{"slug": "dutch-republic", "label": "Dutch Republic", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170072", "qid": "Q170072", "description": "predecessor state of the Netherlands (1581–1795)", "entries": 107, "years": 80, "span": [1579, 1795], "span_label": ["1579 CE", "1795 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 53}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 32}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "eighty-years-war", "label": "Eighty Years' War", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-great-britain", "label": "Kingdom of Great Britain", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "stadtholder", "label": "Stadtholder", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "spanish-empire", "label": "Spanish Empire", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "new-netherland", "label": "New Netherland", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "william-iii-of-england", "label": "William III of England", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "portugal", "label": "Portugal", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 1579, "year_label": "1579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – The Union of Utrecht unites the northern Netherlands in a confederation called the United Provinces. William the Silent becomes Stadtholder, and the Duc d'Anjou, younger brother of Henry III of France, is invited to become hereditary sovereign.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362792771#January–March", "title": "1579", "revid": 1362792771, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – Battle of Ponta Delgada (War of the Portuguese Succession): Spanish admiral Santa Cruz decisively defeats a larger mercenary fleet from France, England, supporters of the Portuguese claimant António, Prior of Crato, and the Dutch Republic, under Filippo di Piero Strozzi (who is killed) off the Azores, the first engagement between large fleets of galleons, operating at any great distance from the mainland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#July–September", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – After a siege of 75 days, Dutch Republic commander Hendrik van Bonnivet surrenders Eindhoven to the Spanish Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#April–June", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – Willem IV van den Bergh, the Stadtholder of Guelders for the Dutch Republic is arrested along with his family and charged with treason on suspicion of having allowed the Spanish Army to seize Zutphen. Imprisoned for five months, he is released in March after promising to retire from public service.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#October–December", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1584, "year_label": "1584 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – Willem van Oranje, the leader of the Dutch Republic as Stadtholder of Holland, is assassinated in Delft. Balthasar Gérard, who bought two wheel-lock pistols and then made an appointment with at the Prinsenhof, shoots William in the chest at close range and fatally wounds him, making William the first head of state to be assassinated with a handgun.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561067#July–September", "title": "1584", "revid": 1369561067, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1589, "year_label": "1589 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – The Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier is set up as the third of the five admiralties in the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359971295#January–March", "title": "1589", "revid": 1359971295, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1591, "year_label": "1591 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – The siege of the Spanish Netherlands city of Delfzijl is started by Maurice, Prince of Orange, stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, who leads a Dutch and English Army against the Spanish defenders. Delfzijl falls after six days, and is surrendered on July 2.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358075583#April–June", "title": "1591", "revid": 1358075583, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1594, "year_label": "1594 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – After a two-month siege, the city of Groningen submits to Dutch troops, bringing the whole northern Netherlands under the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319812312#July–September", "title": "1594", "revid": 1319812312, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1594, "year_label": "1594 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 19", "text": "May 19 – The Siege of Groningen by the Dutch Republic begins with an attack of 10,000 soldiers against the Spanish-held city. The Spanish commander surrenders after two months on July 22.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319812312#April–June", "title": "1594", "revid": 1319812312, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1595, "year_label": "1595 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – Battle of the Lippe (Eighty Years' War): Spanish cavalry, led by Cristóbal de Mondragón (aged over 80), defeat combined forces of the Dutch Republic and England led by Philip of Nassau (who dies of wounds received), on the banks of the river Lippe in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339059002#July–September", "title": "1595", "revid": 1339059002, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1597, "year_label": "1597 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – The Staten-Generaal of the Dutch Republic approves a proposal for the Generaliteitscollege, a common board for the Republic's five separate navies, the Admiralty of Amsterdam, the Admiralty of Rotterdam, the Admiralty of Zeeland, the Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier and the Admiralty of Friesland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801855#April–June", "title": "1597", "revid": 1362801855, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1598, "year_label": "1598 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia: Jacob Corneliszoon van Neck and three ships commanded by him are separated from the Dutch Republic fleet of Admiral Wybrand van Warwyck, and land on a Portuguese-charted island, Ilha do Cisne. Van Neck names the island Mauritius, after Maurice, Prince of Orange. Although Diogo Fernandes Pereira and sailors from Portugal had, in 1507, become the first Europeans to find Mauritius, van Neck's men apparently are the first to sight the dodo, a now extinct bird.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769896#July–September", "title": "1598", "revid": 1372769896, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1600, "year_label": "1600 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – Eighty Years' War (Dutch War of Independence) – Battle of Nieuwpoort: The Dutch Republic gains a tactical victory over the Spanish Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360196741#July–September", "title": "1600", "revid": 1360196741, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1601, "year_label": "1601 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Dutch troops attack the Portuguese in Malacca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369165918#Date_unknown", "title": "1601", "revid": 1369165918, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1606, "year_label": "1606 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 16", "text": "August 16 – Battle of Cape Rachado: A Dutch fleet is defeated by the Portuguese.