{"slug": "crown-of-castile", "label": "Crown of Castile", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217196", "qid": "Q217196", "description": "former country (1230-1715)", "entries": 48, "years": 38, "span": [1180, 1716], "span_label": ["1180 CE", "1716 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 18}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 11}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ferdinand-ii-of-aragon", "label": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "isabella-i-of-castile", "label": "Isabella I of Castile", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "henry-ii-of-castile", "label": "Henry II of Castile", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "john-i-of-castile", "label": "John I of Castile", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-leon", "label": "Kingdom of León", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-portugal", "label": "Kingdom of Portugal", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "emirate-of-granada", "label": "Emirate of Granada", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "crown-of-aragon", "label": "Crown of Aragon", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "portugal", "label": "Portugal", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "toledo-spain", "label": "Toledo, Spain", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1180, "year_label": "1180 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Berengaria (the Great), queen of Castile and León (d. 1246)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368649234#Births", "title": "1180", "revid": 1368649234, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1244, "year_label": "1244 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – Treaty of Almizra: King James I (the Conqueror) and King Ferdinand III (the Saint) agree on the distribution of Muslim lands yet to be conquered. All lands south of a line, from the cities of Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot, are reserved for the Crown of Castile. This ends further Aragonese expansion on the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360513044#Europe", "title": "1244", "revid": 1360513044, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1253, "year_label": "1253 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – King Henry III leads an expedition to Gascony, to repel a rumoured invasion from Castile. Meanwhile, Simon de Montfort returns from Gascony where he allies himself with the barons who oppose Henry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362664638#England", "title": "1253", "revid": 1362664638, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1273, "year_label": "1273 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Alfonso X creates and grants privileges to the Mesta to promote the wool industry, protecting livestock owners and their animals in the Crown of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364847849#Economy", "title": "1273", "revid": 1364847849, "section": "Events › By topic › Economy"}}, {"year": 1362, "year_label": "1362 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – An alliance is formed between England and Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360556919#January–December", "title": "1362", "revid": 1360556919, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1366, "year_label": "1366 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – Henry II deposes his half-brother, Pedro of Castile, to become King of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361982215#Events", "title": "1366", "revid": 1361982215, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1367, "year_label": "1367 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – Battle of Nájera: Pedro of Castile is restored as King of Castile (in modern-day Spain) after defeating his half-brother, King Enrique the Fratricidal. Pedro is aided in the battle by the English under Edward the Black Prince, and Henry by the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373413377#April–June", "title": "1367", "revid": 1373413377, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1372, "year_label": "1372 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and the third son of England's King Edward III, begins a claim to the throne of Spain's Crown of Castile after his September 21 marriage to Princess Constance of Castile. King Pedro of Castile, who was killed by his brother, who took control as King Enrique II, in 1369.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370079239#January–March", "title": "1372", "revid": 1370079239, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1372, "year_label": "1372 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – The Kingdom of France and the Crown of Castile defeat the Kingdom of England in the Battle of La Rochelle, and France gains control of the English Channel for the first time since 1340.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370079239#April–June", "title": "1372", "revid": 1370079239, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1373, "year_label": "1373 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A city wall is built around Lisbon, Portugal to resist invasion by Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369605206#Date_unknown", "title": "1373", "revid": 1369605206, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1373, "year_label": "1373 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – Second Ferdinand War: The Battle of Lisbon is fought off the coast of the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal. The attack by the Crown of Castile, by 12 galleys led by Ambrosio Boccanegra, disperses the 21 ships of the defending Portuguese navy", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369605206#January–March", "title": "1373", "revid": 1369605206, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1382, "year_label": "1382 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Lope de Barrientos, powerful bishop in Castile", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367364320#Births", "title": "1382", "revid": 1367364320, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1382, "year_label": "1382 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The Treaty of Elvas is signed between King Fernando of Portugal and King Juan of Castile to end the Third Fernandine War. Under the agreement, Portugal ends its alliance with England and joins Castile and France in the Hundred Years' War, and recognizes the jurisdiction of the antipope Clement VII over the Portuguese church. Castile returns all Portuguese prisoners of war and ships, and gives Almeida and Miranda back to Portugal. Finally, King Fernando's daughter Beatriz marries King Juan's son Ferdinand.