{"slug": "damascus", "label": "Damascus", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3766", "qid": "Q3766", "description": "capital and largest city of Syria", "entries": 90, "years": 84, "span": [-332, 2024], "span_label": ["333 BCE", "2024 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 53}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 19}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 6}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Births", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 26}, {"slug": "egypt-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "Egypt in the Middle Ages", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "saladin", "label": "Saladin", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "homs", "label": "Homs", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "nur-al-din-zengi", "label": "Nur al-Din Zengi", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "aleppo", "label": "Aleppo", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "palestine-region", "label": "Palestine (region)", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "cairo", "label": "Cairo", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "antioch", "label": "Antioch", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -332, "year_label": "333 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "From Issus, Alexander marches south into Syria and Phoenicia, his object being to isolate the Persian fleet from its bases and so to destroy it as an effective fighting force. The Phoenician cities of Marathus and Aradus do not resist Alexander's armies. Parmenion is sent ahead to try to secure Damascus and its rich booty, including Darius' war chest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361013620#Events", "title": "333 BC", "revid": 1361013620, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -331, "year_label": "332 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alexander the Great occupies Damascus and, after a siege lasting seven months, destroys Tyre during which there is great carnage and the sale of the women and children into slavery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322067290#Macedonia", "title": "332 BC", "revid": 1322067290, "section": "Events › By place › Macedonia"}}, {"year": -160, "year_label": "161 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Jewish High Priest Menelaus, who is supported by the Hellenist party, is removed from office and is executed. His successor is a moderate member of the Hellenic party, Alcimus. However, when Alcimus executes sixty Jews who are opposed to him, he finds himself in open conflict with the Maccabees. Alcimus flees from Jerusalem and goes to Damascus to ask the Seleucid king, Demetrius I, for help.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311856799#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "161 BC", "revid": 1311856799, "section": "Events › by side › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": 34, "year_label": "34 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Saul of Tarsus, on the road to Damascus, is converted to Christianity, and becomes Paul the Apostle (possible date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Syria", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 34 AD › Syria"}}, {"year": 106, "year_label": "106 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Romans construct a road between Eilat and Damascus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359392828#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 106", "revid": 1359392828, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 613, "year_label": "613 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Antioch: Heraclius mobilises a Byzantine expeditionary force to Antioch (Syria), but is completely defeated outside the city by the Persians. Shahin Vahmanzadegan makes further inroads into Central and Western Anatolia. In Syria, Shahrbaraz captures the cities of Damascus, Apamea and Emesa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755983#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "613", "revid": 1364755983, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 634, "year_label": "634 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Marj Rahit: A Muslim Arab army under Khalid defeats the Byzantine forces (15,000 men) and their Ghassanid allies. After the battle he sends a mounted column to the outskirts of Damascus, to plunder the region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299946990#Arabia", "title": "634", "revid": 1299946990, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 636, "year_label": "636 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius assembles a large army consisting of contingents of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs. He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus. The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068315#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "636", "revid": 1267068315, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 683, "year_label": "683 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – Caliph Yazid I dies at Damascus, after a 3-year reign marked by civil war. He is succeeded by his son Muawiya II as ruler of the Umayyad Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313750#Arabian_Empire", "title": "683", "revid": 1367313750, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 684, "year_label": "684 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Mu'awiya II dies at Damascus, after a brief reign that ends Sufyanid rule. A new caliph is proclaimed in Syria amidst tribal wars, but Marwan I will reign until next year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805928#Arabian_Empire", "title": "684", "revid": 1340805928, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 685, "year_label": "685 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – Caliph Marwan I dies at Damascus, and is succeeded by his son Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749113#Arabian_Empire", "title": "685", "revid": 1364749113, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan dies in his winter resort at Al-Sinnabra (Palestine), after a 20-year reign. During his rule, the financial administration of the Umayyad Caliphate has been reorganized. Arab coins have replaced former Byzantine and Sassanian coins, and regular postal service has been established between Damascus and the provincial capitals. Abd al-Malik is succeeded by his son Al-Walid I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Arabian_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 707, "year_label": "707 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The first Islamic hospital (bimaristan) is founded in Damascus (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807099#Arabian_Empire", "title": "AD 707", "revid": 1340807099, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 714, "year_label": "714 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Musa ibn Nusayr and Tariq ibn Ziyad are summoned back to Damascus by caliph Al-Walid I. They are ordered to deliver all the spoils of war. Musa complains and is stripped of his rank. Abd al-Aziz, son of Musa, becomes governor of Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468088#Arabian_Empire", "title": "714", "revid": 1364468088, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 715, "year_label": "715 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – Caliph Al-Walid I dies at Damascus after a 10-year reign, and is succeeded by his brother Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik. During his rule the Umayyad Caliphate reaches its greatest height, with successful campaigns undertaken in Transoxiana (Central Asia), Sindh (Pakistan), Hispania and against the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661130#Arabian_Empire", "title": "715", "revid": 1367661130, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 744, "year_label": "744 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – Caliph Al-Walid II is besieged in his castle outside the city of Damascus. He is defeated and killed by Arab forces under Sulayman ibn Hisham. Al-Walid is succeeded by his cousin Yazid III, who dies shortly after of a brain tumor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305046877#Arabian_Empire", "title": "744", "revid": 1305046877, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 971, "year_label": "971 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Alexandretta: The Byzantines defeat a Fatimid force (4,000 men) near Alexandretta (modern Turkey), while the main Fatimid army is besieging the fortress city of Antioch. Coupled with news of an advance against Damascus of the Qarmatians, the Fatimids are forced to lift the siege and withdraw to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918921#Middle_East", "title": "971", "revid": 1364918921, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 971, "year_label": "971 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt: The Qarmatians under al-Hasan al-A'sam invade Syria, recently conquered by the Fatimid Caliphate, capturing Damascus and Ramla, defeating a major Fatimid army and blockading another in Jaffa. A subsequent invasion of Egypt leads to widespread anti-Fatimid revolts in the Nile Delta, but the delay allows the Fatimid general Jawhar to prepare his defences, leading to the decisive Qarmatian at Ayn Shams on 24 December and the collapse of the invasion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918921#Middle_East", "title": "971", "revid": 1364918921, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 975, "year_label": "975 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor John I raids Mesopotamia and invades Syria, using the Byzantine base at Antioch to press southwards to Tripoli. He conquers the cities of Baalbek, Damascus, Sidon, Tiberias and Caesarea, but fails to take Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513424#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "975", "revid": 1341513424, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 979, "year_label": "979 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Jawhar as-Siqilli is dismissed as vizier of Egypt after an unsuccessful campaign in Syria (near Damascus). He is replaced by Ya'qub ibn Killis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908361#Africa", "title": "979", "revid": 1341908361, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 994, "year_label": "994 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – Battle of the Orontes: Fatimid forces, under Turkish general Manjutakin (also the governor of Damascus), besiege Apamea (modern Syria). Emperor Basil II sends a Byzantine expeditionary army, led by Dux Michael Bourtzes, to relieve the city in alliance with the Hamdanid Dynasty. Manjutakin defeats the Hamdanids with his forces and attacks the Byzantine force in the rear. The Byzantine army panics and flees, losing some 5,000 men in the process.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350027284#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "994", "revid": 1350027284, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 998, "year_label": "998 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – Battle of Apamea: Byzantine forces under governor (doux) Damian Dalassenos besiege the fortress city of Apamea for control over northern Syria. The Fatimids send a relief army from Damascus – and defeat the Byzantines, Dalassenos is killed by a Kurdish officer in battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593041#Arabian_Empire", "title": "998", "revid": 1365593041, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1021, "year_label": "1021 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of al-Hakim, kept secret for six weeks, is announced, along with the succession of his son, al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah. On the same day, al-Hakim's designated