{"slug": "east-francia", "label": "East Francia", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Francia", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153080", "qid": "Q153080", "description": "country in Western Europe from 843 to 962; predecessor to the Kingdom of Germany", "entries": 51, "years": 44, "span": [783, 983], "span_label": ["783 CE", "983 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 21}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 11}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 8}, {"title": "Births", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "louis-the-german", "label": "Louis the German", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "duchy-of-bavaria", "label": "Duchy of Bavaria", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "henry-the-fowler", "label": "Henry the Fowler", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "arnulf-of-carinthia", "label": "Arnulf of Carinthia", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "louis-the-child", "label": "Louis the Child", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "bavaria", "label": "Bavaria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "otto-i-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "frankfurt", "label": "Frankfurt", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "carloman-of-bavaria", "label": "Carloman of Bavaria", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "franconia", "label": "Franconia", "shared": 4}], "items": [{"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – Charlemagne marries Fastrada, the 18-year-old daughter of a Frankish count named Rudolph, and makes her his queen at Worms. The probable reason behind the marriage is to solidify a Frankish alliance east of the Rhine, against the Saxons in Lower Saxony (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Europe", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Avars, who are allied with Tassilo III, invade East Francia (modern Germany). This begins the Frankish-Avar conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Europe", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 810, "year_label": "810 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Louis the German, king of East Francia (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848812#Births", "title": "810", "revid": 1340848812, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 835, "year_label": "835 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Louis the Younger, king of East Francia (or 830)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352237336#Births", "title": "835", "revid": 1352237336, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 842, "year_label": "842 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Oaths of Strasbourg: King Louis the German, ruler of East Francia, and his half-brother Charles the Bald, ruler of West Francia, meet with their armies at Strasbourg. They agree to swear allegiance (recorded in vernacular languages) to each other, and to support each other against their brother Lothair I (nominal emperor of all the Frankish kingdoms and the Holy Roman Empire).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350256465#Europe", "title": "842", "revid": 1350256465, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 862, "year_label": "862 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "First raid of the Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin at the request of Rastislav of Moravia against the East Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129421#Central_Europe", "title": "862", "revid": 1341129421, "section": "Events › By place › Central Europe"}}, {"year": 863, "year_label": "863 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Louis the German suppresses the revolt of his son Carloman (for the second time), who wants a partition (mainly of Bavaria) of the East Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322668706#Europe", "title": "863", "revid": 1322668706, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 865, "year_label": "865 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Louis the German divides the East Frankish Kingdom among his three sons. Carloman receives Bavaria (with more lands along the Inn River). He gives Saxony to Louis the Younger (with Franconia, and Thuringia) and Swabia (with Raetia) to Charles the Fat. Louis arranges marriages into the local aristocracy, for his sons to hold important territories along the frontiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129586#Europe", "title": "865", "revid": 1341129586, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 870, "year_label": "870 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Rastislav, ruler (knyaz) of Great Moravia, dies in prison after he is condemned to death for treason, by Louis the German. He is succeeded by his nephew Svatopluk I, who becomes a vassal of the East Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129562#Europe", "title": "870", "revid": 1341129562, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 873, "year_label": "873 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Carloman, son of King Charles the Bald, is hauled before a secular court and condemned to death – for plotting against his father. He is blinded, but avoids imprisonment by escaping to the East Frankish Kingdom, where his uncle, Louis the German, gives him protection.