{"slug": "east-india-company", "label": "East India Company", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83164", "qid": "Q83164", "description": "British trading company (1600–1874)", "entries": 53, "years": 45, "span": [1588, 1858], "span_label": ["1588 CE", "1858 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 21}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 11}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "india", "label": "India", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "tamil-nadu", "label": "Tamil Nadu", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "madras", "label": "Madras", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "maratha-empire", "label": "Maratha Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "maratha-confederacy", "label": "Maratha Confederacy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "thirteen-colonies", "label": "Thirteen Colonies", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "indian-subcontinent", "label": "Indian subcontinent", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "royal-charter", "label": "Royal charter", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "vietnam", "label": "Vietnam", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "mughal-empire", "label": "Mughal Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "british-east-india-company", "label": "British East India Company", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1588, "year_label": "1588 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Sailing across the South Atlantic Ocean towards England, near the end of their voyage around the world, Thomas Cavendish and his East India Company fleet stumble across the Portuguese-controlled island of Saint Helena. While Saint Helena has been under the control of Portugal for 80 years, England had been unaware of its existence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362479687#April–June", "title": "1588", "revid": 1362479687, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1600, "year_label": "1600 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – The East India Company is granted a Royal charter in the Kingdom of England for trade with Asia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360196741#October–December", "title": "1600", "revid": 1360196741, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1601, "year_label": "1601 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – The first expedition of the East India Company sets sail from England for the Spice Islands with John Davis as pilot-major.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369165918#April–June", "title": "1601", "revid": 1369165918, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1601, "year_label": "1601 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – The first East India Company fleet leaves England on its voyage to the East Indies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369165918#January–March", "title": "1601", "revid": 1369165918, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1607, "year_label": "1607 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – Hamlet is performed aboard the East India Company ship Red Dragon, under the command of Capt. William Keeling, anchored off the coast of Sierra Leone, the first known performance of a Shakespeare play outside England in English, and the first by amateurs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358831090#July–September", "title": "1607", "revid": 1358831090, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1612, "year_label": "1612 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 30", "text": "November 30 – Battle of Swally: Forces of the British East India Company and Portugal engage off the coast of India, resulting in an English victory.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366306597#October–December", "title": "1612", "revid": 1366306597, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1612, "year_label": "1612 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – England's East India Company gets its first warships and establishes the \"'Honourable East India Company's Marine'\" to protect its freighters. The force develops over the centuries into the Royal Indian Navy and, after India's independence in 1947, the Indian Navy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366306597#July–September", "title": "1612", "revid": 1366306597, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Keichō embassy: Hasekura Tsunenaga departs Japan in the Date Maru with a Japanese diplomatic mission to the Holy See, scheduled to first travel to Acapulco in New Spain, with a goal of concluding an agreement between Tokugawa Ieyasu and the East India Company, permitting English merchants to live and trade in Japan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#October–December", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1639, "year_label": "1639 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22 – The British East India Company buys a strip of land from King Peda Venkata Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire for the construction of Fort St. George, the first settlement of British India, so founding modern-day Chennai, capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (celebrated as Madras Day).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360051116#July–September", "title": "1639", "revid": 1360051116, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "November 6", "text": "November 6 – The oldest hospital in India, the Government General Hospital, is opened at Madras by the English East India Company for the treatment of ill soldiers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#October–December", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1665, "year_label": "1665 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – In India, Shivaji Bhonsale of the Maratha Empire captures the English East India Company's trading post at Sadashivgad (in the modern-day Indian state of Karnataka).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988545#January–March", "title": "1665", "revid": 1365988545, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1674, "year_label": "1674 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – The British East India Company arranges a commercial treaty with the Maratha Empire after Henry Oxenden, the company's deputy governor, meets Emperor Shivaji for his recent coronation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365128656#April–June", "title": "1674", "revid": 1365128656, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1681, "year_label": "1681 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – English sea captain Robert Knox of the East India Company publishes his book An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon, about his adventures, 20-years imprisonment and escape from Ceylon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361310073#July–September", "title": "1681", "revid": 1361310073, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1681, "year_label": "1681 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – Sir John Child of England becomes the new Governor of Bombay province and, unofficially, Governor-General of all of the settlements of the East India Company in India. With the exception of a rebellion by Captain Richard Keigwin during the year 1684, Child expands British control until involving the British in a war with the Mughal Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361310073#October–December", "title": "1681", "revid": 1361310073, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1682, "year_label": "1682 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – The English trading freighter Johanna is wrecked off of the coast of South Africa with the loss of 10 of her 114 crew, becoming the first of Britain's East India Company fleet to be lost.