{"slug": "cyprus", "label": "Cyprus", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229", "qid": "Q229", "description": "country in the Mediterranean Sea", "entries": 80, "years": 75, "span": [-1181, 2013], "span_label": ["1182 BCE", "2013 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 41}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 12}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 8}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "salamis-cyprus", "label": "Salamis, Cyprus", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "arabbyzantine-wars", "label": "Arab–Byzantine wars", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "ancient-egypt", "label": "Ancient Egypt", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "athens", "label": "Athens", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "phoenicia", "label": "Phoenicia", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "anatolia", "label": "Anatolia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "cyrenaica", "label": "Cyrenaica", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "ptolemy-vi-philometor", "label": "Ptolemy VI Philometor", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -1181, "year_label": "1182 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "1182 BC—A desperate letter of Ammurapi, the last king of Ugarit, reporting the approaching fleet of the Peoples of the Sea. Shortly thereafter they destroyed both Ugarit and Alasiya (Cyprus).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307151249#Events_and_trends", "title": "1180s BC", "revid": 1307151249, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -497, "year_label": "498 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kaunos and Caria, followed by Byzantium and towns in the Hellespont also revolt against the Persians. Cyprus also joins the rebellion, as Onesilus removes his pro-Persian brother, Gorgos, from the throne of Salamis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373138296#Greece", "title": "498 BC", "revid": 1373138296, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -496, "year_label": "497 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Artybius ends the rebellion in Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305139785#Greece", "title": "497 BC", "revid": 1305139785, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -492, "year_label": "493 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Phoenician-manned Persian fleet restores Persian control of Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344261#Persian_Empire", "title": "493 BC", "revid": 1342344261, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -477, "year_label": "478 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the help of the Athenian statesman and general, Cimon, Aristides commands an Athenian fleet of 30 ships that the Spartan commander Pausanias leads to capture the Greek cities on Cyprus and Byzantium, taking them from the Persians and their Phoenician allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129370#Greece", "title": "478 BC", "revid": 1350129370, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -450, "year_label": "451 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Persian fleet moves against a rebellious Cyprus to restore order. Kimon, who returns to favour, though not to power, in Athens, plans an expedition to help Cyprus. He gains Pericles' support.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326558217#Greece", "title": "451 BC", "revid": 1326558217, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -449, "year_label": "450 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athenian general Cimon sails to Cyprus with two hundred triremes of the Delian League. From there, he sends sixty ships to Egypt to help the Egyptians under Amyrtaeus, who are fighting the Persians in the Nile Delta. Cimon uses the remaining ships to aid an uprising of the Cypriot Greek city-states against Persian control of the island. He lays siege to the Persian stronghold of Citium on the southern west coast of Cyprus. However, the siege fails and Cyprus remains under Phoenician (and Persian) control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172732#Greece", "title": "450 BC", "revid": 1354172732, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -404, "year_label": "405 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After their victory in the Battle of Arginusae over the Spartans, the Athenian fleet follows the reappointed Spartan admiral, Lysander, to the Hellespont. The Athenian fleet under Admiral Conon is destroyed by the Spartans under Lysander in the Battle of Aegospotami in the Sea of Marmara and Conon flees to Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350128832#Greece", "title": "405 BC", "revid": 1350128832, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -395, "year_label": "396 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Persians assemble a joint Phoenician, Cilician, and Cypriot fleet, under the command of the experienced Athenian admiral, Conon, and seize Rhodes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1306223289#Persian_Empire", "title": "396 BC", "revid": 1306223289, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -391, "year_label": "392 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "During the Corinthian War, the Spartans dispatch an ambassador, Antalcidas, to the Persian satrap Tiribazus, hoping to turn the Persians against the allies by informing them of Conon's use of the Persian fleet to begin rebuilding the Athenian empire. Learning of this, the Athenians send an embassy led by Conon to present their case to the Persians at Sardis. Alarmed by Conon's actions, Tiribazus arrests him, and secretly provides the Spartans with money to equip a fleet. Although Conon quickly escapes, he dies in Cyprus without returning to Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326556748#Greece", "title": "392 BC", "revid": 1326556748, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -390, "year_label": "391 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Evagoras of Salamis and the Persians battle each other for control of Cyprus. Aided