{"slug": "earth", "label": "Earth", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2", "qid": "Q2", "description": "third planet from the Sun in the Solar System", "entries": 33, "years": 30, "span": [-349, 2025], "span_label": ["350 BCE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 23}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "moon", "label": "Moon", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "apollo-program", "label": "Apollo program", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "international-space-station", "label": "International Space Station", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "iraq", "label": "Iraq", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "al-ma-mun", "label": "Al-Ma'mun", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "old-style-and-new-style-dates", "label": "Old Style and New Style dates", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "siberia", "label": "Siberia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "nasa", "label": "NASA", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mars", "label": "Mars", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "aristotle", "label": "Aristotle", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "euripides", "label": "Euripides", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -349, "year_label": "350 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Aristotle argues for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses and other observations. Also he discusses logical reasoning in Organon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367585688#Science", "title": "350 BC", "revid": 1367585688, "section": "Events › By topic › Science"}}, {"year": -199, "year_label": "200 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The first good measurement of the distance between Earth and the Sun is made by Eratosthenes (approximate date). By studying lunar eclipses, his result is roughly 150 000 000 km. The currently accepted value is 149 597 870 691 ± 30 metres.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360771623#Astronomy", "title": "200 BC", "revid": 1360771623, "section": "Events › By topic › Astronomy"}}, {"year": 13, "year_label": "13 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Strabo publishes his book on the shape of the Earth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Greece", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 13 AD › Greece"}}, {"year": 44, "year_label": "44 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Pomponius Mela writes De situ orbis, a geography of the Earth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_44", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 44"}}, {"year": 391, "year_label": "391 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Flames destroy the great Library of Alexandria, established in the Mouseion in the fourth century BC. Among the items lost in the fire are works of science, including parchments by the Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos asserting that the Earth orbits the Sun, and dozens of dramatic works by Euripides and Sophocles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327980191#Literature", "title": "391", "revid": 1327980191, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": 511, "year_label": "511 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Aryabhata, Indian astronomer and mathematician, comes up with concepts of mathematical equations, one of which explains the rotation of the Earth on its axis. This concept is far ahead of its time and he is fairly accurate in his description of it. He also comes up with a lot of other ideas about the Solar System, but many of them are flawed because he considers the Earth to be the center of the universe. Aryabhata is often given credit for coming up with the number zero and using it as a placeholder.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740421#Inventions", "title": "511", "revid": 1364740421, "section": "Events › By topic › Inventions"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#World", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By topic › World"}}, {"year": 827, "year_label": "827 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Khalid ibn Abd al-Malik al-Marwarrudhi and Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi travel to the Plain of Sinjar (modern Iraq), under orders of Caliph Al-Ma'mun, to measure the size of the Earth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941309#Science", "title": "827", "revid": 1340941309, "section": "Events › By topic › Science"}}, {"year": 837, "year_label": "837 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – Halley's Comet passes approximately 5 million km from Earth, its closest ever approach.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941882#Astronomy", "title": "837", "revid": 1340941882, "section": "Events › By topic › Astronomy"}}, {"year": 993, "year_label": "993 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "An increase in concentration, recorded in tree rings, as well as and isotopes, recorded in ice cores, suggests that a strong solar storm may have hit the Earth in either 993 or 994.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350009737#Astronomy", "title": "993", "revid": 1350009737, "section": "Events › By topic › Astronomy"}}, {"year": 994, "year_label": "994 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "An increase in carbon-14 concentration, recorded in tree rings, suggests that a strong solar storm may have hit the Earth in either 993 or 994.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350027284#Astronomy", "title": "994", "revid": 1350027284, "section": "Events › By topic › Astronomy"}}, {"year": 1120, "year_label": "1120 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Walcher of Malvern, an English astronomer and mathematician, creates a system of measurement for the Earth using degrees, minutes and seconds of latitude and longitude.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1298169999#Science", "title": "1120", "revid": 1298169999, "section": "Events › By topic › Science"}}, {"year": 1669, "year_label": "1669 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Jean Picard begins measurement of 1 degree of Earth's meridian arc in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366419040#Date_unknown", "title": "1669", "revid": 1366419040, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1770, "year_label": "1770 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Lexell's Comet (D/1770 L1) passes the Earth at a distance of 2184129 km, the closest approach by a comet in recorded history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310921#July–_September", "title": "1770", "revid": 1368310921, "section": "Events › July– September"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 (June 17 OS) – The Tunguska event near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Siberia, Russian Empire, is believed to have been caused by the air burst of a large meteoroid or comet fragment, at an altitude of 5 – 10 above the Earth's surface.