heir, Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas, is arrested in Damascus and brought to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212958#Africa", "title": "1021", "revid": 1342212958, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1079, "year_label": "1079 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October", "text": "October – Atsiz ibn Uwaq, Turkish emir of Damascus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267068328#Deaths", "title": "1079", "revid": 1267068328, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1095, "year_label": "1095 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Tutush I, Seljuk emir of Damascus and Aleppo", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365264485#Deaths", "title": "1095", "revid": 1365264485, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1102, "year_label": "1102 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Tripoli: The Crusaders under Raymond IV begin the siege of Tripoli (modern Lebanon). The garrison calls for assistance, but a Seljuk relief army from Damascus and Homs is defeated by Raymond.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265899#Levant", "title": "1102", "revid": 1365265899, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1104, "year_label": "1104 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Toghtekin, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Damascus, founds a short-lived principality in Syria (the first example of a series of Seljuk-ruled dynasties).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271015#Levant", "title": "1104", "revid": 1365271015, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1104, "year_label": "1104 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – Duqaq, Seljuk ruler of Damascus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271015#Deaths", "title": "1104", "revid": 1365271015, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1107, "year_label": "1107 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emir Fadl ibn Rabi'ah is expelled by Toghtekin, ruler (atabeg) of Damascus in Syria (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266728#Levant", "title": "1107", "revid": 1365266728, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1111, "year_label": "1111 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13–29 – Battle of Shaizar: Sultan Muhammad I Tapar appoints Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic governor (atabeg) of Mosul, to lead a Seljuk expedition against the Crusaders. The composite force includes Muslim contingents from Damascus, Diyarbakır, Ahlat and some Persian troops, headed by Bursuq ibn Bursuq from Hamadan. The Crusaders (16,000 men), led by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, are cut off from their supplies, and within two weeks (due to constant Seljuk skirmishes) forced to fall back on Afamiya in northern Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268639#Levant", "title": "1111", "revid": 1365268639, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1112, "year_label": "1112 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Seljuk forces under Toghtekin, Turkic governor of Damascus, intervene at Tyre, and force King Baldwin I of Jerusalem to raise the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268836#Levant", "title": "1112", "revid": 1365268836, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1118, "year_label": "1118 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Nur ad-Din, Seljuk ruler of Damascus and Aleppo (d. 1174)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365269195#Births", "title": "1118", "revid": 1365269195, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1128, "year_label": "1128 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Toghtekin, Turkish ruler of Damascus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348046025#Deaths", "title": "1128", "revid": 1348046025, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Shams al-Mulk Isma'il, Seljuk ruler of Damascus, sends envoys to Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk ruler of Mosul, to seek his protection in exchange of Damascus. Zengi crosses the Euphrates, receiving the surrender of the city of Hama. He besieges Damascus but, due to a shortage of supplies, is forced to abandon the siege. Zengi extricates himself from Damascus, his Seljuk forces capture the fortresses at Ma'arrat and Atharib.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#Levant", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1137, "year_label": "1137 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – Bazwāj, a mamluk (slave) commander of Damascus, launches a military campaign against Tripoli, reaching Pilgrims' Mount. He defeats a Crusader army under Count Pons (protector of Tripoli). Pons is forced to flee into the mountains where native Christians capture him. Later, he is handed over and instantly put to death by Bazwāj.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362157430#Levant", "title": "1137", "revid": 1362157430, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1146, "year_label": "1146 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Siege of Edessa: The Crusaders under Joscelin II recapture Edessa (Northern Syria) from Nur ad-Din, Seljuk ruler of Damascus. After not receiving support from the other Crusader states, Nur ad-Din counter-raids the territory of Antioch but withdraws his forces to retake Edessa in November.