{"slug": "duchy-of-bavaria", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47261", "qid": "Q47261", "description": "Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire (907–1805)", "entries": 87, "years": 79, "span": [625, 1610], "span_label": ["625 CE", "1610 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Deaths", "count": 29}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 27}, {"title": "Births", "count": 20}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "duchy-of-swabia", "label": "Duchy of Swabia", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "principality-of-hungary", "label": "Principality of Hungary", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "east-francia", "label": "East Francia", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "duchy-of-saxony", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "arnulf-duke-of-bavaria", "label": "Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "otto-i-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "henry-ii-duke-of-bavaria", "label": "Henry II, Duke of Bavaria", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "duchy-of-carinthia", "label": "Duchy of Carinthia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "austria", "label": "Austria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "franconia", "label": "Franconia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "otto-ii-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 4}], "items": [{"year": 625, "year_label": "625 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Theodo II, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340803472#Births", "title": "625", "revid": 1340803472, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 685, "year_label": "685 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Theodbert, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749113#Births", "title": "685", "revid": 1364749113, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 690, "year_label": "690 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Tassilo II, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806273#Births", "title": "690", "revid": 1340806273, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ansprand, duke of Asti, returns from exile to Italy with a large Bavarian army. Many Austrians (with troops of Venetia) join him in support. King Aripert II, who usurped the throne in 701, is defeated and tries to escape from Pavia to Gaul with his treasury, but drowns in the Ticino River. He is the last Bavarian to wear the Iron Crown (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Europe", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 716, "year_label": "716 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Theodo II, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808331#Deaths", "title": "716", "revid": 1340808331, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Theobald, duke of Bavaria (or 719)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Deaths", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 719, "year_label": "719 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Tassilo II, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050525#Deaths", "title": "719", "revid": 1367050525, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 719, "year_label": "719 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Duke Grimoald becomes sole ruler of Bavaria, after the deaths of his brothers Theodbert, Theobald, and Tassilo II. He reunites the duchy after a civil war, and makes his capital Salzburg (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050525#Europe", "title": "719", "revid": 1367050525, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 725, "year_label": "725 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Charles Martel invades Bavaria, and kills Duke Grimoald in battle. His son Hugbert submits to Frankish suzerainty, and Charles brings back the Agilolfing princess Swanachild, who becomes his concubine (later his wife).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808658#Europe", "title": "725", "revid": 1340808658, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 741, "year_label": "741 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Tassilo III, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322653390#Births", "title": "741", "revid": 1322653390, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 757, "year_label": "757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tassilo III, duke of Bavaria, recognizes the supremacy of King Pepin III (\"the Short\") at an assembly held at Compiègne (Northern France), and becomes a vassal of the Frankish Kingdom. He swears an oath (commendatio) to Pepin, and promises his allegiance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341678247#Europe", "title": "AD 757", "revid": 1341678247, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 777, "year_label": "777 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria founds Kremsmünster Abbey (modern Austria). During this period, the Tassilo Chalice is possibly donated by Luitpirga, wife of Tassilo (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348716720#Religion", "title": "AD 777", "revid": 1348716720, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 865, "year_label": "865 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Louis the German divides the East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons. Carloman receives Bavaria (with more lands along the Inn River). He gives Saxony to Louis the Younger (with Franconia, and Thuringia) and Swabia (with Raetia) to Charles the Fat. Louis arranges marriages into the local aristocracy, for his sons to hold important territories along the frontiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129586#Europe", "title": "865", "revid": 1341129586, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 876, "year_label": "876 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 28", "text": "August 28 – King Louis the German dies at Frankfurt, while preparing for war against his brother Charles II (\"the Bald\"), ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. The East Frankish Kingdom is divided among his three sons: Carloman receives Bavaria and styles himself \"King of Bavaria\". Louis the Younger receives Saxony (with Franconia and Thuringia), and Charles the Fat receives Swabia (with Raetia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070562#Europe", "title": "876", "revid": 1267070562, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 899, "year_label": "899 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – Arnulf of Carinthia dies from paralysis following a stroke and is entombed in St. Emmeram's Abbey at Regensburg (Bavaria). He is succeeded by his 6-year-old son Louis III (the Child) as ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. Arnulf's counselor Hatto I, archbishop of Mainz, becomes regent and guardian of the young king. Louis (possibly at the instigation of Hatto) claims Lotharingia from his half-brother Zwentibold and with the support of the East Frankish nobles he provokes a civil war. The Lombard throne is left temporarily vacant.