{"slug": "duchy-of-milan", "label": "Duchy of Milan", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153529", "qid": "Q153529", "description": "former duchy in Italy (1395–1447; 1450–1796)", "entries": 44, "years": 37, "span": [1311, 1714], "span_label": ["1311 CE", "1714 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 18}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 16}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "republic-of-venice", "label": "Republic of Venice", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "republic-of-florence", "label": "Republic of Florence", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "gian-galeazzo-visconti", "label": "Gian Galeazzo Visconti", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-naples", "label": "Kingdom of Naples", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "francis-i-of-france", "label": "Francis I of France", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "alfonso-v-of-aragon", "label": "Alfonso V of Aragon", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "papal-states", "label": "Papal States", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "republic-of-genoa", "label": "Republic of Genoa", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "doge-of-genoa", "label": "Doge of Genoa", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "charles-v-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1311, "year_label": "1311 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Matteo I Visconti is restored to rule over the Duchy of Milan after purchasing the title of imperial vicar from the new King of Italy, Henry VII.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018282#July_–_September", "title": "1311", "revid": 1332018282, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1322, "year_label": "1322 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – In northern Italy, troops of the semi-independent Patriarchate of Aquileia, led by Bishop Pagano della Torre, are routed in a battle at Bassignana against the Duchy of Milan, led by Duke Galeazzo I Visconti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350577150#July_–_September", "title": "1322", "revid": 1350577150, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1385, "year_label": "1385 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti leads a coup d'etat against his uncle, Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan and begins conquests to transform Milan into a Duchy, with himself as the Duke of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362439687#April–June", "title": "1385", "revid": 1362439687, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1387, "year_label": "1387 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – The Scaliger rule over the independent Lordship of Verona comes to an end after 125 years when the dictator Antonio I della Scala is forced by the nobles of the Lordship of Milan, led by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, to flee the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347891884#October–December", "title": "1387", "revid": 1347891884, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1389, "year_label": "1389 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – The Republic of Siena and the Duchy of Milan enter into a 10-year alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559797#July–September", "title": "1389", "revid": 1360559797, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1392, "year_label": "1392 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – In order to prevent an attack by the Duchy of Milan, led by Lord Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Republic of Florence forms the League of Bologna, a defensive alliance with other Italian city-states of Bologna, Padua, Ferrara, Imola, Faenza and Ravenna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360558319#April–June", "title": "1392", "revid": 1360558319, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1392, "year_label": "1392 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – A treaty halts the first of the Florentine–Milanese Wars after the Republic of Florence has liberated Padua from control by the Duchy of Milan. The treaty confirms the boundaries of Florence and Milan as they existed before the war, with the exception of Padua's new independence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360558319#January–March", "title": "1392", "revid": 1360558319, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – The Duchy of Milan is created, after Lord Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan buys the title of Duke from Wenceslaus, King of the Romans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#April–June", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1395, "year_label": "1395 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti is crowned as the first Duke of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366019527#July–September", "title": "1395", "revid": 1366019527, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1397, "year_label": "1397 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – The Peace of Breno is signed in Val Camonica to temporarily halt the fighting between the Guelphs (who favor the Republic of Venice) and the Ghibellines (who favor the Duchy of Milan) in the fighting between the two nations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363907908#July–December", "title": "1397", "revid": 1363907908, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1397, "year_label": "1397 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – The Duchy of Milan, led by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, declares war against the Republic of Florence, led by Chancellor Coluccio Salutati, on the Italian peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363907908#January–March", "title": "1397", "revid": 1363907908, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1398, "year_label": "1398 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 11", "text": "May 11 – The Treaty of Pavia is signed between the Republic of Florence and the Duchy of Milan to end the Mantuan War after 14 months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372737#April–June", "title": "1398", "revid": 1370372737, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1399, "year_label": "1399 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – The Principality of Piombino is formed after Prince Gherardo Appiani sells the city of Pisa to the Duchy of Milan for 200,000 florins and possession of five cities and three islands (including Elba).