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561009#July–September", "title": "1606", "revid": 1369561009, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1607, "year_label": "1607 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – Battle of Gibraltar: A Dutch fleet of 26 warships, led by Admiral Jacob van Heemskerck, stages a surprise attack on a Spanish fleet anchored in the Bay of Gibraltar. In the battle that ensues, Spain loses as many as 10 galleons and 12 smaller ships, and at least 300 men are killed. The disaster causes Spain to go into bankruptcy by October.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358831090#April–June", "title": "1607", "revid": 1358831090, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1607, "year_label": "1607 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September", "text": "September – The Scrooby Congregation of Protestant English Separatists attempt to flee to the Dutch Republic from Boston, Lincolnshire, but are betrayed, arrested and imprisoned for a time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358831090#July–September", "title": "1607", "revid": 1358831090, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1608, "year_label": "1608 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Scrooby Congregation of Protestant English Separatists successfully flees to the Dutch Republic from the Humber, origin of the Pilgrim Fathers who in 1620 move on to North America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783723#Date_unknown", "title": "1608", "revid": 1352783723, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1608, "year_label": "1608 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – A peace conference opens at the Binnenhof at The Hague, in the Netherlands, to end a war between the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783723#January–March", "title": "1608", "revid": 1352783723, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1608, "year_label": "1608 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – Dutch lens maker Hans Lippershey demonstrates the first telescope in the Dutch Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783723#October–December", "title": "1608", "revid": 1352783723, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1609, "year_label": "1609 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – The Netherlands and Spain agree to the Twelve Years' Truce (which lasts until 1621) in the Eighty Years' War, with the signing of the Treaty of Antwerp, allowing the Dutch East India Company to trade within the Spanish Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365588617#April–June", "title": "1609", "revid": 1365588617, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28 – War of the Jülich Succession: The Siege of Jülich, a walled city within the Holy Roman Empire (now in Germany), is started by a combined force of troops from the Dutch Republic, the Kingdom of France and the Margraviate of Brandenburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#July–September", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – The Siege of Jülich ends as the Holy Roman Imperial city surrenders to Maurice of Nassau, commander of the Dutch Republic troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#July–September", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1614, "year_label": "1614 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – The University of Groningen is established in the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372816433#July–September", "title": "1614", "revid": 1372816433, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1614, "year_label": "1614 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – The States General of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands authorizes an exclusive monopoly for trade in the New World, providing for the winning company to be able to make four voyages to the eastern coast of North America between 40° N and 45° N, encompassing the area that becomes the U.S. state of New Jersey. The New Netherland Company receives the exclusive patent, effective January 1, 1615.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372816433#January–March", "title": "1614", "revid": 1372816433, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1615, "year_label": "1615 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "The Grolsch Brewery is founded in Groenlo, Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365922608#Date_unknown", "title": "1615", "revid": 1365922608, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1621, "year_label": "1621 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – The Twelve Years' Truce between the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire expires, and both sides prepare to resume the Eighty Years' War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358440931#April–June", "title": "1621", "revid": 1358440931, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – Thirty Years' War: While on their way to relieve the Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom in the Netherlands, the army of Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick is blocked by a Spanish army, led by Gonzalo de Córdoba. In the Battle of Fleurus, Cordoba manages to fight off the Protestant assault. The next day, Cordoba surprises the retreating Protestant army with his cavalry, resulting in the destruction of most of the Protestant army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#July–September", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Thirty Years' War: After Mansfeld fails to relieve the siege of Heidelberg, Frederick V of the Palatinate cancels Mansfeld's contract and disbands his army. The unemployed army of Mansfeld and Christian the Younger of Brunswick is subsequently hired by the Dutch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#July–September", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1623, "year_label": "1623 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – Thirty Years' War: Pursued by the army of the Catholic League (German) led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, the army of the Protestant Electoral Palatinate led by Christian the Younger of Brunswick attempts to flee to the Dutch Republic. Tilly's army catches Brunswick five miles from the border. In the resulting Battle of Stadtlohn, Christian's army is destroyed. This brings the Palatinate campaign to an end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655899#July–September", "title": "1623", "revid": 1366655899, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – Treaty of Compiègne is signed between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#April–June", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 25", "text": "October 25 – A Dutch fleet attacks the Portuguese garrison at Elmina castle at modern-day Elmina, Ghana, but is defeated