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130263#Europe", "title": "899", "revid": 1341130263, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Berthold, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Births", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – The 7-year-old Louis IV (\"the Child\") is proclaimed king of the East Frankish Kingdom at an assembly at Forchheim (Bavaria). Because of his young age, the reins of government are entirely in the hands of others – the Frankish nobles and bishops. The most influential of Louis' councillors are Hatto I, archbishop of Mainz, and Solomon III, bishop of Constance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 905, "year_label": "905 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Berengar I of Italy arranges a truce with the Hungarians, on payment of a tribute. Grand Prince Árpád withdraws from Italy, and begins raiding in Bavaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350019271#Europe", "title": "905", "revid": 1350019271, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 907, "year_label": "907 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Hungarians invade Bavaria, causing great destruction, occupying many towns and, on their way home, defeating a Bavarian army at Lengenfeld. The Hungarian-Bavarian border is fixed on the Enns River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130849#Europe", "title": "907", "revid": 1341130849, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 907, "year_label": "907 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4 – Luitpold, margrave of Bavaria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130849#Deaths", "title": "907", "revid": 1341130849, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 910, "year_label": "910 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Battle of Rednitz: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). After the battle Louis IV, together with the East Frankish duchies Franconia, Lotharingia, Bavaria and Saxony, agrees to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130820#Europe", "title": "910", "revid": 1341130820, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 911, "year_label": "911 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Hungarians cross Bavaria, and invade Swabia and Franconia. They plunder the territories from Minfeld to Aargau. After that, they cross the Rhine, and attack Burgundy for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372066182#Europe", "title": "AD 911", "revid": 1372066182, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 912, "year_label": "912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "German dukes Henry the Fowler of Saxony and Arnulf I (the Bad) of Bavaria claim themselves to be sovereign princes, not recognizing the authority of their overlord, King Conrad I of the East Frankish Kingdom, as he is not a Carolingian. Duke Erchanger II of Swabia and Conrad's brother, Duke Eberhard III of Franconia, support the Conradines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468136#Europe", "title": "912", "revid": 1364468136, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 913, "year_label": "913 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Inn: The Hungarians invade Bavaria, Swabia and Northern Burgundy. At their return they face the combined armies of Arnulf (duke of Bavaria), Erchanger and Burchard II (dukes of Swabia), who defeat them at Aschbach near the Inn River (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070619#Europe", "title": "913", "revid": 1267070619, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 919, "year_label": "919 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. He recognizes the stem duchies (uniting them in a German confederation) and all their sovereign privileges. Two of the four most influential duchies, Bavaria and Swabia, do not accept his rule. Henry fortifies Magdeburg against the Magyars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509579#Europe", "title": "919", "revid": 1341509579, "section": "Events › By Place › Europe"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Henry I (the Fowler) defeats his rival Arnulf I (the Bad), duke of Bavaria, in two campaigns. Arnulf is besieged at Regensburg and forced to accept peace negotiations, recognising Henry as sole sovereign of the East Frankish Kingdom (Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Europe", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 925, "year_label": "925 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Judith, duchess regent of Bavaria (d. 985)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671300#Births", "title": "925", "revid": 1367671300, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Early 929 – Henry the Fowler invades Bohemia from the north and marches on Prague. Duke Arnulf I of Bavaria invades Bohemia from the south. The Bohemians capitulate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Europe", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 935, "year_label": "935 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Arnulf I (\"the Bad\") of Bavaria invades Italy, crossing through the Upper Adige (modern Tyrol). He proceeds towards Verona to join his supporters. King Hugh of Provence takes a Burgundian army against him, and defeats Arnulf at Gossolengo, forcing him to return to Bavaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468168#Europe", "title": "935", "revid": 1364468168, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 937, "year_label": "937 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 – Arnulf I, duke of Bavaria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367668437#Deaths", "title": "937", "revid": 1367668437, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 941, "year_label": "941 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Henry I, duke of Bavaria, plots to assassinate his brother, King Otto I, at the royal palace in Quedlinburg (modern Saxony-Anhalt), but the conspiracy is discovered and Henry is put in captivity in Ingelheim. He is released after doing penance at Christmas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512041#Europe", "title": "941", "revid": 1341512041, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 943, "year_label": "943 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Wels: A joint Bavarian–Carantanian army led by Bertold (duke of Bavaria) defeats the Hungarians near Wels (Upper Austria), who are attacked at a crossing of the Enns River at Ennsburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364916983#Europe", "title": "943", "revid": 1364916983, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 947, "year_label": "947 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – King Otto I cedes the Duchy of Bavaria to his brother Henry I. To