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184470#Levant", "title": "1146", "revid": 1369184470, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Bosra: A Crusader force under King Baldwin III fights an inconclusive battle against Seljuk forces from Damascus led by Mu'in al-Din aided by Nur al-Din's contingents from Aleppo and Mosul. Baldwin retreats to Jerusalem, while the Seljuk Turks attack his rearguard and stragglers underway back to Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Levant", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Mu'in ad-Din Unur, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Damascus, prepares for war and strengthens the fortifications of the city. He sends an urgent request for military assistance to the Zangid ruler Sayf al-Din. Unur orders his troops to destroy the water sources in areas that the Crusaders must cross. Seljuk governors of frontier provinces station scouting parties along the road to Damascus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Second_Crusade", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1149, "year_label": "1149 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 28", "text": "August 28 – Mu'in al-Din Unur, Seljuk ruler of Damascus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184526#Deaths", "title": "1149", "revid": 1369184526, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1154, "year_label": "1154 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, encamps before Damascus and overthrows Mujir al-Din by force with support of the Jewish citizens, who open the eastern gate to the bulk of his army. Mujir flees to the citadel, but capitulates after only a few hours. He is offered his life and the Emirate of Homs. A few weeks later Mujir is suspected of plotting with old friends in Damascus and is exiled to Baghdad. Damascus is annexed to Zangid territory and all of Syria is unified under the authority of Nur al-Din, from Edessa in the north to the Hauran to the south.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164172#Levant", "title": "1154", "revid": 1362164172, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1169, "year_label": "1169 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus (d. 1225)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367314843#Births", "title": "1169", "revid": 1367314843, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1174, "year_label": "1174 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Syria, dies at Damascus after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by his 11-year-old son As-Salih Ismail al-Malik. Meanwhile, Saladin declares himself his regent and vassal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362171775#Levant", "title": "1174", "revid": 1362171775, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1176, "year_label": "1176 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Saladin defeats the Zangid forces before Damascus and marries Nur al-Din's widow Asimat. On June 24 he accepts a truce and is recognized as the sovereign over Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532887#Levant", "title": "1176", "revid": 1366532887, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1176, "year_label": "1176 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mu'azzam Isa, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus (d. 1227)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532887#Births", "title": "1176", "revid": 1366532887, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1180, "year_label": "1180 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – Turan-Shah, Ayyubid emir (prince) of Damascus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368649234#Deaths", "title": "1180", "revid": 1368649234, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1181, "year_label": "1181 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Raynald of Châtillon, lord of Oultrejordain, raids Saladin's territory, reaching as far as Tabuk (modern Saudi Arabia) on the route between Damascus and Mecca. In November, Saladin sends an expedition under his nephew, Farrukh Shah, who invades Oultrejordain. Raynald of Châtillon is forced to withdraw home. Saladin complains to King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (the Leper) for breaking the treaty (see 1180) and demands compensation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360570363#Levant", "title": "1181", "revid": 1360570363, "section": "Events › Europe › Levant"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – Saladin leads an Egyptian expeditionary force from Cairo to Syria. In June, he arrives in Damascus and learns that his nephew Farrukh Shah has raided Galilee, and sacked the villages near Mount Tabor. On his way back, Farrukh Shah attacks the fortress of Habis Jaldak, carved out of the rock above the River Yarmuk. The garrison, Christian Syrians with no great wish to die for the Crusaders, promptly surrenders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Levant", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1184, "year_label": "1184 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Saladin sends his nephew Izz al-Din Usama, governor (emir) of the iron-rich mountains near Beirut, to build Ajloun Castle, which controls the trade along the road between Damascus and Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362173180#Levant", "title": "1184", "revid": 1362173180, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – Saladin leaves Damascus with his Muslim forces, and sends letters to neighboring countries, asking for volunteers for a forthcoming jihad (\"Holy War\"). A week later his younger brother Al-Adil, governor of Egypt, leads his forces out of Cairo towards Syria. Meanwhile, Saladin leaves an army under his 18-year-old son Al-Afdal at Busra, to keep watch on the 'Pilgrim road'.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Levant", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1190, "year_label": "1190 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – After a long siege Muslim forces under Saladin capture Beaufort Castle from Reginald of Sidon who has offered to hand over the castle to Saladin on the condition that he has three months to remove his family to a place of safety. At the end of the three months, Saladin expects the castle to be handed over but finds that Reginald has used the time to strengthen the castle against a siege. He is imprisoned at Damascus – the castle's garrison finally surrenders in return for Reginald's release.