{"slug": "duchy-of-saxony", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164092", "qid": "Q164092", "description": "(804-1260) duchy of Holy Roman Empire", "entries": 38, "years": 37, "span": [805, 1539], "span_label": ["805 CE", "1539 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Deaths", "count": 11}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 9}, {"title": "Births", "count": 6}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "henry-the-lion", "label": "Henry the Lion", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "duchy-of-bavaria", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "henry-the-fowler", "label": "Henry the Fowler", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "frederick-i-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "east-francia", "label": "East Francia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "imperial-diet-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "arnulf-duke-of-bavaria", "label": "Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "lotharingia", "label": "Lotharingia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "duchy-of-franconia", "label": "Duchy of Franconia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "duchy-of-swabia", "label": "Duchy of Swabia", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 805, "year_label": "805 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Liudolf, duke of Saxony (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361734873#Births", "title": "805", "revid": 1361734873, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 851, "year_label": "851 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Otto I, duke of Saxony (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073715#Births", "title": "851", "revid": 1267073715, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 885, "year_label": "885 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emperor Charles the Fat summons a meeting of officials at Lobith (modern Netherlands), and accuses Hugh, an illegitimate son of former king Lothair II, and his vassal Godfrid, Duke of Frisia, of plotting against him. Hugh is blinded, and exiled to the Abbey of Saint Gall (modern Switzerland). Godfrid is killed by a group of Frisian and Saxon nobles, at the connivance of Henry of Franconia. The local count, Gerolf, takes over the West Frisian coastline from the Danish, after the murder.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655145#Europe", "title": "885", "revid": 1366655145, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 903, "year_label": "903 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Hedwiga, duchess of Saxony", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346096497#Deaths", "title": "903", "revid": 1346096497, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 910, "year_label": "910 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Battle of Rednitz: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine). After the battle Louis IV, together with the East Frankish duchies Franconia, Lotharingia, Bavaria and Saxony, agrees to pay tribute to the Hungarian state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130820#Europe", "title": "910", "revid": 1341130820, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 912, "year_label": "912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "German dukes Henry the Fowler of Saxony and Arnulf I (the Bad) of Bavaria claim themselves to be sovereign princes, not recognizing the authority of their overlord, King Conrad I of the East Frankish Kingdom, as he is not a Carolingian. Duke Erchanger II of Swabia and Conrad's brother, Duke Eberhard III of Franconia, support the Conradines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468136#Europe", "title": "912", "revid": 1364468136, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 912, "year_label": "912 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – Otto I, duke of Saxony", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468136#Deaths", "title": "912", "revid": 1364468136, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 918, "year_label": "918 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – King Conrad I, injured at one of his battles with Arnulf I (the Bad), dies at his residence in Weilburg Castle after a 7-year reign. On his deathbed Conrad persuades his younger brother Eberhard III to offer the East Frankish crown to Henry the Fowler, the duke of Saxony. Conrad is buried in Fulda Cathedral (also the burial place of Boniface) in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509557#Europe", "title": "918", "revid": 1341509557, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 919, "year_label": "919 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. He recognizes the stem duchies (uniting them in a German confederation) and all their sovereign privileges. Two of the four most influential duchies, Bavaria and Swabia, do not accept his rule. Henry fortifies Magdeburg against the Magyars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509579#Europe", "title": "919", "revid": 1341509579, "section": "Events › By Place › Europe"}}, {"year": 924, "year_label": "924 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – The Hungarians invade Saxony and force King Henry I (the Fowler) to retreat into the Castle of Werla. He makes a pact and agrees to pay them tribute for 9 years. They return to the Po Valley and sack the cities of Bergamo, Brescia and Mantua (Northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360748864#Europe", "title": "924", "revid": 1360748864, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Battle of Lenzen: Slavic forces (the Redarii and the Obotrites) are defeated by a Saxon army near the fortified stronghold of Lenzen (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Europe", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 932, "year_label": "932 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Thietmar, duke of Saxony", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512125#Deaths", "title": "932", "revid": 1341512125, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 938, "year_label": "938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Otto I defeats in two campaigns a series of uprisings in Saxony, Franconia and Lotharingia. He signs a \"friendship pact\" with King Louis IV (\"d'Outremer\") of the West Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468181#Europe", "title": "938", "revid": 1364468181, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 972, "year_label": "972 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – Battle of Cedynia: The Polans under prince (or Duke) Mieszko I, defeat the German forces of the Saxon count Odo I at their stronghold in Cedynia (with the help of hidden reinforcements). The battle – one of the first in Polish history – strengthens Mieszko's hold over Western Pomerania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272305#Europe", "title": "972", "revid": 1365272305, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 974, "year_label": "974 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Danevirke: Emperor Otto II defeats the rebel forces of King Harald I, who has invaded Nordalbingia (modern-day Holstein), to shake off imperial overlordship. Otto's armies swiftly subdue the Danes, consolidating the frontier between Scandinavia and Northern Germany. Meanwhile, Henry II begins a rebellion against his cousin Otto. He forges alliances with Bavarian and Saxon nobles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513416#Europe", "title": "974", "revid": 1341513416, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1020, "year_label": "1020 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Wulfhild of Norway, duchess consort of Saxony (d. 1071)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212963#Births", "title": "1020", "revid": 1342212963, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1022, "year_label": "1022 