secure his rule, Henry is married to Judith, a daughter of Arnulf I (\"the Bad\"), and appoints a series of counts palatine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671594#Europe", "title": "947", "revid": 1367671594, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 947, "year_label": "947 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – Berthold, duke of Bavaria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671594#Deaths", "title": "947", "revid": 1367671594, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 948, "year_label": "948 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Two Hungarian armies invade Bavaria and Carinthia. One of them is defeated at Flozzun in the Nordgau by Henry I, duke of Bavaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512591#Europe", "title": "948", "revid": 1341512591, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 949, "year_label": "949 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – The Hungarians defeat a Bavarian army at Laa (modern Austria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365592042#Europe", "title": "949", "revid": 1365592042, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 950, "year_label": "950 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Henry I, duke of Bavaria, attacks Western Hungary, taking captives and plunder. He enlarges his duchy in the wars with the Hungarians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260811#Europe", "title": "950", "revid": 1365260811, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 951, "year_label": "951 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – King Otto I crosses the Brenner Pass and takes his army into Italy. He is accompanied by his brothers, Henry I (duke of Bavaria), Bruno I, and Conrad the Red (duke of Lotharingia). Otto faces no opposition and they arrive in Pavia. Berengar II has departed the day before and entrenched himself in San Marino. Otto receives the homage of the Italian nobility, marries Adelaide, and declares himself King of the Lombards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512694#Europe", "title": "951", "revid": 1341512694, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 951, "year_label": "951 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Henry II (the Wrangler), duke of Bavaria (d. 995)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512694#Births", "title": "951", "revid": 1341512694, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 953, "year_label": "953 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Liudolf, duke of Swabia, and his brother-in-law Conrad the Red rebel against King Otto I. Otto and his army fail to capture the cities of Mainz and Augsburg. He declares Liudolf and Conrad as outlaws in absentia. His brother Bruno I, archbishop of Cologne, restores royal authority in Lorraine, but some of the rebellious dukes receive support from the Hungarians. They seize the opportunity to invade Bavaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512708#Europe", "title": "953", "revid": 1341512708, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 954, "year_label": "954 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Otto I, duke of Swabia and Bavaria (d. 982)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360671354#Births", "title": "954", "revid": 1360671354, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 955, "year_label": "955 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of Bavaria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512718#Births", "title": "955", "revid": 1341512718, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 957, "year_label": "957 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 6", "text": "September 6 – Liudolf, the eldest son of King Otto I, dies of a violent fever near Pombia (it is rumored from a latent poison administered somehow by Berengar II's agents). The German armies return home, leaving Berengar of Ivrea in control of Italy. Liudolf is succeeded by his 3-year-old son Otto, who will be adopted and raised by his grandfather Otto, as the later duke of Swabia and Bavaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512729#Europe", "title": "957", "revid": 1341512729, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 958, "year_label": "958 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Berengar II invades the March of Verona, which is under control of the dukes of Bavaria, and lay siege to Count Adalbert Atto at Canossa Castle (northern Italy). Berengar sends a Lombard expeditionary force under his son Guy of Ivrea against Theobald II, duke of Spoleto. He captures Spoleto and Camerino.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468198#Europe", "title": "958", "revid": 1364468198, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 974, "year_label": "974 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Danevirke: Emperor Otto II defeats the rebel forces of King Harald I, who has invaded Nordalbingia (modern-day Holstein), to shake off imperial overlordship. Otto's armies swiftly subdue the Danes, consolidating the frontier between Scandinavia and Northern Germany. Meanwhile, Henry II begins a rebellion against his cousin Otto. He forges alliances with Bavarian and Saxon nobles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513416#Europe", "title": "974", "revid": 1341513416, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 976, "year_label": "976 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Emperor Otto II (the Red) occupies Regensburg, forcing his rebellious cousin Henry II (the Wrangler) (who claims rulership over the Holy Roman Empire) to flee to Bohemia. Henry is deposed and Bavaria is handed over to Otto I of Swabia (a grandson of the late Emperor Otto I). He sets up the new \"Grand Duchy of Carinthia\" covering modern-day Austria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468275#Europe", "title": "976", "revid": 1364468275, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 977, "year_label": "977 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "War of the Three Henries: Henry III (the Younger), duke of Carinthia, gets involved in a conflict over the Patriarchate of Aquileia (March of Verona) in northeastern Italy. Emperor Otto II (the Red) decides in Aquileia's favor, prompting Henry III to go into revolt. He joins forces with Henry II (the Wrangler), duke of Bavaria. They are both joined by Henry I, bishop of Augsburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908323#Europe", "title": "977", "revid": 1341908323, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 978, "year_label": "978 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War of the Three Henries: Emperor Otto II (the Red) supported by his nephew Otto I, duke of Bavaria and Carinthia, attacks Passau, where the rebels have assembled. In September, the town surrenders due to Otto's siege tactics, which includes a bridge of boats. Ending of the revolt of Henry II (the Wrangler) against Otto