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650742#Third_Crusade", "title": "1190", "revid": 1368650742, "section": "Events › By place › Third Crusade"}}, {"year": 1200, "year_label": "1200 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Al-Adil I, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, Jerusalem, and parts of the Jazira takes control of Egypt, and is recognized as sultan of the Ayyubid Empire. During his reign, he promotes trade and good relations with the Crusader States. His son Al-Kamil becomes the effective ruler (viceroy) of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354902191#Levant", "title": "1200", "revid": 1354902191, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1217, "year_label": "1217 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – The Crusader army (some 15,000 men) under Andrew II sets out from Acre, and marches up the Plain of Esdraelon. Sultan Al-Adil I, on hearing that the crusaders are assembling, sends some Muslim troops to Palestine, to halt their advance. The crusaders move towards Beisan, while Al-Adil waits at Ajloun Castle, ready to intercept any attack on Damascus. He sends his son, Al-Mu'azzam, to cover Jerusalem. On November 10, Andrew's well-mounted army defeats Al-Adil at Bethsaida, on the Jordan River. Beisan is occupied and sacked; the Muslims retreat to their fortresses and towns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488093#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1217", "revid": 1367488093, "section": "Events › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1218, "year_label": "1218 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – Al-Adil I falls ill and dies at Damascus after an 18-year reign. He is succeeded in Syria by his eldest son Al-Mu'azzam and in Egypt by his younger son, Al-Kamil.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347207200#Levant", "title": "1218", "revid": 1347207200, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1227, "year_label": "1227 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 12", "text": "November 12 – Al-Mu'azzam Isa, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, dies after a 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his 21-year-old son, An-Nasir Dawud, who faces opposition from his uncle, Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488499#Levant", "title": "1227", "revid": 1367488499, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1228, "year_label": "1228 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Frederick II receives an embassy of Egypt's Sultan Al-Kamil, including Fakhr al-Din ibn as-Shaikh, at the Hospitaller camp at Recordane, near Acre. Meanwhile, Al-Kamil is engaged in suppressing a rebellion in Syria and has concentrated his forces on a siege at Damascus. Frederick is pressed for time, because his army is not large enough for a major campaign. Al-Kamil, who has full control of Jerusalem, starts diplomatic negotiations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360747311#Sixth_Crusade", "title": "1228", "revid": 1360747311, "section": "Events › By place › Sixth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1229, "year_label": "1229 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Emir Al-Ashraf Musa captures Damascus and acknowledges the supremacy of his elder brother Al-Kamil. His other brother, An-Nasir Dawud, is compensated with the lordship of Al-Karak in the Transjordan region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488290#Levant", "title": "1229", "revid": 1367488290, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1237, "year_label": "1237 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Al-Ashraf Musa, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, assembles his allies and secures his active support of Kayqubad I, Sejuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum. A civil war seems inevitable when Kayqubad is poisoned during a feast at Kayseri, on May 31. Meanwhile, the Seljuks strengthen the fortresses in the eastern provinces against the Mongols.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300110077#Levant", "title": "1237", "revid": 1300110077, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1237, "year_label": "1237 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Al-Ashraf Musa, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300110077#Deaths", "title": "1237", "revid": 1300110077, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1238, "year_label": "1238 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Al-Kamil, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, dies at Damascus and is succeeded by his 18-year-old son Al-Adil II. After Al-Kamil's death, a civil war breaks out, and his elder son As-Salih Ayyub, sets out from Damascus to invade Egypt. But a sudden coup d'état dethrones him in favour of his uncle, As-Salih Ismail.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337076438#Middle_East", "title": "1238", "revid": 1337076438, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1242, "year_label": "1242 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Templar Knights raid the city of Hebron. Meanwhile, An-Nasir Dawud, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, sends forces to cut off the road to Jerusalem, and to levy tolls on the pilgrims and merchants that pass by.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360512210#Middle_East", "title": "1242", "revid": 1360512210, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1244, "year_label": "1244 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Khwarazmian forces (some 10,000 men) invade Syrian territory, ravaging the land and burning the villages. As Damascus is too strong for a siege, they attack Galilee, past the town of Tiberias – which they capture. The Khwarazmians attack further southward through Nablus towards Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360513044#Levant", "title": "1244", "revid": 1360513044, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1244, "year_label": "1244 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 – The Crusaders assemble a force of some 1,000 cavalry and 6,000 men outside Acre, after hearing that Jerusalem is sacked by the Khwarazmians. They are joined by the Ayyubid forces (some 4,000 men) of Damascus and Homs – while Emir An-Nasir Dawud brings his army from Kerak.