with heavy casualties. This defeat, along with the defeats at Bahia and Puerto Rico, causes a five-year-long lull in Dutch attacks on Spanish and Portuguese colonies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#October–December", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – The Treaty of Southampton makes an alliance between England and the Dutch Republic, against Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#July–September", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1628, "year_label": "1628 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7–8 – Eighty Years' War – Battle in the Bay of Matanzas: Dutch admiral Piet Hein captures 16 ships of the Spanish treasure fleet. The immense booty taken brings in over 11 million guilders, part of which is used to fund the entire army of the Dutch Republic for eight months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890088#July–September", "title": "1628", "revid": 1352890088, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1629, "year_label": "1629 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Eighty Years' War: The Spanish garrison of Wesel is surprised by a small Dutch army, and the city is taken by the Dutch Republic. As Wesel functioned as the principal supply base of Hendrik van den Bergh's army, the loss of supply forces him to retreat to the Spanish Netherlands, leaving him unable to intervene in the ongoing siege of 's-Hertogenbosch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365103352#July–September", "title": "1629", "revid": 1365103352, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1634, "year_label": "1634 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – Curaçao is captured by the Dutch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353730997#July–September", "title": "1634", "revid": 1353730997, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1636, "year_label": "1636 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – Utrecht University is founded in the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358525522#January–March", "title": "1636", "revid": 1358525522, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1637, "year_label": "1637 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Tulip mania collapses in the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339166592#January–March", "title": "1637", "revid": 1339166592, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1640, "year_label": "1640 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Action of 12–17 January 1640: A naval battle, part of the Dutch invasions of Brazil, between ships of the Dutch Republic and those of the Kingdom of Portugal, ends after five days of fighting with the Dutch driving the Portuguese away from the port of Recife.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361323300#January–March", "title": "1640", "revid": 1361323300, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign a Treaty of Offensive and Defensive Alliance at The Hague. The treaty is not respected by both parties, and as a consequence has no effect in the Portuguese colonies (Brazil and Angola) that are under Dutch rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343658448#July–September", "title": "1641", "revid": 1343658448, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed between representatives of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Portugal as a 10-year truce and alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343658448#April–June", "title": "1641", "revid": 1343658448, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Start of the Battles of La Naval de Manila, a series of five naval battles fought between the Dutch Republic and Spain in the waters of the Philippines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#January–March", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – Eighty Years' War: Habsburg Spain and the Dutch Republic sign a temporary cease-fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#April–June", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1646, "year_label": "1646 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – The new Orange College of Breda opens at Breda in the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360055090#July–September", "title": "1646", "revid": 1360055090, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1648, "year_label": "1648 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – The Dutch and the Spanish sign the Peace of Münster, ending the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish Empire recognizes the Dutch Republic of United Netherlands as a sovereign state (governed by the House of Orange-Nassau and the States General), which was previously a province of the Spanish Empire. The treaty is ratified by the Netherlands on May 15.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346163846#January–March", "title": "1648", "revid": 1346163846, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – William III of Orange becomes Prince of the House of Orange at the moment of his birth, succeeding his father, who had died a few days earlier. He does not become stadtholder, so the United Provinces becomes a true republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373388330#October–December", "title": "1650", "revid": 1373388330, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1650, "year_label": "1650 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – Treaty of Hartford: the English Commonwealth's Connecticut Colony and the Dutch Republic's colony of New Netherland establish their frontiers in North America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373388330#July–September", "title": "1650", "revid": 1373388330, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October", "text": "October – An English diplomatic team, headed by Oliver St John, goes to The Hague to negotiate an alliance between the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#October–December", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1652, "year_label": "1652 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 26", "text": "August 26 – First Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of Plymouth – A fleet from the Commonwealth of England attacks an outward-bound convoy of the Dutch Republic, escorted by 23 men-of-war and six fire ships, commanded by Vice-Commodore Michiel de Ruyter; the Dutch escape.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367149733#July–September", "title": "1652", "revid": 1367149733, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1652, "year_label": "1652 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – The First Anglo-Dutch War begins formally as the English Commonwealth declares war against the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367149733#July–September", "title": "1652", "revid": 1367149733, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – The Kingdom of France, the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic sign the Concert of The Hague, agreeing a common stance on the Second Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986380#April–June", "title": "1659", "revid": 1365986380, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1659, "year_label": "1659 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – War between Dutch settlers and the native Lenape Indians, of the Esopus tribe, in modern-day Ulster County, New York, in the U.S., as a group of Dutch settlers from the village of Wiltwijck, New Netherland fires their guns at a group of Esopus men who have been sitting around a campfire. For the next ten months, the Esopus warriors, commanded by Chief Papequanaehen, fight a war with the Dutch that is finally settled with a peace treaty on July 15, 1660.