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362188981#January–March", "title": "1399", "revid": 1362188981, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – Battle of Casalecchio: Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Duke of Milan, crushes the forces of Bologna and Florence. He dies from a fever less than three months later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#April–June", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1424, "year_label": "1424 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – The army of the Duchy of Milan, led by the Duke Filippo Maria Visconti, defeats the Republic of Florence's army, led by Carlo I Malatesta, in the Battle of Zagonara.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656911#July_–September", "title": "1424", "revid": 1365656911, "section": "Events › July –September"}}, {"year": 1426, "year_label": "1426 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 30", "text": "December 30 – A peace treaty is signed in Venice between the Republic of Venice (led by the Doge Francesco Foscari) and the Duchy of Milan (ruled by the Duke Filippo Maria Visconti), through the mediation the papal envoy, Cardinal Niccolò Albergati. Milan is required to relinquish control of Brescia and Vercelli to Venice, but regains control of its former lands in Liguria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360579570#October–December", "title": "1426", "revid": 1360579570, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1428, "year_label": "1428 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – A truce is reached to halt the Wars in Lombardy six months after the Venetian Army destroyed the Milanese town of Maclodio on October 11. The Duchy of Milan cedes the city of Bergamo to the Republic of Venice and the war halts for two years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359832254#April–June", "title": "1428", "revid": 1359832254, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1431, "year_label": "1431 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – The Battle on the Po takes place on the Po River in Italy near Cremona as the navy of the Duchy of Milan defeats a fleet of 85 galleys of the Republic of Venice. The Venetians lose over 2,500 men, as well as 28 of the galley warships and 42 transport ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361768961#April–June", "title": "1431", "revid": 1361768961, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1432, "year_label": "1432 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – At the Battle of Delebio, Niccolò Piccinino, leader of Milanese Army defeats the Venetian troops of Taddeo d'Este after a two-day battle in which more than 5,300 Venetian cavalry and infantry are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998124#October–December", "title": "1432", "revid": 1361998124, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1435, "year_label": "1435 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – In the Battle of Ponza, the navy of the Duchy of Milan decisively defeats King Alfonso V of Aragon who is captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372061#July–September", "title": "1435", "revid": 1370372061, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1436, "year_label": "1436 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – In Italy, the Republic of Genoa is revived after having been under the control of the Duchy of Milan for almost 15 years, and the 56-year-old mercenary leader Isnardo Guarco is elected as the Doge of Genoa, with a lifetime appointment, but is deposed only one week later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320639#January–March", "title": "1436", "revid": 1351320639, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1438, "year_label": "1438 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – The siege of Brescia in Italy, started on September 25 by troops of the Duchy of Milan under condottieri Niccolò Piccinino to liberate the city from its control by the Republic of Venice, is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì. According to tradition, two Brescian martyrs from the second century, Saints Faustinus and Jovita, appear on the top of the city walls and repel the cannonballs fired at the city, and the Milanese abandon the siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365935905#October–December", "title": "1438", "revid": 1365935905, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1439, "year_label": "1439 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – In a battle on Lake Garda in Italy, a passage to the Adriatic Sea, ships from the Duchy of Milan defeat those of the Republic of Venice in battle and take control of the lake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373513363#April–June", "title": "1439", "revid": 1373513363, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1440, "year_label": "1440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – The League of Italian States (Florence, Venice and the Papal States) defeats the army of the Duchy of Milan at the Battle of Anghiari in Tuscany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343605568#April–June", "title": "1440", "revid": 1343605568, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1441, "year_label": "1441 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – The Peace of Cremona (1441) ends the war between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361382363#October–December", "title": "1441", "revid": 1361382363, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1447, "year_label": "1447 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – The Milanese War of Succession begins in Italy when Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan since 1412, dies from natural causes. In that Visconti had no male heir, he had bequeathed the Duchy to King Afonso V, ruler of the Kingdom of Naples (in Italy) and the Crown of Aragon (in Spain), as well as his son-in-law Francesco I Sforza and Sigismund, Archduke of Austria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359486325#July_–_September", "title": "1447", "revid": 1359486325, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1448, "year_label": "1448 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – At the Battle of Caravaggio, the armies of the Ambrosian Republic of Milan, led by Francesco Sforza, defeat those of the Republic of Venice, commanded by Micheletto Attendolo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367832753#July–September", "title": "1448", "revid": 1367832753, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1454, "year_label": "1454 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Treaty of Lodi: Francesco Sforza forms a triple alliance between the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence and Kingdom of Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367365323#April–June", "title": "1454", "revid": 1367365323, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1454, "year_label": "1454 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 30", "text": "August 30 – The Italic League is concluded in Venice as an alliance between the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, and the Kingdom of Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367365323#July–September", "title": "1454", "revid": 1367365323, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1455, "year_label": "1455 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – After an agreement reached in Venice on August 30, the Italic League (Lega Italica) comes into being as a 25-year truce and mutual defense agreement between the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, and the Kingdom of Naples.