – After the fall of Argos the Crusaders complete their conquest of the Morea in southern Greece. The city, along with Nauplia, is given to Othon de la Roche, a Burgundian nobleman, as a fief, along with an income of 400 hyperpyron from Corinth. Meanwhile, the Venetians conquer Crete and evict Henry, Count of Malta (\"Enrico Pescatore\"), a Genoese adventurer and pirate, active in the Mediterranean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354428304#Europe", "title": "1212", "revid": 1354428304, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1263, "year_label": "1263 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Before July – Battle of Settepozzi: A Byzantine-Genoese fleet (some 50 galleys) is routed by the Venetians near Spetses in the Argolic Gulf, who capture four ships and inflict considerable casualties. Later, the Genoese that survive the battle managed to capture Chania on Crete. They receive orders to avoid direct confrontations with the Venetian fleet, but instead are engaged in raiding against the Venetian merchant convoys in the Euripus Strait.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296179530#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1263", "revid": 1296179530, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1363, "year_label": "1363 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – The Revolt of Saint Titus, against the rule of the Republic of Venice in the Kingdom of Candia (island of Crete), begins.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292555096#January–December", "title": "1363", "revid": 1292555096, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1368, "year_label": "1368 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – Forces of the Republic of Venice suppress the Revolt of Saint Titus against Venetian rule in the Kingdom of Candia on the island of Crete).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371792677#April–June", "title": "1368", "revid": 1371792677, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1541, "year_label": "1541 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "El Greco, or Domênikos Theotokópoulos (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος), Cretian painter, sculptor and architect (d. 1614)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813253#Births", "title": "1541", "revid": 1361813253, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1614, "year_label": "1614 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – El Greco, or Domênikos Theotokópoulos (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος), Cretian painter, sculptor and architect (b. 1541)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372816433#April–June", "title": "1614", "revid": 1372816433, "section": "Deaths › April–June"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – During an attempt by a fleet of French Navy ships to stop the siege of Candia by bombardment of Ottoman positions on the island of Crete, the arsenal of gunpowder on the French flagship, the 56-gun warship Thérèse, catches fire and explodes. Out of 350 crew on the Thérèse, only seven survive. Demoralized, the remaining French commanders halt the bombardment and the fleet withdraws.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#July–September", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – François de Vendôme, Duke of Beaufort, disappears in battle, during the siege of Candia in Crete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#April–June", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1671, "year_label": "1671 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – The Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire sign a treaty delineating the borders between their territories in modern-day Greece, with Venice acknowledging the loss of the island of Crete in the Cretan War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365991065#October–December", "title": "1671", "revid": 1365991065, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1691, "year_label": "1691 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – During the Morean War, Captain Luca Dalla Rocca of Naples betrays Venice by surrendering the fortress of Gramvousa, on the island of Crete to the Ottoman Turks, in return for a large amount of money and sanctuary in Istanbul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356137934#October–December", "title": "1691", "revid": 1356137934, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1824, "year_label": "1824 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian and Albanian troops of the Ottoman Empire overturn the Greek revolt on Crete.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359333471#Date_unknown", "title": "1824", "revid": 1359333471, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1898, "year_label": "1898 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Prince George of Greece arrives in Crete as its High Commissioner, and is escorted by the flagships of four nations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367547011#December", "title": "1898", "revid": 1367547011, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – After a successful revolt against the Ottoman Empire by the inhabitants of the island of Crete, the area, which joins Greece, gets its first constitution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#January", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1900, "year_label": "1900 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans purchases the land on Crete on which the ruins of the Palace of Knossos stand. He begins to unearth some of the palace three days later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373317536#March", "title": "1900", "revid": 1373317536, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – The Theriso revolt begins in Crete as about 1,500 people led by Eleftherios Venizelos demand unification with Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#March", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#December", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – WWII: The Battle of Crete begins, as Germany launches an airborne invasion of Crete, the first mainly airborne invasion in military history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#May", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April", "text": "German General Kreipe is kidnapped on Crete, Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#April", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – The Typaldos Line's ferry sinks in rough seas in the Aegean Sea near Crete, leaving 217 dead.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#December", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › December"}}]}