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986380#July–September", "title": "1659", "revid": 1365986380, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of The Hague, whereby the Dutch Republic's South American colony of Nieuw-Holland is sold to Portugal for the equivalent of roughly 63000 kg of gold, and incorporated into Brazil. The territory includes much of what will later become the Brazilian states of Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte. Among the major Dutch settlements lost are Mauritsstad (Recife), Fort Schoonenborch (Fortaleza), Nieuw-Amsterdam (Natal), and Frederikstadt (João Pessoa).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#July–September", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1662, "year_label": "1662 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – A violent storm in the Indian Ocean strikes a fleet of seven ships of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) as they are traveling back to the Dutch Republic from Batavia in the Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia). Three of the freighters— Wapen van Holland, Gekroonde Leeuw and Prins Willem — are lost with all hands. The ships Vogel Phoenix, Maarsseveen and Prinses Royal make their way back to the Netherlands. The other ship, the freighter Arnhem remains afloat and its roughly 80 survivors are able to evacuate in boats to search for land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988036#January–March", "title": "1662", "revid": 1365988036, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "December 12", "text": "December 12 – The Dutch Republic prohibits practice of the common law custom of jus naufragii, the doctrine that permitted people to seize property that had washed ashore on their land after a shipwreck.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988068#October–December", "title": "1663", "revid": 1365988068, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 (August 29 O.S.) – Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General of the Dutch Republic colony of New Netherland, surrenders New Amsterdam to an English naval squadron, commanded by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#July–September", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – The province of Holland in the Dutch Republic passes the \"Perpetual Edict\" declaring that it will no longer acknowledge the authority of the republic's Stadtholder, and other provinces soon follow suit.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#July–September", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Second Anglo-Dutch War – The Treaty of Breda ends the war by England against the Dutch Republic, France and Denmark and Norway. In the Americas, the Dutch retain control of Surinam, the English retain New Netherland and the French Acadia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#July–September", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 19", "text": "June 19–24 – The raid on the Medway in England is carried out when a fleet from the Dutch Republic under Admiral Michiel de Ruyter takes Sheerness fort, sails up the River Medway, raids Chatham Dockyard, and tows away the royal flagship The Royal Charles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#April–June", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1668, "year_label": "1668 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed between England, Sweden and the United Provinces of the Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989896#January–March", "title": "1668", "revid": 1365989896, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1672, "year_label": "1672 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – The Third Anglo-Dutch War begins as the Kingdom of England declares war on the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992116#January–March", "title": "1672", "revid": 1365992116, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – First Battle of Schooneveld: In a sea battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War, fought off the Netherlands coast, the Dutch Republic fleet (commanded by Michiel de Ruyter) defeats the allied Anglo-French fleet, commanded by Prince Rupert of the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992268#April–June", "title": "1673", "revid": 1365992268, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1674, "year_label": "1674 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – In the Netherlands, the jurisdiction of Willem, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland (on the west coast, including Amsterdam and Rotterdam) and Zeeland (southwest coast, including Middelburg, Zeeland), increases in the Dutch Republic as his followers in the inland States of Utrecht (Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel) designate him as the hereditary stadtholder. In 1689, he becomes the King of England in addition to his role as the Stadtholder of the Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128656#April–June", "title": "1674", "revid": 1365128656, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1674, "year_label": "1674 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster, ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Its provisions come into effect gradually (see November 10).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128656#January–March", "title": "1674", "revid": 1365128656, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – Scanian War: Battle of Öland – A combined fleet of the Dutch Republic and Denmark–Norway decisively defeats the Swedish Navy, which loses its flagship Kronan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992596#April–June", "title": "1676", "revid": 1365992596, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1677, "year_label": "1677 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 14", "text": "August 14 – William of Orange, the leader of the Dutch Republic, is forced to end the siege of the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) city of Charleroi after six days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360727449#July–September", "title": "1677", "revid": 1360727449, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1678, "year_label": "1678 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – The Franco-Dutch War between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic (and its allies) comes to an end after more than six years as the Treaties of Nijmegen bring about a ceasefire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368552109#July–September", "title": "1678", "revid": 1368552109, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – Representatives of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Sweden sign the last of the nine Treaties of Nijmegen, ending the