by the Athenians and the Egyptians, Evagoras extends his rule over the greater part of Cyprus and to several cities of Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650502#Persian_Empire", "title": "391 BC", "revid": 1367650502, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -389, "year_label": "390 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Pharaoh of Egypt, Hakor (Akoris), concludes a tripartite alliance with Evagoras, king of Cyprus, and Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650562#Egypt", "title": "390 BC", "revid": 1367650562, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -385, "year_label": "386 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Freed from Spartan attacks by the Peace of Antalcidas (\"King's Peace\") of the previous year, Persia turns to quieting Cyprus and Egypt. Owing to the skill of King Evagoras of Cyprus and of Egypt's Greek mercenary general Chabrias, these wars drag on for the rest of the decade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363395299#Persian_Empire", "title": "386 BC", "revid": 1363395299, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -380, "year_label": "381 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian generals Tiribazus and Orontes I invade Cyprus, with an army far larger than any King Evagoras I of Cyprus could raise. However, Evagoras manages to cut off this force from being resupplied, and the starving troops rebel. However, the war then turns in the Persians' favour when Evagoras' fleet is destroyed at the Battle of Citium (Larnaca, Cyprus). Evagoras flees to Salamis, where he manages to conclude a peace which allows him to remain nominally king of Salamis, though in reality he is a vassal of the Persian king.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1284745980#Persian_Empire", "title": "381 BC", "revid": 1284745980, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -373, "year_label": "374 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The King of Salamis, Evagoras, is assassinated. He is succeeded by his son, Nicocles, who continues his father's liberal Hellenising policy in Cyprus, encouraged by Isocrates, who writes his Exhortation to Nicocles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114817#Cyprus", "title": "374 BC", "revid": 1367114817, "section": "Events › By place › Cyprus"}}, {"year": -373, "year_label": "374 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Evagoras, king of Salamis in Cyprus (assassinated)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114817#Deaths", "title": "374 BC", "revid": 1367114817, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -350, "year_label": "351 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Encouraged by a failed effort at invasion of Egypt by King Artaxerxes III, Phoenicia and Cyprus revolt against Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325759360#Persian_Empire", "title": "351 BC", "revid": 1325759360, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -349, "year_label": "350 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Idrieus, the second son of Hecatomnus, succeeds to the throne of Caria on the death of Artemisia II, the widow of his elder brother Mausolus. Shortly after his accession, at the request of the Persian king, Artaxerxes III, Idrieus equips a fleet of 40 triremes and assembles an army of 8,000 mercenary troops and despatches them against Cyprus, under the command of the Athenian general Phocion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367585688#Persian_Empire", "title": "350 BC", "revid": 1367585688, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -314, "year_label": "315 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy's armies fight supporters of Antigonus in Cyprus. Ptolemy is able to re-conquer the island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367539376#Cyprus", "title": "315 BC", "revid": 1367539376, "section": "Events › By place › Cyprus"}}, {"year": -312, "year_label": "313 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy, whose Egyptian kingdom includes Cyprus, puts down a revolt there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300255025#Egypt", "title": "313 BC", "revid": 1300255025, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -311, "year_label": "312 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "After putting down the revolt in Cyrene, Ptolemy sails to Cyprus with a great force. He arrests the rulers of Kition, Lapethus, Kyrenia, and Marion for being too friendly towards Antigonus and/or too hostile towards himself, he then establishes his friend Nicocreon of Salamis as strategos (governor-general) of Cyprus .", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172925#Cyprus", "title": "312 BC", "revid": 1354172925, "section": "Events › By place › Cyprus"}}, {"year": -305, "year_label": "306 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Demetrius Poliorcetes lands on Cyprus and besieges Menelaus, brother of Egypt's ruler, Ptolemy I Soter, at Salamis. Ptolemy Soter, coming to his brother's aid, is decisively defeated in the Battle of Salamis. The battle completely destroys the naval power of Egypt and results in the capture of Cyprus by Demetrius. This gives Demetrius' father, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, control of the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326553952#Cyprus", "title": "306 BC", "revid": 1326553952, "section": "Events › By place › Cyprus"}}, {"year": -293, "year_label": "294 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy gains control over Cyprus and the Phoenician coastal towns of Tyre and Sidon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129455#Egypt", "title": "294 BC", "revid": 1350129455, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -261, "year_label": "262 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Zeno of Citium, Hellenistic Stoic philosopher from Citium, Cyprus (b. 333 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325948866#Deaths", "title": "262 BC", "revid": 1325948866, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -245, "year_label": "246 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Egypt's Ptolemy II dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy III. At the time of Ptolemy II's death, Egypt comprises the ancient kingdom of Egypt in the Nile Valley, Cyrene, Judea and the coast of southern Syria, Cyprus and a number of cities on the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea. The Macedonian Ptolemies maintain their authority over their territories with a small mercenary army made up of Macedonians and other Greeks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358219611#Egypt", "title": "246 BC", "revid": 1358219611, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -203, "year_label": "204 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus III of the Syrian-based Seleucid kingdom realize Egypt's weakness and agree to partition Egypt's Anatolian and Aegean possessions. Antiochus' share is to be southern Syria, Lycia, Cilicia and Cyprus, while Philip is to gain western Anatolia and the Cyclades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300115585#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "204 BC", "revid": 1300115585, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -180, "year_label": "181 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy V is poisoned after a reign of 24 years in which the Egyptian kingdom has declined in power and influence and has lost most of its empire outside Egypt other than Cyprus and Cyrenaica. The elder of his two sons, Ptolemy VI Philometor succeeds him, but since he is an infant, he rules under the regency of his mother Cleopatra the Syrian.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363192990#Egypt", "title": "181 BC", "revid": 1363192990, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -167, "year_label": "168 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The fleet of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV wins a victory off Cyprus, whose governor then surrenders the island to him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698468#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "168 BC", "revid": 1352698468, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -162, "year_label": "163 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ptolemaic king Ptolemy VI Philometor is restored to his throne through the intervention of the citizens of Alexandria. However, the Romans intervene and partition the kingdom, giving Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Cyrenaica and Ptolemy VI Cyprus and Egypt. The two brothers accept the Roman partition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342198603#Egypt", "title": "163 BC", "revid": 1342198603, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -160, "year_label": "161 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, now king of Cyrenaica, convinces the Roman Senate to back his claim for control of Cyprus, but the Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor ignores this threat, and after Ptolemy VIII Euergetes' attempt to conquer the island fails, the Roman Senate disengages from the dispute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311856799#Egypt", "title": "161 BC", "revid": 1311856799, "section": "Events › by side › Egypt"}}, {"year": -153, "year_label": "154 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor defeats his brother, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, after he attempts to seize Cyprus by force. Nevertheless Philometor restores his brother to Cyrenaica, marries one of his daughters to him, and grants him a grain subsidy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344836272#Egypt", "title": "154 BC", "revid": 1344836272, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -115, "year_label": "116 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – At the death of Ptolemy VIII Physcon, Cleopatra III has chosen her younger son Ptolemy X Alexander as co-regent, but the Alexandrians force her to bring Ptolemy IX from Cyprus, of which he is governor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358047657#Egypt", "title": "116 BC", "revid": 1358047657, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -91, "year_label": "92 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "92 BC Levant earthquake, earthquake mentioned in catalogues of historical earthquakes. An earthquake and a tsunami reportedly affected areas of the Levant, including the modern states of Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328379180#Levant", "title": "92 BC", "revid": 1328379180, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": -57, "year_label": "58 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Cyprus becomes a Roman province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740578#Roman_Republic", "title": "58 BC", "revid": 1364740578, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -33, "year_label": "34 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – The Donations of Alexandria: Antony distributes the eastern kingdoms as a gift to the children of Cleopatra; he declares Caesarion, Caesar's illegitimate son, as co-ruler of Egypt and Cyprus. Alexander Helios receives Armenia and Media; to Cleopatra Selene II he gives the kingdoms of Cyrenaica and Libya. His youngest son Ptolemy Philadelphus receives the Egyptian possessions in Phoenicia, Syria and Cilicia. Antony establishes Cleopatra as a Hellenistic monarch at Alexandria and gives her the title of \"Queen of Kings\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350111909#Roman_Republic", "title": "34 BC", "revid": 1350111909, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 116, "year_label": "116 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Trajan sends two expeditionary forces. One, consisting of elements of Legio III Cyrenaica, to suppress the revolt in Judea and the other Legio VII Claudia to restore order on Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326275#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 116", "revid": 1330326275, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 327, "year_label": "327 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Approximate traditional date – Helena, mother of Constantine, returning from her pilgrimage to the Holy