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ordulf, duke of Saxony (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213197#Births", "title": "1022", "revid": 1342213197, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1050, "year_label": "1050 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Sophia of Hungary, duchess of Saxony (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368550668#Births", "title": "1050", "revid": 1368550668, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1071, "year_label": "1071 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – Wulfhild of Norway, duchess of Saxony (b. 1020)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332932306#Deaths", "title": "1071", "revid": 1332932306, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1072, "year_label": "1072 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – Ordulf (or Otto), duke of Saxony", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332932811#Deaths", "title": "1072", "revid": 1332932811, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1095, "year_label": "1095 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Sophia of Hungary, duchess of Saxony", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365264485#Deaths", "title": "1095", "revid": 1365264485, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1112, "year_label": "1112 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Otto (\"the Rich\"), count of Ballenstedt, is appointed duke of Saxony by Emperor Henry V, but is later stripped of his title.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268836#Europe", "title": "1112", "revid": 1365268836, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1129, "year_label": "1129 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria (d. 1195)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329978071#Births", "title": "1129", "revid": 1329978071, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1137, "year_label": "1137 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – Emperor Lothair III dies at Breitenwang in Tyrol, while retreating from Italy after a mutiny among his troops. His son-in-law Henry X (the Proud), duke of Bavaria, inherits the Duchy of Saxony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362157430#Europe", "title": "1137", "revid": 1362157430, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1142, "year_label": "1142 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May", "text": "May – Conrad III makes a peace agreement with the 13-year-old Henry the Lion at Frankfurt. He is appointed as duke of Saxony, which territories are deprived from his father, the late Duke Henry the Proud.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362174122#Europe", "title": "1142", "revid": 1362174122, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1150, "year_label": "1150 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – Battle of Flochberg: German forces under Henry VI defeat the army of the House of Welf at Bopfingen. At the same time, King Conrad III besieges Welf forces at Braunschweig in Saxony, but he lifts the siege when confronted by Henry the Lion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164290#Europe", "title": "1150", "revid": 1362164290, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1166, "year_label": "1166 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, has the Brunswick Lion created at Dankwarderode Castle in Braunschweig (modern Germany). (Mentioned by Albert of Stade, a German abbot and chronicler, as the year of origin.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303964516#Europe", "title": "1166", "revid": 1303964516, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1168, "year_label": "1168 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, marries the 12-year-old Matilda (or Maud), daughter of King Henry II of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165077#Europe", "title": "1168", "revid": 1362165077, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1175, "year_label": "1175 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Clementia of Zähringen, duchess of Bavaria and Saxony", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172106#Deaths", "title": "1175", "revid": 1362172106, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1178, "year_label": "1178 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) is crowned King of Burgundy at Arles. He will repeat the ceremony in 1186. Returning to Germany, he begins proceedings against Henry III (the Lion), duke of Saxony, who has been charged by Saxon noblemen with breaking the king's peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170417#Europe", "title": "1178", "revid": 1362170417, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1179, "year_label": "1179 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, is put under the ban of the empire when he refuses to appear before Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) to answer charges of misgovernment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299926#Europe", "title": "1179", "revid": 1363299926, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1181, "year_label": "1181 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, submits to Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) at an Imperial Diet in Erfurt. He is banished to England and retains only Brunswick among his former lands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360570363#Europe", "title": "1181", "revid": 1360570363, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1185, "year_label": "1185 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September", "text": "September – Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, returns to Germany after being banished for three years by Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484284#Europe", "title": "1185", "revid": 1362484284, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1189, "year_label": "1189 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Matilda of England, duchess of Saxony (b. 1156)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168718#Deaths", "title": "1189", "revid": 1362168718, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1196, "year_label": "1196 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Henry VI persuades a diet at Würzburg. He manages to convince the majority of the German nobles and clergy to recognize his 2-year-old son, Frederick II, as king of the Romans and heir to the imperial throne. However, Archbishop Adolf of Cologne thwarts the will of the diet and arouses the resistance of several Saxon and Thuringian nobles against Henry, who realizes that he is unable to establish a hereditary monarchy (his Erbreichsplan) in the Holy Roman Empire without resistance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362484493#Europe", "title": "1196", "revid": 1362484493, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1260, "year_label": "1260 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg, marking the end of the first Saxon state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366894029#Europe", "title": "1260", "revid": 1366894029, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1464, "year_label": "1464 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – At Leipzig, Ernest, Landgrave of Thuringia, 23, becomes the new Elector of Saxony upon the death of his father, Friederich II, while his younger brother Albert III, 21, succeeds his father as the new Duke of Saxony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367795127#July–September", "title": "1464", "revid": 1367795127, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – The inaugural declaration of the Protestant Reformation takes place in Leipzig (now part of Germany) with Martin Luther present, as Duke Henry IV pledges to adopt Lutheranism as the official religion of make the Duchy of Saxony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#April–June", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}