last of the conflicts that began during the Franco-Dutch War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#October–December", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – Hearing that William of Orange has landed in England, Louis XIV declares war on the Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#October–December", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1693, "year_label": "1693 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – Nine Years' War – Battle of Lagos off Portugal: The French fleet defeats the joint Dutch and English fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343170745#April–June", "title": "1693", "revid": 1343170745, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1694, "year_label": "1694 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – The Battle of Texel is fought near the Dutch island of Texel, one of the West Frisian Islands. The French Navy force of 8 ships, commanded by Jean Bart, locates and rescues three French ships that had been captured by the Dutch Republic in late May. Bart fights a larger force commanded by Hidde Sjoerds de Vries, who dies of his wounds after being captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353084901#April–June", "title": "1694", "revid": 1353084901, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "In Amsterdam, the bank Wed. Jean Deutz & Sn. floats the first sovereign bonds on the local market. The scheme is designed to fund a 1.5 million guilder loan to the Holy Roman Emperor. From this date on, European leaders commonly take advantage of the low interest rates available in the Dutch Republic, and borrow several hundred millions on the Dutch capital market.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#Date_unknown", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 (December 28, 1694 O.S.) – The United Kingdom's last joint monarchy, the reign of husband-and-wife King William III and Queen Mary II comes to an end with the death of Queen Mary, at the age of 32. Princess Mary had been installed as the monarch along with her husband and cousin, Willem Hendrik von Oranje, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, in 1689 after King James II was deposed by Willem during the \"Glorious Revolution\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#January–March", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – The Treaty of the Hague is signed between the Dutch Republic, England and France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#October–December", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1699, "year_label": "1699 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – England, France and the Dutch Republic agree on the terms of the Treaty of London (1700) (Second Partition Treaty) for Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560904#April–June", "title": "1699", "revid": 1369560904, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – The Treaty of London is signed between France, England and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#January–March", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 (N.S.) – War of the Spanish Succession: War is declared on France by the Grand Alliance (Kingdom of England, Dutch Republic and Holy Roman Empire).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#April–June", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 (April 14 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Almansa: The Bourbon army of Spain and France (with Irish mercenaries) under the French-born Englishman James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, soundly defeats the allied forces of Portugal, England, and the Dutch Republic led by the French-born Huguenot (in English service) Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway. Following this, Philip V of Spain promulgates the first Nueva Planta decrees, bringing the Kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon under the laws of the Crown of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#April–June", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 11", "text": "September 11 (August 31 Old Style) – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Malplaquet – Troops of the Dutch Republic, Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#July–December", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – The Third Barrier Treaty is signed by Britain, the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#October–December", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1717, "year_label": "1717 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 (December 24, 1716 Old Style) – The kingdoms of Great Britain, France and the Dutch Republic sign the Triple Alliance, in an attempt to maintain the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Britain having signed a preliminary alliance with France on November 28 (November 17) 1716.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366802832#January–March", "title": "1717", "revid": 1366802832, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 17", "text": "December 17 – The Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Great Britain and Dutch Republic join the Kingdom of France in formally declaring war on Spain, launching the War of the Quadruple Alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#October_–December", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed between Spain, Britain, France, Austria and the Dutch Republic, ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance with effect from May 20.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358044251#January–March", "title": "1720", "revid": 1358044251, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – The Treaty of Seville is signed between Great Britain, France, Spain and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871381#October–December", "title": "1729", "revid": 1368871381, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1731, "year_label": "1731 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – The Treaty of Vienna is signed between the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560841#January–March", "title": "1731", "revid": 1369560841, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1746, "year_label": "1746 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Rocoux: The French army defeats the allied Austrian, British, Hanoveran and Dutch army in Rocourt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271173#October–December", "title": "1746", "revid": 1360271173, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1747, "year_label": "1747 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – Great Britain, Russia and the Dutch Republic sign the Convention of Saint Petersburg (1747).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372981647#July–September", "title": "1747", "revid": 1372981647, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1747, "year_label": "1747 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – End of Second Stadtholderless period: Prince William IV of Orange becomes stadtholder of all the United Provinces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372981647#October–December", "title": "1747", "revid": 1372981647, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1750, "year_label": "1750 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – Traveller Jonas Hanway leaves St. Petersburg to return home, via Germany and the Netherlands. Later the same year, Hanway reputedly becomes the first Englishman to use an umbrella (a French fashion).