II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272344#Europe", "title": "978", "revid": 1365272344, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 985, "year_label": "985 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Henry II (the Wrangler) is restored as duke of Bavaria by Empress Theophanu and her mother-in-law Adelaide at an Hoftag assembly in Rohr (Thuringia). King Otto III (5-years old) remains under the regency of the two empresses in the Holy Roman Empire and in the Kingdom of Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468346#Europe", "title": "985", "revid": 1364468346, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 985, "year_label": "985 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Judith, duchess regent of Bavaria (b. 925)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468346#Deaths", "title": "985", "revid": 1364468346, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 989, "year_label": "989 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Henry III, duke of Bavaria (b. 940)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357624689#Deaths", "title": "989", "revid": 1357624689, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 996, "year_label": "996 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Otto III grants the Bavarian bishopric of Freising 30 \"royal hides\" of land (about 800 hectares, or 2,000 acres - 800 hectares is 2,000 acres) in Neuhofen an der Ybbs (Lower Austria). A document (the oldest known) marks the first use of the name Ostarrîchi, meaning \"Eastern Realm\" (Austria in Old High German).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261051#Europe", "title": "996", "revid": 1365261051, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1003, "year_label": "1003 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "German–Polish War: Bolesław I annexes Bohemia and parts of Moravia (modern Slovakia). German nobles under Henry of Schweinfurt revolt against Henry II (who has been promised the Duchy of Bavaria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369535158#Europe", "title": "1003", "revid": 1369535158, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1006, "year_label": "1006 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of Bavaria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344800605#Deaths", "title": "1006", "revid": 1344800605, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1007, "year_label": "1007 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of Bavaria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910071#Deaths", "title": "1007", "revid": 1341910071, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1020, "year_label": "1020 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Conrad I (or Cuno), duke of Bavaria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212963#Births", "title": "1020", "revid": 1342212963, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1026, "year_label": "1026 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Henry V, duke of Bavaria (House of Luxembourg)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590752#Deaths", "title": "1026", "revid": 1365590752, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1026, "year_label": "1026 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "9-year-old Henry \"the Black\" is made duke of Bavaria by his father, Conrad II, after the death of his predecessor Henry V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590752#Europe", "title": "1026", "revid": 1365590752, "section": "Events › Asia › Europe"}}, {"year": 1052, "year_label": "1052 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "September", "text": "September/October – Conrad II (\"the Child\"), duke of Bavaria (d. 1055)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350127696#Births", "title": "1052", "revid": 1350127696, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1053, "year_label": "1053 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December", "text": "December – Conrad I, duke of Bavaria, is summoned to a Christmas court at Merseburg, and deposed by Emperor Henry III. He flees to King Andrew I in Hungary, and joins a coalition with the rebellious Welf III, duke of Carinthia. Henry's 4-year-old son Henry becomes the new duke of Bavaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350130055#Europe", "title": "1053", "revid": 1350130055, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1055, "year_label": "1055 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – Conrad II, duke of Bavaria (b. 1052)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1301978694#Deaths", "title": "1055", "revid": 1301978694, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1072, "year_label": "1072 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Welf II (or Welfhard), duke of Bavaria (d. 1120)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332932811#Births", "title": "1072", "revid": 1332932811, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1075, "year_label": "1075 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Henry IX \"the Black\", duke of Bavaria (d. 1126)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265849#Births", "title": "1075", "revid": 1365265849, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1082, "year_label": "1082 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – Battle of Mailberg: Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia invades Austria with an army of 8,000 men (supported by mercenaries from Moravia and Bavaria). He defeats the forces under Margrave Leopold II (\"the Fair\") near Mailberg. The northern region of Lower Austria is devastated from pillage and famine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070113#Europe", "title": "1082", "revid": 1267070113, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1083, "year_label": "1083 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Otto IV, count palatine of Bavaria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070185#Births", "title": "1083", "revid": 1267070185, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1095, "year_label": "1095 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Judith of Flanders, duchess of Bavaria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365264485#Deaths", "title": "1095", "revid": 1365264485, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1108, "year_label": "1108 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Henry the Proud, duke of Bavaria (d. 1139) (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362166699#Births", "title": "1108", "revid": 1362166699, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1117, "year_label": "1117 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Otto I (\"the Redhead\"), duke of Bavaria (d. 1183)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694426#Births", "title": "1117", "revid": 1361694426, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1120, "year_label": "1120 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – Welf II (\"the Fat\"), duke of Bavaria (b. 1072)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1298169999#Deaths", "title": "1120", "revid": 1298169999, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1126, "year_label": "1126 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Winter – King Lothair III makes Henry X (\"the Proud\"), duke of Bavaria to succeed his late father, Henry IX (\"the Black\"), who has died on December 13.