Land, founds Stavrovouni Monastery on Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367622496#Religion", "title": "327", "revid": 1367622496, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 333, "year_label": "333 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Calocaerus revolts against Constantine I and proclaims himself emperor. Flavius Dalmatius, responsible for the security of the eastern frontier, is sent to Cyprus to suppress the rebellion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372731369#Roman_Empire", "title": "333", "revid": 1372731369, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 578, "year_label": "578 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: A Byzantine army under command of Maurice (magister militum per Orientem) invades Upper Mesopotamia, and raids on both sides of the Tigris. He deports 70,000 captives from Hyrcania to Cyprus, and installs military colonists to guard the strategic locations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801573#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "578", "revid": 1340801573, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 619, "year_label": "619 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sasanian War: The besieged city of Alexandria is captured by the Persians. Nicetas, cousin of Emperor Heraclius, and Chalcedonian patriarch, John V, flee to Cyprus. King Khosrow II extends his rule southwards along the Nile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802932#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "619", "revid": 1340802932, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 649, "year_label": "649 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Arab naval forces under Abdullah ibn Saad conquer Cyprus, sacking the capital Constantia after a short siege, and looting the rest of the island. The Cypriots agree to pay the same revenue as they have done to Emperor Constans II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938693#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "649", "revid": 1365938693, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 654, "year_label": "654 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muawiyah, governor of Syria, stations a large garrison on Cyprus. He conquers the Greek island of Kos in the Dodecanese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362652029#Arabian_Caliphate", "title": "654", "revid": 1362652029, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Caliphate"}}, {"year": 687, "year_label": "687 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian II negotiates a peace treaty with the Umayyad Caliphate (resulting in caliph Abd al-Malik paying tribute). He removes 12,000 Christian Maronites, who continually resist the Arabs, from Lebanon. Justinian reinforces the Byzantine navy on Cyprus, and transfers cavalry troops from the Thracesian Theme in Anatolia to the Theme of Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806293#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "687", "revid": 1340806293, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 688, "year_label": "688 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Justinian II reestablishes Byzantine settlement on Cyprus, signing a treaty with Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik (and paying an annual tribute) for joint occupation of the island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806290#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "688", "revid": 1340806290, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 692, "year_label": "692 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Muslims conquer Armenia, Iberia and Colchis, the last remaining Byzantine holdings east of the Taurus Mountains. Emperor Justinian II is forced to agree to joint Byzantine-Arab control of Cyprus, in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806257#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "692", "revid": 1340806257, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 747, "year_label": "747 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Constantine V destroys the Arab fleet off Cyprus, with the aid of ships from the Italian city-states, breaking the naval power of the Umayyad Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468436#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "AD 747", "revid": 1364468436, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 806, "year_label": "806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine wars: An Abbasid fleet under Humayd ibn Ma'yuf al-Hajuri raids Cyprus, carrying off 16,000 inhabitants as slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292643508#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "806", "revid": 1292643508, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 964, "year_label": "964 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Nikephoros II continues the reconquest of south-eastern Anatolia (modern Turkey). He recaptured Cyprus through Niketas Chalkoutzes, and reorganizes the conquered lands into new themes. In the summer, they take the fortress cities of Anazarbus and Adana. Byzantine troops under General John Tzimiskes besiege Mopsuestia, but with the coming of winter he is forced to retreat to Caesarea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353633013#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "964", "revid": 1353633013, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 965, "year_label": "965 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Nikephoros II conquers the fortress cities of Tarsus and Mopsuestia. The Muslim residents abandon the defense and flee into Syria. Nikephoros completes the conquest of Cilicia; Muslim raids into Anatolia (modern Turkey) permanently cease. Byzantine troops under General Niketas Chalkoutzes occupy Cyprus, liberating the Greek population from Muslim domination.