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072669#Europe", "title": "873", "revid": 1267072669, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 876, "year_label": "876 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 28", "text": "August 28 – Louis the German, king of the East Frankish Kingdom", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070562#Deaths", "title": "876", "revid": 1267070562, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 876, "year_label": "876 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 28", "text": "August 28 – King Louis the German dies at Frankfurt, while preparing for war against his brother Charles II (\"the Bald\"), ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. The East Frankish Kingdom is divided among his three sons: Carloman receives Bavaria and styles himself \"King of Bavaria\". Louis the Younger receives Saxony (with Franconia and Thuringia), and Charles the Fat receives Swabia (with Raetia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070562#Europe", "title": "876", "revid": 1267070562, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 881, "year_label": "881 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Conrad I, king of the East Frankish Kingdom (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129955#Births", "title": "881", "revid": 1341129955, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 882, "year_label": "882 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – King Louis the Younger dies in Frankfurt. He leaves his territory to his younger brother, Emperor Charles the Fat, who becomes sole ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345951089#Europe", "title": "882", "revid": 1345951089, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 882, "year_label": "882 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Louis the Younger, king of the East Frankish Kingdom", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345951089#Deaths", "title": "882", "revid": 1345951089, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 883, "year_label": "883 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Svatopluk I, ruler (knyaz) of Great Moravia, conquers Lower Pannonia (today's Southwestern Hungary and Northern Croatia), during the succession strife in the East Frankish Kingdom (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129939#Europe", "title": "883", "revid": 1341129939, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 885, "year_label": "885 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Siege of Paris: Viking forces, under the Norse chieftains Sigfred and Sinric, sail up the River Seine for eastern France, with a fleet of 300 longships (10,000 men). They appear before Paris, and offer to spare the city if they are allowed free passage, by paying them tribute (Danegeld). Their request is denied.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655145#Europe", "title": "885", "revid": 1366655145, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 887, "year_label": "887 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – East Frankish magnates revolt against the inept emperor Charles III (the Fat) in an assembly at Frankfurt, and depose him. His nephew Arnulf of Carinthia, the illegitimate son of former king Carloman of Bavaria, is elected ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. Charles yields his throne without a struggle, and retires to Neidingen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370364971#Europe", "title": "887", "revid": 1370364971, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 888, "year_label": "888 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Winter – King Arnulf of Carinthia leads an East Frankish expedition into Italy, after he is recognized as overlord of France and Burgundy. Arnulf descends with an army over the Brenner Pass, and meets King Berengar I at a peace conference at Trento. Berengar grants him two counties in the Val d'Adige (Northern Italy), and does homage to Arnulf as overlord. In turn, Arnulf confirms Berengar as king of Lombardia, and returns to Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347624107#Europe", "title": "AD 888", "revid": 1347624107, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Arnulf of Carinthia has his illegitimate son Zwentibold recognized, as heir of the East Frankish Kingdom. He supports the claim of Louis the Blind as king of Provence, after receiving a personal appeal from Louis's mother, Ermengard, who comes to see Arnulf at Forchheim (Northern Bavaria). Arnulf grants the town of Osnabrück trade and coinage privileges.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 892, "year_label": "892 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Vladimir, ruler (knyaz) of the Bulgarian Empire, signs a military alliance with Arnulf of Carinthia of the East Frankish Kingdom. This alliance works against the pro-Byzantine policy of his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093317#Europe", "title": "892", "revid": 1346093317, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "An East Frankish expeditionary force under Zwentibold, the eldest son of King Arnulf of Carinthia, crosses the Alps into Friuli. He makes junction at Verona, with the army of the deposed king Berengar I, and proceeds to lay siege to Pavia. After a three-month campaign, Zwentibold receives orders to head back to Bavaria, in case of a Magyar intervention.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Europe", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Louis the Child, king of the East Frankish Kingdom (d. 911)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Births", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 894, "year_label": "894 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Arnulf of Carinthia invades Italy at the head of an East Frankish expeditionary army, joining up with the deposed king Berengar I at Verona. He conquers Brescia after little resistance, and sacks Bergamo after a one-month siege. The cities of Milan and Pavia open their doors to Arnulf. Emperor Guy III escapes from Pavia, to hide in the mountains of Spoleto (Umbria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130298#Europe", "title": "894", "revid": 1341130298, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 894, "year_label": "894 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Árpád, head of the confederation of the Hungarian tribes, comes to an agreement with the prince of the Moravians, Svatopluk II, that Hungarian and Moravian armies will together expel the Eastern Franks from Pannonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130298#Europe", "title": "894", "revid": 1341130298, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 895, "year_label": "895 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – Arnulf of Carinthia invades Italy, at the head of an East Frankish expeditionary army. He arrives in Pavia and reorganizes the Lombard state. Arnulf partitions the northern part of the kingdom: the western half (March of Lombardy) and the eastern half (March of Verona).