{"slug": "defensive-wall", "label": "Defensive wall", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_wall", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57346", "qid": "Q57346", "description": "fortification used to protect an area from potential aggressors", "entries": 22, "years": 22, "span": [194, 1248], "span_label": ["194 CE", "1248 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 12}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "first-bulgarian-empire", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "bulgars", "label": "Bulgars", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "fujian", "label": "Fujian", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "fuzhou", "label": "Fuzhou", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "carcassonne", "label": "Carcassonne", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "black-sea", "label": "Black Sea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "tiber", "label": "Tiber", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "thrace", "label": "Thrace", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "asia-minor", "label": "Asia Minor", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 194, "year_label": "194 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Septimius Severus besieges Byzantium (194–196); the city walls suffer extensive damage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310793#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 194", "revid": 1371310793, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 356, "year_label": "356 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Siege of Autun: Julian receives a report that Augustodunum (Autun) is under attack by the Alemanni. The city walls are in poor state and in danger of falling.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369161915#Roman_Empire", "title": "356", "revid": 1369161915, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 378, "year_label": "378 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Goths attack Adrianople; they attempt to scale the city walls with ladders but are repelled by the defenders, who drop lumps of masonry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309998773#Roman_Empire", "title": "378", "revid": 1309998773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 439, "year_label": "439 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gothic War (436-439): Litorius, Roman general (Magister militum per Gallias), lays siege to Toulouse. During the decisive battle before the walls he suffers a severe defeat and is killed, and only the heavy loss of Visigoths makes King Theodoric I decide to agree to a provisional restoration of the status quo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307025237#Europe", "title": "439", "revid": 1307025237, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 512, "year_label": "512 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Anastasius I constructs a wall from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, to protect Constantinople from raiding Bulgars and Slavs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369170659#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "512", "revid": 1369170659, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 543, "year_label": "543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Siege of Naples (542–543): The Byzantine garrison (1,000 men) in Naples surrenders to the Ostrogoths, pressed by famine and demoralized by the failure of two relief efforts. The defenders are well treated by King Totila, and the garrison is allowed safe departure, but the city walls are partly razed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799598#Europe", "title": "543", "revid": 1340799598, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 550, "year_label": "550 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Wen Xuan Di adopts a defensive policy towards the hostile northern tribes; he builds over 1,000 miles of walls on the border.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799644#Asia", "title": "550", "revid": 1340799644, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 551, "year_label": "551 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Lazic War - Siege of Petra (550–551): The Byzantine army and their Sabir allies (some 6,000 men) under Bessas recapture the strategic Byzantine fortress of Petra, located on the coast of the Black Sea. He orders the city walls razed to the ground.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362066549#Persia", "title": "551", "revid": 1362066549, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 559, "year_label": "559 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Melantias: Outside the city walls of Constantinople, Belisarius defeats the combined \"barbarians\" with his veteran cavalry (bucellarii), and a few thousand hastily raised levies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350439939#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "559", "revid": 1350439939, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 564, "year_label": "564 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Tulum, Maya walled city, on the Yucatán Peninsula (modern Mexico) is first mentioned on a stele inscription.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800769#Mesoamerica", "title": "564", "revid": 1340800769, "section": "Events › By place › Mesoamerica"}}, {"year": 637, "year_label": "637 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Siege of Aleppo: Muslim Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid conquer the Byzantine stronghold Aleppo; the large walled city surrenders after a four-month siege. A column of troops under Malik al-Ashtar is sent to take Azaz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315736944#Arabian_Empire", "title": "637", "revid": 1315736944, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 712, "year_label": "712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Bulgars under Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, raid Thrace and reach the city walls of Constantinople. Skirmishes continue until 716; Emperor Philippicus transfers a Byzantine army from the Opsikion Theme in Asia Minor, to police the Balkan Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357552155#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "712", "revid": 1357552155, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 720, "year_label": "720 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muslim forces under Al-Samh begin the prolonged siege of Carcassonne, a fortified Visigothic town located in the Languedoc-Roussillon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349994139#Europe", "title": "720", "revid": 1349994139, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 725, "year_label": "725 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Muslim forces under Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi (governor of Al-Andalus) capture the fortified town of Carcassonne, which has been under siege (see 720), as well as Nîmes in Septimania (the latter without resistance).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808658#Europe", "title": "725", "revid": 1340808658, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 737, "year_label": "737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Avignon: Frankish forces under Charles Martel, Merovingian Mayor of the Palace, retake Avignon from the Muslim forces, and destroy the Umayyad stronghold. Charles sends his brother Childebrand I, duke of Burgundy, to besiege the city. After his arrival, Charles leads the Frankish troops by using rope ladders and battering rams to attack the fortified walls, which are burned to the ground following its capture.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809689#Europe", "title": "AD 737", "revid": 1340809689, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 740, "year_label": "740 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – 740 Constantinople earthquake. An earthquake strikes Constantinople and the surrounding countryside, causing destruction to the city's land walls and buildings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352534655#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "740", "revid": 1352534655, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 766, "year_label": "766 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Baghdad nears completion as up to 100,000 labourers create a circular city about 1 or 2 km in diameter (depending on the source). In the center of the \"Round City\" is a palace built for Caliph al-Mansur. The capital is ringed by three lines of walls (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073182#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "766", "revid": 1267073182, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 809, "year_label": "809 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Siege of Serdica: Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, captures the fortress of Serdica (modern Sofia), after a long siege. According to Byzantine sources, he massacres the garrison (supposedly 6,000 men), sacks the city, and razes the city walls, before returning with much loot to Bulgaria. In the following years (and centuries), Serdica will serve as a base for the expansion of the Bulgars to the south of the Balkans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361629793#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "809", "revid": 1361629793, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 848, "year_label": "848 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Leo IV builds (on the opposite of the Tiber River) the Leonine City, a fortified three-kilometre wall that encircles the Vatican Hill and Borgo, to defend Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129160#Religion", "title": "848", "revid": 1341129160, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 901, "year_label": "901 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "In China, Fuzhou City (Fujian Province) is expanded, with the construction of a new city wall (\"Luo City\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345013381#Asia", "title": "901", "revid": 1345013381, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 974, "year_label": "974 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The city of Fuzhou, located in Fujian province, builds new city walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513416#China", "title": "974", "revid": 1341513416, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III, archbishop of Utrecht, after the town has been pillaged by a local robber baron.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Cities_and_Towns", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Events › By topic › Cities and Towns"}}]}