{"slug": "czechoslovakia", "label": "Czechoslovakia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33946", "qid": "Q33946", "description": "country in Central Europe (1918–1992)", "entries": 26, "years": 16, "span": [1919, 1993], "span_label": ["1919 CE", "1993 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 10}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 3}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "prague", "label": "Prague", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "cold-war", "label": "Cold War", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "poland", "label": "Poland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hungary", "label": "Hungary", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "slovakia", "label": "Slovakia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "east-germany", "label": "East Germany", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "san-francisco", "label": "San Francisco", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "czech-republic", "label": "Czech Republic", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "bohemia", "label": "Bohemia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "moravia", "label": "Moravia", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – The Czechoslovak Legions occupy much of the self-proclaimed \"free city\" of Pressburg (later Bratislava), enforcing its incorporation into the new republic of Czechoslovakia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#January", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1933, "year_label": "1933 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – German-Jewish philosopher Theodor Lessing is shot in Marienbad (Mariánské Lázně), Czechoslovakia, dying the following day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371108771#August", "title": "1933", "revid": 1371108771, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – No evidence of German troop movements against Czechoslovakia is found, and the May Crisis subsides. Germany is, nevertheless, perceived to have backed down in the face of Czechoslovak mobilization and international diplomatic unity, but the issue of the future of the Sudetenland is far from resolved.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#May", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – In direct contravention of the recently signed Munich Agreement, Adolf Hitler circulates among his high command a secret memorandum stating that they should prepare for the \"liquidation of the rest of Czechoslovakia\" and the occupation of Memel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#October", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Edvard Beneš, president of Czechoslovakia, resigns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#October", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – Winston Churchill warns of grave consequences to European security, if Czechoslovakia is partitioned. The same day, Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov makes a similar statement in the League of Nations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#September", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Munich Agreement: German, Italian, British and French leaders agree to German demands regarding annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government is largely excluded from the negotiations, and is not a signatory to the agreement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#September", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš invites mid-level representatives of the Sudeten Germans Hradčany Palace, to tell them he will accept whatever demands they care to make, provided the Sudetenland remains part of the Republic of Czechoslovakia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#September", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – German troops occupy the remaining part of Bohemia and Moravia; Czechoslovakia ceases to exist. The Ruthenian region of Czechoslovakia declares independence as Carpatho-Ukraine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#March", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – Czechoslovakia cedes Carpathian Ruthenia to the Soviet Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#June", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1951, "year_label": "1951 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Treaty of San Francisco: In San Francisco, 48 representatives out of 51 attending sign a peace treaty with Japan, formally ending the Pacific War; the delegations of the Soviet Union, Poland and Czechoslovakia do not sign the treaty, instead favoring separate treaties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368856437#September", "title": "1951", "revid": 1368856437, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1953, "year_label": "1953 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Uprising in Plzeň: Currency reform causes riots in Czechoslovakia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310369#June", "title": "1953", "revid": 1371310369, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – Stéblová train disaster: A head-on collision between two trains in Pardubice, Czechoslovakia, kills 118 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#November", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – A coal mine in Czechoslovakia has one of its sections closed off in order to extinguish a fire and prevent an explosion, causing the suffocation of 108 miners still present.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#July", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – A cholera outbreak in eastern Slovakia causes Hungary to close its border with Czechoslovakia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#October", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – Yugoslavian air stewardess Vesna Vulović is the only survivor when her plane crashes in Czechoslovakia. She survives after falling 10160 m ft in the tail section of the aircraft.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#January", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – Seven men and three women hijack a plane from Czechoslovakia to West Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#June", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – The Candle demonstration in Bratislava, Slovakia, is the first mass demonstration of the 1980s against the socialist government in Czechoslovakia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#March", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – The border between East Germany and Czechoslovakia is reopened.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#November", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – Cold War: Velvet Revolution – A peaceful student demonstration in Prague, Czechoslovakia, is severely beaten back by riot police. This sparks a revolution aimed at overthrowing the Communist government (it succeeds on December 29).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#November", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – Cold War: Velvet Revolution – The number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague, Czechoslovakia, swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#November", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – Cold War: Velvet Revolution – The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power (elections held in December bring the first non-Communist government to Czechoslovakia in more than forty years).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#November", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – The government of East Germany closes the country's border with Czechoslovakia to prevent further emigration to the West.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#October", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – The Visegrád Group, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is established by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#February", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – Sweden wins the Ice Hockey World Championships in Czechoslovakia defeating Finland, 5–2, in the final game in Prague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368521010#May", "title": "1992", "revid": 1368521010, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Czechoslovakia ceases to exist, as the Czech Republic and Slovakia separate in the Dissolution of Czechoslovakia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#January", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › January"}}]}