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360513044#Levant", "title": "1244", "revid": 1360513044, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1245, "year_label": "1245 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – Egyptian forces under As-Salih Ayyub besiege the city of Damascus. After six months, As-Salih Ismail, ruler of Damascus, surrenders to Ayyub in return for a vassal-principality, consisting of Baalbek and the Hauran. Ayyub is awarded the title of sultan by Caliph Al-Musta'sim in Baghdad.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355852673#Levant", "title": "1245", "revid": 1355852673, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1246, "year_label": "1246 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 2", "text": "2 October – Damascus falls to the Ayyubid vizier Mu'in al-Din Hasan ibn al-Shaykh after a siege of some four months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356775338#Levant", "title": "1246", "revid": 1356775338, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Al-Adil II, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt and Damascus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Deaths", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – The Qaymariyya tribe engineers a coup d'état to hand over Damascus to An-Nasir Yusuf. The garrison in the citadel surrenders later to him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Asia", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1253, "year_label": "1253 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – An-Nasir Yusuf, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, cedes Palestine, together with Jerusalem, Nablus and the coastline of Al-Sham to Aybak, Mamluk sultan of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362664638#Levant", "title": "1253", "revid": 1362664638, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1254, "year_label": "1254 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – King Louis IX of France (\"the Saint\") signs a multi-year truce with An-Nasir Yusuf, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, who is well aware of a Mongol threat and has no wish for war with the Crusader States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296887805#Levant", "title": "1254", "revid": 1296887805, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1279, "year_label": "1279 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Mamluk forces led by the 19-year-old Sultan Al-Said Barakah and Qalawun (\"the Thousander\") invade Cilician Armenia; a revolt in Egypt while they are away force Barakah to abdicate. In August, Qalawun takes over the government in Cairo and proclaims himself sultan. He sends Solamish, youngest son of former Sultan Baibars, into exile. Meanwhile, Sunqur al-Ashqar, Mamluk viceroy of Damascus, refuses to accept Qalawun's authority and begins a rebellion in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487704#Levant", "title": "1279", "revid": 1362487704, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Two Mongol armies (some 50,000 men) advance into Syria. One is commanded by Abaqa Khan, who attacks the Mamluk fortresses along the Euphrates frontier. The second, led by his brother Möngke Temür makes contact with Leo III, king of Cilician Armenia, and then marches down through Aintab and Aleppo into the Orontes valley, where he is joined by Knights Hospitallerr and some French mercenaries. Meanwhile, Sultan Qalawun assembles his Mamluk forces at Damascus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Middle_East", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1289, "year_label": "1289 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) marches the Mamluk army out of Cairo, leaving his son Al-Ashraf Khalil commanding Cairo's Citadel, supported by Viceroy Baydara al-Mansuri. The army moves via Salihiya, across Sinai and through Jordan to Damascus. He orders the regional governors of Syria to mobilize in Damascus, where many infantry volunteers have assembled.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007955#Levant", "title": "1289", "revid": 1332007955, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1291, "year_label": "1291 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June", "text": "June – Al-Ashraf Khalil enters Damascus in triumph with Crusaders chained at their feet and the captured Crusader standards, which are carried upside-down as a sign of their defeat. Following the capture of Acre, Khalil and his Mamluk generals proceed to wrest control of the remaining Crusader-held fortresses along the Syrian coast. Within weeks, the Mamluks conquer Tyre, Sidon, Beirut, Haifa and Tartus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363454369#Levant", "title": "1291", "revid": 1363454369, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1292, "year_label": "1292 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil accompanied by his vizier Ibn al-Sal'us arrive in Damascus. Khalil travels via Aleppo to besiege the castle of Rumkale (Qal'at ar-Rum, \"Castle of the Romans\"), the official seat of Stephen IV, patriarch of Armenia. The Mamluks besiege the castle with more than 30 catapults and capture it after 30 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358845029#Levant", "title": "1292", "revid": 1358845029, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1299, "year_label": "1299 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22–23 – Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar: Mongol forces under Ghazan Khan defeat a Mamluk army (some 30,000 men) north of Homs. Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad flees with the remnants of his army to Damascus. Ghazan splits his forces, one part sacks Damascus and besieges the citadel. Another part pursues the retreating Mamluks as far as Gaza, pushing them back to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349939019#Levant", "title": "1299", "revid": 1349939019, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Battle of Marj al-Saffar: Egyptian Mamluk forces (some 20,000 men) under Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad defeat a Mongol army and their Armenian allies led by Qutlugh-Shah, on the plain of Marj al-Saffar. After the battle, Egyptian forces enters Damascus and chases the Mongols as far as Al-Qaryatayn in Syria. Al-Nasir returns to Cairo in triumph through the Bab al-Nasr (\"Victory Gate\") with chained prisoners of war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#April–June", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1342, "year_label": "1342 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch is transferred to Damascus, under Ignatius II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358078138#Date_unknown", "title": "1342", "revid": 1358078138, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria. Much of the city's inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timur's troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Date_unknown", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1412, "year_label": "1412 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – An-Nasir Faraj, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria, is stabbed to death in Damascus after surrendering to the Emirs of Syria. Nawruz al-Hafizi becomes ruler of the Syrian provinces and Faraj's son Al-Musta'in is confirmed as ruler of the Egyptian territory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357537157#April–June", "title": "1412", "revid": 1357537157, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 24", "text": "November 24 – An earthquake is recorded in Syria, northeast of Damascus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355353320#October–December", "title": "1705", "revid": 1355353320, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 (10 Safar 1171 A.H.) – 1757 Hajj caravan raid: Bedouin warriors of the Bani Sakher confederacy conduct a massive assault against a caravan of thousands of Muslim travelers who are on their way back to Damascus after the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. The attack, made at Hallat Ammar after the group has been resupplied at Tabuk, leads to the annihilation of 20,000 of the pilgrims. Those who are not killed outright die later in the desert from thirst and starvation. According to one Arabic source, the largest attack takes place on October 24.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#October–December", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – News of the massacre of Muslim pilgrims first reaches Damascus; the Ottoman officials who had been in charge of protecting the pilgrimage are executed by beheading.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#October–December", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1840, "year_label": "1840 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – Damascus Affair: The murder of a Capuchin friar and his Greek servant leads to a highly publicized case of blood libel, against the Jews of Damascus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360387586#January–March", "title": "1840", "revid": 1360387586, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1860, "year_label": "1860 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Christians and Druzes clash in Damascus, Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371066131#Date_unknown", "title": "1860", "revid": 1371066131, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Battle of Maysalun: The French defeat the Syrian army, whose leader Yusuf al-'Azma is killed. French troops occupy Damascus and depose Faisal I of Syria as king.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#July", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1926, "year_label": "1926 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 9", "text": "May 9 – The French navy bombards Damascus, because of Druze riots.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503199#May", "title": "1926", "revid": 1373503199, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1930, "year_label": "1930 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3–10 – The First Eastern Women's Congress takes place in Damascus in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373315156#July", "title": "1930", "revid": 1373315156, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – The Arab Ba'ath Party is established by merger in Damascus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371901060#April", "title": "1947", "revid": 1371901060, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – 1961 Syrian coup d'état: A military coup in Damascus, Syria effectively ends the United Arab Republic, the union between Egypt and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#September", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2003, "year_label": "2003 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – John Paul II visits Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, becoming the first pope ever to enter a mosque.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371470479#May", "title": "2003", "revid": 1371470479, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – Syrian civil war: Syrian President Bashar al-Assad flees from Damascus to Moscow after being overthrown, ending his presidency and the Ba'athist Syria regime after a total of 61 years. The Syrian opposition forms the Syrian transitional government as a provisional government.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#December", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › December"}}]}