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367364320#July–September", "title": "1382", "revid": 1367364320, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1384, "year_label": "1384 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Use of the Spanish era dating system in the Crown of Castile is suppressed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369176313#October–December", "title": "1384", "revid": 1369176313, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1384, "year_label": "1384 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – The army of the Crown of Castile army begins the siege of Lisbon, capital of the Kingdom of Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369176313#April–June", "title": "1384", "revid": 1369176313, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – The Battle of Trancoso is fought between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile after a Castilian army pillages and burns the city of Viseu. As the Castilians are marching back with their plundered loot and prisoners, they are met by the Portuguese Army, which kills more than 400 soldiers along with six of the seven Castilian officers, then recovers the stolen treasure and releases all of the Portuguese citizens taken prisoner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#April–June", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – Battle of Valverde: The armies of Portugal defeat Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#October–December", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1387, "year_label": "1387 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25– The Battle of Margate, a naval battle off the coast of England at Margate, ends with the England navy, commanded by the Earl of Arundel, victorious over a combined fleet of shipsf rom the Kingdom of France, the Crown of Castile and the County of Flanders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347891884#January–March", "title": "1387", "revid": 1347891884, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1388, "year_label": "1388 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 –John of Gaunt, the uncle of Richard II of England, makes peace with Castile and gives up his claim to the Castilian throne, by allowing his daughter Catherine of Lancaster to marry Prince Henry, the eldest son of John I of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360557860#July–September", "title": "1388", "revid": 1360557860, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1390, "year_label": "1390 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – King Juan, ruler of the Crown of Castile and the Kingdom of León, is fatally injured when he is thrown from his horse while he is participating in an exhibition of horsemanship before a crowd at Alcalá de Henares. The Archbishop of Toledo, Pedro Tenorio, conceals the news of King Juan's death from the public until a regency council can be created for the King's 11-year-old son, Prince Enrique of Trastámara, who is proclaimed as King Enrique III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631980#October–December", "title": "1390", "revid": 1371631980, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1391, "year_label": "1391 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Dominique de Flourence, Bishop of Saint-Pons-de-Thomières, helps conclude a peace agreement between the Kingdom of France and the Crown of Castile, based on his influence as France's legate to King Juan I of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430899#April–June", "title": "1391", "revid": 1365430899, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1394, "year_label": "1394 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Constance of Castile, claimant to the throne of Castile", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593498#Deaths", "title": "1394", "revid": 1371593498, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, an ambassador from the king of Castile to Timur, leaves Cadiz; he arrives in Samarkand over a year later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#April–June", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1431, "year_label": "1431 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Reconquista: In Spain, the army of the Crown of Castile, led by Álvaro de Luna, defeats the Moors of the Emirate of Granada, led by the Sultan Muhammad IX, in the Battle of La Higueruela, fought at Vega de Granada.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361768961#July–September", "title": "1431", "revid": 1361768961, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1431, "year_label": "1431 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – The Treaty of Medina del Campo is signed, consolidating peace between Portugal and Castille.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361768961#October–December", "title": "1431", "revid": 1361768961, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1448, "year_label": "1448 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 19", "text": "March 19 – The Battle of Río Verde is fought as the 600-member cavalry of the Crown of Castile, is retreating from an attack led by Juan de Saavedra, against invaders from the Emirate of Granada, led by the Sultan Yusuf V. The 1,500 Granadan cavalry overwhelm the Castilians and massacre all but five of the 600 soldiers, while taking Saavedra as a prisoner of war. [https://www.google.ae/books/edition/The_Last_Crusade_in_the_West/V6IAAwAAQBAJ?hl=ar&gbpv=1&dq=r%C3%ADo+verde+1448&pg=PA88&printsec=frontcover]", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367832753#January–March", "title": "1448", "revid": 1367832753, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1469, "year_label": "1469 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – Lope de Barrientos, powerful Castilian bishop and statesman (b. 1382)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365666063#Deaths", "title": "1469", "revid": 1365666063, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1475, "year_label": "1475 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – While in Valladolid, capital of the Kingdom of Castile and León, to celebrate a tournament in their honor, the joint rulers of Castile, Queen Isabella and King Fernando II are interrupted by a messenger sent by King Afonso V of Portugal. King Afonso announces a declaration of war against the crown of Castile and León.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369334832#April–June", "title": "1475", "revid": 1369334832, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1475, "year_label": "1475 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – In the Spanish kingdom of Castile, the siege by Portugal of the Castle of Burgos ends with the commander of the garrison agreeing to surrender within 70 days, \"the waiting period decreed by chivalric courtesy\" and Queen Isabella enters the city to a welcoming crowd.