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560956#April–June", "title": "1682", "revid": 1369560956, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 27", "text": "December 27 – Richard Keigwin leads a rebellion against the East India Company to take over as Governor of Bombay and most of the British territory in India, driving out Governor Sir John Child and arresting the Deputy Governor, Charles Ward. Keigwin surrenders the office less than a year later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366000368#October–December", "title": "1683", "revid": 1366000368, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1684, "year_label": "1684 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – Richard Keigwin, who had arrested the East India Company's Governor of Bombay in 1683, Josiah Child and had taken over as the unauthorized administrator of Bombay, turns control back to the company and its envoy, Sir Thomas Grantham, receiving a general pardon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366005630#October–December", "title": "1684", "revid": 1366005630, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – American-born British citizen Elihu Yale, for whom Yale University in the U.S. is named, completes his term as the first leader of the Madras Presidency in India, administering the colony on behalf of the East India Company, and is succeeded by William Gyfford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#January–March", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – Portuguese soldiers hired by the East India Company mutiny rather than follow orders to join the war in Bengal. The ringleaders are quickly arrested and executed, and the mutiny ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368502958#July–September", "title": "1686", "revid": 1368502958, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1686, "year_label": "1686 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – In Madras (now Chennai) in India, local residents employed by the East India Company threaten to boycott their jobs after corporate administrator William Gyfford imposes a house tax on residences within the city walls. Gyfford places security forces at all entrances to the city and threatens to banish anyone who fails to pay their taxes, as well as to confiscate the goods of merchants who refuse to make sales. A compromise is reached the next day on the amount of the taxes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368502958#January–March", "title": "1686", "revid": 1368502958, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1687, "year_label": "1687 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – In India, troops under the command of Job Charnock of the East India Company, preparing to go to war against the Nawab of Bengal, Shaista Khan of the Mughal empire, destroy his fortresses located at Thana.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363302904#January–March", "title": "1687", "revid": 1363302904, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1689, "year_label": "1689 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The English East India Company expands its influence, and a Committee of the House of Commons is formed to deal with the concerns of the Company.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365638130#Date_unknown", "title": "1689", "revid": 1365638130, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1698, "year_label": "1698 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – A charter is granted by King William III of England to the new East India Company of England, called \"the New Company\" or \"the English Company\" to break the monopoly that has existed in India since 1689 with the existing British East India Company.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370144847#July–September", "title": "1698", "revid": 1370144847, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – The English East India Company founds a settlement on Pulo Condore (modern-day Côn Sơn Island) off the coast of southern Vietnam as an entrepôt for ships travelling between India and China.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#April–June", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1732, "year_label": "1732 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – John Stackhouse is appointed by the British East India Company as the new President of the Bengal Presidency and serves for seven years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369314491#January–March", "title": "1732", "revid": 1369314491, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1750, "year_label": "1750 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – Maveeran Alagumuthu Kone, a polygar in Tamil Nadu, raises slogans and launches a rebellion against Company rule in India due to his opposition to the East India Company's tax collection policies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349828876#April–June", "title": "1750", "revid": 1349828876, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – A naval fleet, led by Commodore William James of the East India Company, captures Tulaji Angre's fortress Suvarnadurg from the Marathas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360194188#April–June", "title": "1755", "revid": 1360194188, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July 17", "text": "July 17 – In a convoy of ships from Great Britain, returning to India for the East India Company, the lead ship Doddington (on her third voyage) wrecks in Algoa Bay near modern-day Port Elizabeth in South Africa, losing 247 of its 270 passengers and crew, together with a chest of gold coins from Robert Clive worth £33,000. In 1998, 1,400 coins from the wreck site are offered for sale, and in 2002 a portion is given to the South African government. Around twenty survivors of the wreck are eventually able to make safety after an open boat voyage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360194188#July–September", "title": "1755", "revid": 1360194188, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 2", "text": "January 2 – Seven Years' War: The British East India Company Army, under the command of Robert Clive, captures Calcutta, India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#January–March", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Battle of Plassey: 3,000 troops serving with the British East India Company under Robert Clive defeat a 50,000 strong Indian army under Siraj ud-Daulah with the help of Mir Jafar, at Plassey in India, marking the first victory of the East India Company over India, which lasts until 1857.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#April–June", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – The British East India Company takes control of Chandannagar and forces out the French Indian administrators.