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#June", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1962, "year_label": "1962 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Project Mercury: Mercury-Atlas 8 – U.S. astronaut Walter Schirra orbits the Earth six times, in the Sigma 7 space capsule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373095518#October", "title": "1962", "revid": 1373095518, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1968, "year_label": "1968 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Apollo program: The crewed U.S. spacecraft Apollo 8 enters orbit around the Moon. Astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William Anders become the first humans to see the far side of the Moon and planet Earth as a whole, as well as having traveled further away from Earth than any people in history. Anders photographs Earthrise. The crew also give a reading from the Book of Genesis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310387#November–December", "title": "1968", "revid": 1371310387, "section": "Events › November–December"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Apollo program: Apollo 10 returns to Earth, after a successful 8-day test of all the components needed for the upcoming first crewed Moon landing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#May", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – Apollo 15 returns to Earth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#August", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 19", "text": "December 19 – Apollo program: Apollo 17 returns to Earth, concluding the program of lunar exploration.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#December", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1972, "year_label": "1972 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 7", "text": "December 7 – Apollo 17 (Gene Cernan, Ronald Evans, Harrison Schmitt), the last crewed mission beyond low Earth orbit until the Artemis II lunar flyby in 2026, is launched to the Moon and The Blue Marble photograph of the Earth is taken. The mission also includes five mice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371514417#December", "title": "1972", "revid": 1371514417, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – NASA's first orbiting space station, Skylab, begins falling back Earth as its orbit decays after more than six years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#July", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – The Pale Blue Dot photograph of Earth is sent back from the Voyager 1 probe after completing its primary mission, from around 5.6 billion kilometers (3.5 billion miles) away.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#February", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 8", "text": "January 8 – Soyuz TM-18: Valeri Polyakov begins his 437.7-day orbit of the Earth, eventually setting the world record for days spent in orbit.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#January", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2003, "year_label": "2003 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – The last signal from NASA's Pioneer 10 spacecraft is received, some 12.2 billion kilometers (7.6 billion mi) from Earth.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371470479#January", "title": "2003", "revid": 1371470479, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July 23", "text": "July 23 – The Solar storm of 2012 is an unusually large coronal mass ejection emitted by the Sun which barely misses the Earth by nine days. If it had hit, it would have caused up to US$2.6 trillion in damages to electrical equipment worldwide.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#July", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2013, "year_label": "2013 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31 – The largest tornado ever recorded hits El Reno, United States. This rain-wrapped, multiple-vortex tornado was the widest tornado ever recorded, and results in eight deaths, including four storm-chasers. Measurements from mobile weather radars revealed extreme winds up to 296 mph (476 km/h) within the vortex, among the highest observed wind speeds on Earth. As it crosses U.S. 81, the tornado grows to a record-breaking width of 2.6 miles (4.2 km).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373160550#May", "title": "2013", "revid": 1373160550, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Mars makes its closest approach to Earth since 2003, four days after reaching opposition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#July", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – The ESA/JAXA space probe BepiColombo makes its final gravity assist around Earth and begins to depart for Venus, where it will make several gravity assist maneuvers before finally arriving at Mercury in 2025.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#April", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "April 29", "text": "April 29 – (52768) 1998 OR2, a near-Earth asteroid that is 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) wide, makes a close approach of 0.042 AU (6.3 million km; 16 LD) to Earth. It will not approach closer than this until 2079.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#April", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – The Soyuz MS-17 mission concludes, returning three crewmembers of Expedition 64 to Earth from the International Space Station.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#April", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2021, "year_label": "2021 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – The SpaceX Crew-1 mission ends, returning four crew members of Expedition 64 and 65 to Earth from the International Space Station aboard Crew Dragon Resilience.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372689859#May", "title": "2021", "revid": 1372689859, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – The atmosphere of K2-18b, a candidate water world located 124 light-years away, is found to contain large quantities of dimethyl sulfide and/or dimethyl disulfide – two compounds that, on Earth, are only known to be produced by life.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#April", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › April"}}]}