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371364470#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "965", "revid": 1371364470, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1110, "year_label": "1110 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February–May – Crusaders under Baldwin I besiege Beirut. Genoese and Pisan ships blockade the harbour; Fatimid ships from Tyre and Sidon try in vain to break the blockade. The Fatimid governor flees by night through the Italian fleet to Cyprus. On May 13, Baldwin captures the city by assault and the Italians carry out a massacre among the inhabitants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871350#Levant", "title": "1110", "revid": 1368871350, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1158, "year_label": "1158 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Emperor Manuel I Komnenos sets out from Constantinople at the head of an expeditionary army. He marches to Cilicia; and while the main army follows the coast road eastwards Manuel hurries ahead with a force of only 500 cavalry. He manages to surprise Thoros II \"the Great\", lord of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, who participated in the attack on Cyprus in 1156. Thoros flees into the mountains and Cilicia is occupied by the Byzantines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301998061#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1158", "revid": 1301998061, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1169, "year_label": "1169 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Late Summer – Emperor Manuel I Komnenos sends an embassy to Egypt to demand tribute, and threatens the country with war when they refuse to pay it. The Byzantine fleet under Admiral Andronikos Kontostephanos sets out from the Hellespont; 60 war galleys are sent to Palestine with money for \"the knights of Jerusalem\". Andronikos with the rest of the fleet sails to Cyprus, at which he defeats a patrolling squadron of 6 Fatimid ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367314843#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1169", "revid": 1367314843, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1171, "year_label": "1171 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – King Amalric I of Jerusalem departs with a large staff for Constantinople. At Callipolis he is met by his father-in-law, John Doukas Komnenos, military governor (doux) of Cyprus. Amalric enters the Byzantine capital and is welcomed by Manuel I. In June, a treaty is signed, Amalric recognizes Manuel's suzerainty over Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165802#Levant", "title": "1171", "revid": 1362165802, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1255, "year_label": "1255 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Mongols of central and eastern Asia; his efforts have been unsuccessful.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315790496#Europe", "title": "1255", "revid": 1315790496, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1372, "year_label": "1372 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – Saint Bridget and her fellow pilgrims arrive at Famagusta in Cyprus, after their ship has survived a five-day storm that they had encountered after departing from Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370079239#April–June", "title": "1372", "revid": 1370079239, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 –After invading Cyprus, the Republic of Genoa bombards the city of Kyrenia, but the Cypriots repel the invasion and force the Genoese to retreat to Nicosia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#January–March", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1377, "year_label": "1377 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – The Spanish Aragonese knight Juan Fernández de Heredia becomes the new Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, who control the island of Rhodes, one of the Dodecanese islands of Greece and the island of Cyprus. Fernandez is elected by his fellow Knights to replace the late Grand Master Robert de Juilly, who had died on July 29.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368383535#July–September", "title": "1377", "revid": 1368383535, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1378, "year_label": "1378 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – Unhappy with Pope Urban's critical attitude towards them, the majority of the cardinals meet at Fondi, elect Clement VII as antipope, and establish a rival papal court at Avignon. This split within the Catholic Church becomes known as the Western Schism, also known as the Great Schism. France, Aragon, Castile and León, Cyprus, Burgundy, Savoy, Naples and Scotland choose to recognise Antipope Clement VII. Denmark, England, Flanders, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, northern Italy, Ireland, Norway, Poland and Sweden continue to recognise Pope Urban VI.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019926#July–September", "title": "1378", "revid": 1366019926, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1398, "year_label": "1398 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Janus succeeds his father, James I, as King of Cyprus and claimant to the throne of Armenian Cilicia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372737#October–December", "title": "1398", "revid": 1370372737, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1403, "year_label": "1403 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – Jean II Le Maingre of France, also known as Boucicaut, the French Governor of Genoa, leads a fleet of 18 ships, 600 horses and 700 infantry to stop an attack by Muslims on the island of Cyprus and the city of Famagusta. Boucicaut besieges the Muslim city of Candelore on June 24.