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093921#Europe", "title": "895", "revid": 1346093921, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 896, "year_label": "896 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – King Arnulf of Carinthia invades Italy at the head of an East Frankish expeditionary army. He storms Rome (the Leonine City), and has himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Formosus at St. Peter's. Arnulf sets out to establish his authority in Spoleto, but suffers a stroke; he is forced to call off the campaign, and returns to Bavaria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346094345#Europe", "title": "896", "revid": 1346094345, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 899, "year_label": "899 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – Arnulf of Carinthia, king of the East Frankish Kingdom", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130263#Deaths", "title": "899", "revid": 1341130263, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 899, "year_label": "899 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – Arnulf of Carinthia dies from paralysis following a stroke and is entombed in St. Emmeram's Abbey at Regensburg (Bavaria). He is succeeded by his 6-year-old son Louis III (the Child) as ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. Arnulf's counselor Hatto I, archbishop of Mainz, becomes regent and guardian of the young king. Louis (possibly at the instigation of Hatto) claims Lotharingia from his half-brother Zwentibold and with the support of the East Frankish nobles he provokes a civil war. The Lombard throne is left temporarily vacant.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130263#Europe", "title": "899", "revid": 1341130263, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – The 7-year-old Louis IV (\"the Child\") is proclaimed king of the East Frankish Kingdom at an assembly at Forchheim (Bavaria). Because of his young age, the reins of government are entirely in the hands of others – the Frankish nobles and bishops. The most influential of Louis' councillors are Hatto I, archbishop of Mainz, and Solomon III, bishop of Constance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 907, "year_label": "907 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 4", "text": "July 4–6 – Battle of Pressburg: At \"Brezalauspurc\" (probably modern-day Bratislava in Slovakia), the advancing East Frankish army (60,000 men) is annihilated by the Hungarians led by Grand Prince Árpád. Duke Luitpold and Archbishop Dietmar I are killed, together with 19 dukes, 2 bishops and 3 abbots. The East Frankish Kingdom loses control of the March of Pannonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130849#Europe", "title": "907", "revid": 1341130849, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 908, "year_label": "908 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – Battle of Eisenach: An invading Hungarian force defeats the East Frankish army under Duke Burchard, killing him, together with Duke Egino and Rudolf I, bishop of Würzburg. The Hungarians devastate Thuringia and Saxony as far north as Bremen, returning home with many spoils.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468131#Europe", "title": "908", "revid": 1364468131, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 910, "year_label": "910 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis IV (the Child), using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. Count Gausbert, the actual commander of the East Frankish army (because Louis IV is only 16 years old at this time), is killed in the battle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130820#Europe", "title": "910", "revid": 1341130820, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 911, "year_label": "911 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Louis IV, king of the East Frankish Kingdom (b. 893)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372066182#Deaths", "title": "AD 911", "revid": 1372066182, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 911, "year_label": "911 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – King Louis IV (the Child), the last Carolingian ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom, dies at Frankfurt am Main after an 11-year reign. The East Frankish dukes elect Conrad I at Forchheim as the king of the East Frankish Kingdom. Charles III is elected as king of Lotharingia. Conrad is chosen through the influence of Louis' guardian and regent, Hatto I, archbishop of Mainz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372066182#Europe", "title": "AD 911", "revid": 1372066182, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 912, "year_label": "912 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "German dukes Henry the Fowler of Saxony and Arnulf I (the Bad) of Bavaria claim themselves to be sovereign princes, not recognizing the authority of their overlord, King Conrad I of the East Frankish Kingdom, as he is not a Carolingian. Duke Erchanger II of Swabia and Conrad's brother, Duke Eberhard III of Franconia, support the Conradines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468136#Europe", "title": "912", "revid": 1364468136, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 917, "year_label": "917 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Hungarians, after attacking Swabia, sack and burn Basel (modern Switzerland). They invade Lorraine in Lotharingia, destroying Verdun and Moyenmoutier, and many monasteries in Alsace. Duke Arnulf I (the Bad) with Hungarian military aid, reconquers his land from King Conrad I of the East Frankish Kingdom. After this event, Bavaria and Swabia agree to pay tribute to the Hungarians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468140#Europe", "title": "917", "revid": 1364468140, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 918, "year_label": "918 