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368526441#Europe", "title": "1126", "revid": 1368526441, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1126, "year_label": "1126 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – Henry IX the Black, duke of Bavaria (b. 1075)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368526441#Deaths", "title": "1126", "revid": 1368526441, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1129, "year_label": "1129 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria (d. 1195)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329978071#Births", "title": "1129", "revid": 1329978071, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1137, "year_label": "1137 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – Emperor Lothair III dies at Breitenwang in Tyrol, while retreating from Italy after a mutiny among his troops. His son-in-law Henry X (the Proud), duke of Bavaria, inherits the Duchy of Saxony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362157430#Europe", "title": "1137", "revid": 1362157430, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1143, "year_label": "1143 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Conrad III gives Bavaria to his half-brother Henry II (\"Jasomirgott\"). His wife, Gertrude (daughter of the late Emperor Lothair III) dies in childbirth at Klosterneuburg Monastery in Lower Austria on April 18.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337864253#Europe", "title": "1143", "revid": 1337864253, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June", "text": "June – A French expeditionary force (some 18,000 men) led by King Louis VII departs from Metz and travels through Bavaria. Louis is accompanied by the French nobility and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, heiress of France. At Regensburg, where the force arrives on June 29, the Crusaders journey peaceably for fifteen days through Hungary and reach the Byzantine frontier at the end of August.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Second_Crusade", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1173, "year_label": "1173 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – Louis I, duke of Bavaria (d. 1231)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300112960#Births", "title": "1173", "revid": 1300112960, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1175, "year_label": "1175 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Clementia of Zähringen, duchess of Bavaria and Saxony", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172106#Deaths", "title": "1175", "revid": 1362172106, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1201, "year_label": "1201 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Agnes of the Palatinate, duchess of Bavaria (House of Guelf) (d. 1267)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364405568#Births", "title": "1201", "revid": 1364405568, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1209, "year_label": "1209 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – Otto VIII, count palatine of Bavaria (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362169644#Deaths", "title": "1209", "revid": 1362169644, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1236, "year_label": "1236 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Elizabeth of Hungary, duchess consort of Bavaria (d. 1271)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428601#Births", "title": "1236", "revid": 1361428601, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – Ludmilla of Bohemia, duchess of Bavaria", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Deaths", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1256, "year_label": "1256 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – Maria of Brabant, duchess of Bavaria (b. 1226)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350995211#Deaths", "title": "1256", "revid": 1350995211, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1445, "year_label": "1445 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – In southern Germany, the number of Duchies of Bavaria is reduced from three to two when Bavaria-Ingolstadt is reunited with Bavaria-Landshut, under the rule of Heinrich the Rich following the death of Ludwig the Hunchback of Ingolstadt. The Duchy of Bavaria-Munich, ruled by Albert III the Pious remains the only other duchy in Bavaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372937#April–June", "title": "1445", "revid": 1370372937, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1460, "year_label": "1460 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 29", "text": "February 29 – Johann IV and his brother Sigismund of the House of Wittelsbach become the joint rulers of \"Bavaria-Munich\", one of several smaller states that had been fragmented from the original Duchy of Bavaria, upon the death of their father, Albrecht III the Pious. Albrecht III's third son, Albrecht IV, will reunite Bavaria-Munich with the other states (Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Straubing) into a single Duchy of Bavaria in 1503.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371496065#January–March", "title": "1460", "revid": 1371496065, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1488, "year_label": "1488 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – The Swabian League is re-established at a ceremony in Esslingen am Neckar as a military alliance of the Electorate of the Palatinate, the Duchy of Bavaria, monarchies and archbishoprics in Bayreuth, Hesse, Ansbach, Baden, Tyrol, Württemberg, Mainz and Trier, as well as 22 other \"free cities\" in the Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368209981#January–March", "title": "1488", "revid": 1368209981, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1549, "year_label": "1549 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Peter Canisius starts the Counter-Reformation in Bavaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362482759#Date_unknown", "title": "1549", "revid": 1362482759, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The War of the Jülich Succession ends as the Protestant Union (including Margraviate of Brandenburg Brandenburg and Electoral Palatinate) and the Catholic League (led by the Duchy of Bavaria) agree to withdraw their forces from Germany and to disband them by year's end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#October–December", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › October–December"}}]}