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349828876#July–September", "title": "1750", "revid": 1349828876, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 22", "text": "October 22 – William V, Prince of Orange, the three-year-old son of the late William IV, becomes the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. During his minority, his mother, Princess Anne, acts as regent until her death in 1759. Upon becoming of age in 1766, he will have a corrupt reign as the Republic's head of state until the office is abolished on February 23, 1785.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351037611#October–December", "title": "1751", "revid": 1351037611, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1763, "year_label": "1763 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – The Berbice Slave Uprising starts in the former Dutch colony of Berbice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360202149#January–March", "title": "1763", "revid": 1360202149, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1771, "year_label": "1771 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 9", "text": "October 9 – The Dutch merchant ship Vrouw Maria sinks off the coast of Finland; Captain Raymund Lourens and his crew escape unharmed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363214109#October–December", "title": "1771", "revid": 1363214109, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1782, "year_label": "1782 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – John Adams secures recognition of the United States as an independent government by the Dutch Republic. During this visit, he also negotiates a loan of five million guilders, financed by Nicolaas van Staphorst and Wilhelm Willink.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370562345#April–June", "title": "1782", "revid": 1370562345, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – A treaty is signed in Paris between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, formally ending the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#April–June", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – \"Kettle War\", a 1-day action on the Scheldt in which a ship of the Dutch Republic repels forces of the Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#October–December", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1787, "year_label": "1787 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Princess Wilhelmina of Orange, sister of King Frederick William II of Prussia, is captured by Dutch Republican patriots, taken to Goejanverwellesluis and not allowed to travel to The Hague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370561702#April–June", "title": "1787", "revid": 1370561702, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1787, "year_label": "1787 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Orangist troops attack Vreeswijk, Harmelen and Maarssen; civil war starts in the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370561702#April–June", "title": "1787", "revid": 1370561702, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1787, "year_label": "1787 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Prussian troops invade the Dutch Republic; two days later the Rhinegrave Salm gives up Utrecht. Within a few weeks 40,000 Patriots (out of a population of 2,000,000) go into exile in Northern France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370561702#July–September", "title": "1787", "revid": 1370561702, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1788, "year_label": "1788 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – A hailstorm sweeps across France and the Dutch Republic, with hailstones 'as big as quart bottles' that take 'three days to melt'; immense damage is done.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357260814#July–September", "title": "1788", "revid": 1357260814, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1789, "year_label": "1789 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Brabant Revolution: Brabant revolutionaries cross the border from the Dutch Republic into the Austrian Netherlands; the first public reading of the Manifesto of the People of Brabant declares the independence of the Austrian Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818853#October–December", "title": "1789", "revid": 1368818853, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1793, "year_label": "1793 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – French Revolutionary Wars: The French First Republic declares war on Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and (on March 7) Spain. During the year, the War of the First Coalition is joined by Portugal, the Holy Roman Empire, Naples and Tuscany in opposition to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358426983#January–June", "title": "1793", "revid": 1358426983, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1793, "year_label": "1793 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – Second Battle of Neerwinden: A coalition army of Habsburg monarchy and Dutch Republic troops repulses attacks from French Republican forces, near Neerwinden, Flemish Brabant.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358426983#January–June", "title": "1793", "revid": 1358426983, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – Britain, Prussia and the Netherlands sign a treaty of alliance against France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#April–June", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – Battle of Fleurus: French forces defeat the Austrians and their allies, leading to permanent loss of the Austrian Netherlands and destruction of the Dutch Republic. French use of an observation balloon marks the first participation of an aircraft in battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#April–June", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1795, "year_label": "1795 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – War of the First Coalition: Flanders campaign: The French occupy Utrecht, Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352627752#January–June", "title": "1795", "revid": 1352627752, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1795, "year_label": "1795 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – Batavian Revolution in Amsterdam: William V, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic (Republic of the Seven United Netherlands), flees the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352627752#January–June", "title": "1795", "revid": 1352627752, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1795, "year_label": "1795 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 19", "text": "January 19 – The Batavian Republic is proclaimed in Amsterdam, ending the Dutch Republic (Republic of the Seven United Netherlands).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352627752#January–June", "title": "1795", "revid": 1352627752, "section": "Events › January–June"}}]}