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – King Conrad I, injured at one of his battles with Arnulf I (the Bad), dies at his residence in Weilburg Castle after a 7-year reign. On his deathbed Conrad persuades his younger brother Eberhard III to offer the East Frankish crown to Henry the Fowler, the duke of Saxony. Conrad is buried in Fulda Cathedral (also the burial place of Boniface) in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509557#Europe", "title": "918", "revid": 1341509557, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 919, "year_label": "919 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. He recognizes the stem duchies (uniting them in a German confederation) and all their sovereign privileges. Two of the four most influential duchies, Bavaria and Swabia, do not accept his rule. Henry fortifies Magdeburg against the Magyars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509579#Europe", "title": "919", "revid": 1341509579, "section": "Events › By Place › Europe"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Henry I (the Fowler) defeats his rival Arnulf I (the Bad), duke of Bavaria, in two campaigns. Arnulf is besieged at Regensburg and forced to accept peace negotiations, recognising Henry as sole sovereign of the East Frankish Kingdom (Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Europe", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Early 929 – Siege of Gana: German king Henry the Fowler besieges Gana with an East Frankish army and conquers the stronghold. He establishes the fort of Meissen nearby.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Europe", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 933, "year_label": "933 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Battle of Merseburg: King Henry I (\"the Fowler\") defeats the Magyars near Merseburg after his refusal to pay the annual tribute. During Henry's lifetime they never raid the East Frankish Kingdom again.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917339#Europe", "title": "933", "revid": 1364917339, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 936, "year_label": "936 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Hungarian army invades Franconia and occupies Fulda. They are attacked by East Frankish forces and forced to go westwards. Otto I moves against the rebellious Elbe Slavs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512077#Europe", "title": "936", "revid": 1341512077, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 936, "year_label": "936 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – Henry the Fowler, king of the East Frankish Kingdom", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512077#Deaths", "title": "936", "revid": 1341512077, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 937, "year_label": "937 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Magdeburg becomes the capital of the East Frankish Kingdom, after a Diet held by King Otto I (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367668437#Europe", "title": "937", "revid": 1367668437, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 939, "year_label": "939 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hugh the Great, count of Paris, rebels against King Louis IV (\"d'Outremer\") and gains support from William I, duke of Normandy. Hugh, along with Herbert II, count of Vermandois, Arnulf I, count of Flanders and William pay homage to King Otto I (ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom), and support him in his struggle against Louis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656722#Europe", "title": "939", "revid": 1366656722, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 944, "year_label": "944 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Hugh of Provence dispatches an embassy to King Otto I of the East Frankish Kingdom, offering a large sum of cash if he promises not to provide assistance to Berengar of Ivrea. Otto refuses this offer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512279#Europe", "title": "944", "revid": 1341512279, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 950, "year_label": "950 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Boleslav I, duke of Bohemia, signs a peace treaty with King Otto I of the East Frankish Kingdom. He becomes his ally, but he probably wasn't forced to resume the payment of tribute.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260811#Europe", "title": "950", "revid": 1365260811, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 952, "year_label": "952 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – At the Reichstag in Augsburg (assembled by King Otto I), joined by German nobles and bishops, Berengar of Ivrea pays homage. He becomes a vassal of the East Frankish Kingdom. Otto leaves a strong garrison at Pavia in the hands of his son-in-law Conrad the Red, duke of Lotharingia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512696#Europe", "title": "952", "revid": 1341512696, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 962, "year_label": "962 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – King Otto I (the Great) is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII at the Old St. Peter's Basilica, ending Rome's feudal anarchy. Otto's wife Adelaide is anointed as empress; the East Frankish Kingdom and the Kingdom of Italy are unified into a common realm, called the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513175#Europe", "title": "962", "revid": 1341513175, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 983, "year_label": "983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Great Slav Rising: The Polabian Slavs (Wends), mainly Lutici and Obotrite tribes living east of the Elbe River revolt against Christianity and their subjugation to the German (former East Frankish) realm of the Holy Roman Empire. They invade northern Germany, sacking the cities of Havelberg, Brandenburg and Hamburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908613#Europe", "title": "983", "revid": 1341908613, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}]}