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369334832#October–December", "title": "1475", "revid": 1369334832, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1476, "year_label": "1476 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – The Battle of Toro is fought between Castilian and Portuguese forces during the War of the Castilian Succession). Although militarily inconclusive, the victory over Portugal ensures the Catholic Monarchs the Crown of Castile, forming the basis for modern-day Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998162#January–March", "title": "1476", "revid": 1361998162, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1479, "year_label": "1479 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Fernando II already co-ruler of Crown of Castile with his wife, Isabella I, becomes the King of Aragon upon the death of his father, King Juan II of Aragon and Navarre. He and Isabella rule together over Aragon and Castile, unifying the two kingdoms and controlling most of the Iberian Peninsula. At the same time, King Juan's daughter, Leonor de Trastámara, who had served as regent during times when her father was away fighting in war, becomes Queen of Navarre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855824#January–March", "title": "1479", "revid": 1359855824, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1483, "year_label": "1483 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – In what is now the Kingdom of Spain, the Islamic Emirate of Granada defeats the Christian Crown of Castile in the Battle of Axarquía, despite the Castilians having four times as many troops as the Granadans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369188840#January–March", "title": "1483", "revid": 1369188840, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1485, "year_label": "1485 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – In Spain, the Christian Crown of Castile seizes the city of Ronda from the Islamic Emirate of Granada.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364736343#April–June", "title": "1485", "revid": 1364736343, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1492, "year_label": "1492 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – The Capitulations of Santa Fe are signed between Christopher Columbus and the Crown of Castile, agreeing on arrangements for his forthcoming voyage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366150846#April—June", "title": "1492", "revid": 1366150846, "section": "Events › April—June"}}, {"year": 1492, "year_label": "1492 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – The Genoese navigator Christopher Columbus sails with three ships (Niña, Pinta and Santa María) from Palos de la Frontera, in the service of the Crown of Castile, on his first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, intending to reach Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366150846#July—September", "title": "1492", "revid": 1366150846, "section": "Events › July—September"}}, {"year": 1496, "year_label": "1496 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – Joanna of Castile, second daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, heiress to Castile, marries the archduke Philip, heir through his mother to the Burgundian Netherlands, and through his father to the Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631969#October–December", "title": "1496", "revid": 1371631969, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1498, "year_label": "1498 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – In the Kingdom of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, Diego de Deza, Bishop of Jaén, is commissioned as the Grand Inquisitor for the Crown of Castile, the Kingdom of León, and for Granada. His power is expanded in September to include the rest of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363338704#October–December", "title": "1498", "revid": 1363338704, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1502, "year_label": "1502 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367622674#January–March", "title": "1502", "revid": 1367622674, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – King Ferdinand V of Castile contracts with Juan de la Cosa to finance an independent expedition to the Pearl Islands and the Gulf of Urabá.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#January–March", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1507, "year_label": "1507 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Cardinal Cisneros is appointed inquisitor general of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367240730#Date_unknown", "title": "1507", "revid": 1367240730, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1511, "year_label": "1511 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – in Spain, Queen Queen Joanna of Castile creates the Consulate of the Sea for the port of Bilbao.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291242#April–June", "title": "1511", "revid": 1367291242, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – Revolt of the Comuneros – Battle of Villalar: Castilian royalists defeat the rebels. Juan López de Padilla, Francisco Maldonado, and Juan Bravo are executed the following day as the leaders of the rebels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 25", "text": "October 25 – The Revolt of the Comuneros, an uprising by citizens of the Kingdom of Castile against the rule of Spain's King Carlos I, ends as the comuneros surrender Toledo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#October–December", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1525, "year_label": "1525 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as the King of Spain, issues an edict ordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslims in the Crown of Aragon, similar to that issued for the Crown of Castile by Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368819017#October–December", "title": "1525", "revid": 1368819017, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1590, "year_label": "1590 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 4", "text": "April 4 – The Cortes of Castile approves a new subsidy, the millones.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369164716#April–June", "title": "1590", "revid": 1369164716, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – King Philip, ruler of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon unifies the two monarchies into a single state, centralizing rule of a unified Kingdom of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#April–June", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – The application of the Nueva Planta decrees, in Mallorca and the other Balearic Islands (formerly under the Crown of Aragon), bring them under the laws of the Crown of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#October–December", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1716, "year_label": "1716 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – The application of the Nueva Planta decrees to Catalonia make it subject to the laws of the Crown of Castile, and abolishes the Principality of Catalonia as a political entity, concluding the unification of Spain under Philip V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559357#January–March", "title": "1716", "revid": 1360559357, "section": "Events › January–March"}}]}