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371446040#January–March", "title": "1455", "revid": 1371446040, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1475, "year_label": "1475 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – An alliance between the Duchy of Burgundy (ruled by Charles the Bold), the Duchy of Savoy (ruled by Filiberto the Hunter) and the Duchy of Milan (ruled by Galeazzo Maria Sforza) is created by the signing of a treaty at the city of Moncalieri, in Savoy near Turin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369334832#January–March", "title": "1475", "revid": 1369334832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1478, "year_label": "1478 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – In the Battle of Giornico, Swiss troops defeat the army of Duchy of Milan, leading to the cession of the Leventina District by Milan to the Canton of Uri.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855585#October–December", "title": "1478", "revid": 1359855585, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1480, "year_label": "1480 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – The Treaty of Lucerne is signed between the Duchy of Milan and the Old Swiss Confederation, 15 months after the Battle of Giornico. Milan cedes the Leventina District to the Canton of Uri.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370179650#January–March", "title": "1480", "revid": 1370179650, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1480, "year_label": "1480 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 3", "text": "November 3 – Ludovico Sforza succeeds his sister-in-law, Bona of Savoy, as regent of Milan for his 12-year-old nephew Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Bona's son and the Duke of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370179650#October–December", "title": "1480", "revid": 1370179650, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1495, "year_label": "1495 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – The League of Venice (with troops from Venice, Milan and Mantua) begins the two-month Siege of Novara in the Duchy of Milan to drive out the French occupiers led by the Duke of Orleans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256979#July–September", "title": "1495", "revid": 1365256979, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1495, "year_label": "1495 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Louis, Duke of Orleans, at the time a French general, opens a new front in the Italian War as he and his troops are allowed to occupy the city of Novara in the Duchy of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365256979#April–June", "title": "1495", "revid": 1365256979, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1499, "year_label": "1499 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – The Treaty of Blois is signed between the Kingdom of France and the Republic of Venice as a secret military alliance between the two nations to attack the Duchy of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369343359#January–March", "title": "1499", "revid": 1369343359, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 6", "text": "June 6 – Italian Wars: Battle of Novara – Swiss mercenaries supporting the Milanese defeat the French under Louis II de la Trémoille, forcing the French to abandon the Duchy of Milan and Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#April–June", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – Giano II di Campofregoso resigns as Doge of the Republic of Genoa as plots by two opposing families restore the influence of France. Campogregoso leaves the city on a ship to serve the Republic of Venice in its war against the Duchy of Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#April–June", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1515, "year_label": "1515 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14– The Battle of Marignano concludes after two days as the army of Francis I of France defeats the Swiss mercenaries, thanks to the timely arrival of a Venetian army. The French Army enters the Duchy of Milan on September 17 and reclaims it for King Francis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362498078#July–September", "title": "1515", "revid": 1362498078, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1518, "year_label": "1518 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – The widowed Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, marries Milanese noblewoman Bona Sforza in Wawel Cathedral and she is crowned as Queen consort of Poland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000593#April–June", "title": "1518", "revid": 1362000593, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1526, "year_label": "1526 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – Treaty of Madrid: Peace is declared between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis agrees to cede Burgundy and abandons all claims to Flanders, Artois, Naples, and Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369353275#January–March", "title": "1526", "revid": 1369353275, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1535, "year_label": "1535 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Eighteen days after the death of Francesco II Sforza, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V claims the Duchy of Milan as his inheritance under Sforza's will. King François of France disputes the claim of Charles, citing the French right to rule Milan, Genoa and Asti, and the dispute leads to war between France and the Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561145#October–December", "title": "1535", "revid": 1369561145, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – The Treaty of Rastatt is signed between Austria and France, concluding the War of the Spanish Succession between them. Austria receives the Spanish territories in Italy (the Kingdom of Naples, Duchy of Milan and Kingdom of Sardinia), as well as the Southern Netherlands; and from France, Freiburg and Landau. The Austrian Habsburg Empire reaches its largest territorial extent yet, with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor succeeding Philip V of Spain, as ruler in the ceded territories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#January–March", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Events › January–March"}}]}