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593649#April–June", "title": "1403", "revid": 1371593649, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1473, "year_label": "1473 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – James III of Cyprus, son of James II of Cyprus and Catherine Cornaro, king of Cyprus (d. 1474)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361813739#Births", "title": "1473", "revid": 1361813739, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1489, "year_label": "1489 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to the Republic of Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364757252#April–June", "title": "1489", "revid": 1364757252, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1570, "year_label": "1570 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – The siege of Nicosia by the Ottoman Empire begins in Cyprus and lasts for seven weeks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362475955#July–September", "title": "1570", "revid": 1362475955, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1570, "year_label": "1570 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – The ambassador of the Ottoman Sultan Selim II goes before the governing Council of the Venetian Republic and requests that Venice surrender the island of Cyprus. The Council rejects the demand and prepares to go to war with the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362475955#January–March", "title": "1570", "revid": 1362475955, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1573, "year_label": "1573 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – The Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573) is ended by a peace treaty, confirming the transfer of control of Cyprus from the Republic of Venice to the Ottoman Empire, and also confirming Turkish occupation of the more fertile region of Dalmatia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656331#January–March", "title": "1573", "revid": 1366656331, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1836, "year_label": "1836 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Chatsworth Head is found near Tamassos, Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342504#Date_unknown", "title": "1836", "revid": 1368342504, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – The Treaty of Berlin makes Serbia, Montenegro and Romania completely independent, confirms the autonomy of Bulgaria, makes Cyprus a British possession, and allows Austria-Hungary to garrison the Bosnia Vilayet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#July", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1878, "year_label": "1878 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – Cyprus Convention: The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom, but retains the nominal title.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365252865#June", "title": "1878", "revid": 1365252865, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1955, "year_label": "1955 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 1", "text": "April 1 – EOKA starts a resistance campaign against British rule in the Crown colony of Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371173508#April", "title": "1955", "revid": 1371173508, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1955, "year_label": "1955 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – The British Governor of Cyprus declares a state of emergency on the island.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371173508#November", "title": "1955", "revid": 1371173508, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 9", "text": "March 9 – The British deport Archbishop Makarios from Cyprus to the Seychelles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#March", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – First of the London and Zürich Agreements under which the United Kingdom agrees to grant independence to Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370221732#February", "title": "1959", "revid": 1370221732, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1959, "year_label": "1959 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Archbishop Makarios returns to Cyprus from exile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370221732#March", "title": "1959", "revid": 1370221732, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – A Globe Air Bristol Britannia turboprop crashes at Nicosia, Cyprus, killing 126 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#April", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1974, "year_label": "1974 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – The Greek military junta sponsors a coup d'état in Cyprus, replacing President Makarios III with Nikos Sampson. On that same day, reporter Christine Chubbuck commits suicide for the first-time-ever on live television.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372602919#July–August", "title": "1974", "revid": 1372602919, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – The Turkish part of Cyprus declares independence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#November", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Turkey threatens Cyprus on account of a deal to buy Russian S-300 missiles, prompting the Cypriot Missile Crisis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#January", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2003, "year_label": "2003 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 16", "text": "April 16 – The Treaty of Accession is signed in Athens between the European Union and ten countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia), concerning these countries' accession into the EU, leading to the 2004 enlargement of the European Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371470479#April", "title": "2003", "revid": 1371470479, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2008, "year_label": "2008 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Cyprus and Malta adopt the euro currency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372634791#January", "title": "2008", "revid": 1372634791, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2013, "year_label": "2013 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – 2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis: The European Union agrees to a €10 billion economic bailout for Cyprus. The bailout loan will be equally split between the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism, the European Financial Stability Facility, and the International Monetary Fund. The deal precipitates a banking crisis in the island nation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373160550#March", "title": "2013", "revid": 1373160550, "section": "Events › March"}}]}