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#January–March", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1758, "year_label": "1758 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – David Ochterlony, Massachusetts-born general with the East India Company (d. 1825)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366206062#Births", "title": "1758", "revid": 1366206062, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1772, "year_label": "1772 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10 – The crisis of 1772 is triggered when, following the flight of their partner Alexander Fordyce to France, the London banking house of Neal, James, Fordyce and Down (which has been speculating in East India Company stock) suspends payment. The resultant panic causes other banks to fail, extends to Scotland, Amsterdam and the Thirteen Colonies and threatens the East India Company with bankruptcy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362979438#April–June", "title": "1772", "revid": 1362979438, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – Boston Tea Party: A group of American colonists, dressed as Mohawk Indians, steal aboard ships of the East India Company and dump their cargo of tea into Boston Harbor, in protest against British tax policies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365114710#October–December", "title": "1773", "revid": 1365114710, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1775, "year_label": "1775 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Raghunathrao, Peshwa of the Maratha Empire in India, signs the Treaty of Surat with the British Governor-General Warren Hastings in Bombay ceding the territories of Salsette and Bassein to the British East India Company along with part of the revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts in return for military assistance. This leads to the First Anglo-Maratha War fought between the British and the Marathas, ending with the Treaty of Salbai in 1782.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365589248#January–June", "title": "1775", "revid": 1365589248, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1782, "year_label": "1782 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 16", "text": "December 16 – East India Company: Hada and Mada Miah lead a rebellion in the Indian subcontinent against East India Company officer Robert Lindsay and his troops in Sylhet Shahi Eidgah.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370562345#October–December", "title": "1782", "revid": 1370562345, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1783, "year_label": "1783 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9–28 – Second Anglo-Mysore War: Siege of Bednore – Tipu Sultan of Mysore with 100,000 troops besieges 1600 British East India Company troops who are obliged to surrender with honours of war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370056030#April–June", "title": "1783", "revid": 1370056030, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1783, "year_label": "1783 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The British East India Company packet ship Antelope (1781) is wrecked off Ulong Island in the Palau (Pelew) group, resulting in the first sustained European contact with those islands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370056030#July–September", "title": "1783", "revid": 1370056030, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – Parliament of Great Britain passes Pitt's India Act (An Act for the better Regulation and Management of the Affairs of the East India Company and of the British Possessions in India). It requires the governor-general to be chosen from outside the Company and makes company directors subject to parliamentary supervision.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#July–September", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1798, "year_label": "1798 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 22", "text": "October 22 – Capitulation of the French garrison at Hyderabad to East India Company troops under James Kirkpatrick, British Resident.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366050846#July–December", "title": "1798", "revid": 1366050846, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – Vellore Mutiny: Indian sepoys mutiny against the East India Company, for the first time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368311144#July–September", "title": "1806", "revid": 1368311144, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 31", "text": "May 31 – Mauritius campaign of 1809–11 – Action of 31 May 1809 in the Bay of Bengal: The French frigate Caroline, operating from Isle de France (Mauritius), captures most of a British East India Company fleet", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#April–June", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1818, "year_label": "1818 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – After a war that began on November 5, 1817, the forces of the East India Company defeat Baji Rao II in battle and acquire control over the Maratha Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373165947#July–September", "title": "1818", "revid": 1373165947, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1819, "year_label": "1819 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – A treaty is entered between the Raja of Cutch Deshalji II, and East India Company, placing the Cutch State under Company rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355822452#October–December", "title": "1819", "revid": 1355822452, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1825, "year_label": "1825 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – David Ochterlony, Massachusetts-born general with the East India Company (b. 1758)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341744335#July–December", "title": "1825", "revid": 1341744335, "section": "Deaths › July–December"}}, {"year": 1826, "year_label": "1826 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The British East India Company colony of the Straits Settlements is established.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373386632#Date_unknown_or_spanning_multiple_periods", "title": "1826", "revid": 1373386632, "section": "Events › Date unknown or spanning multiple periods"}}, {"year": 1834, "year_label": "1834 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "The British East India Company monopoly on China trade ends. It appoints a Tea Committee to assess the potential of Assam tea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360367111#Date_unknown", "title": "1834", "revid": 1360367111, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1835, "year_label": "1835 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The British East India Company negotiates a lease of the Darjeeling area west of the Mahananda River, from the Kingdom of Sikkim.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364866184#Date_unknown", "title": "1835", "revid": 1364866184, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6–13 – First Anglo-Afghan War – Massacre of Elphinstone's army (Battle of Gandamak): British East India Company troops are destroyed by Afghan forces on the road from Kabul to Jalalabad, Afghanistan, by Akbar Khan, son of Dost Mohammad Khan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365455258#January–March", "title": "1842", "revid": 1365455258, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1845, "year_label": "1845 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22–23 – Battle of Ferozeshah (Anglo-Sikh War): East India Company forces are victorious over those of the Sikh Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364939346#October–December", "title": "1845", "revid": 1364939346, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1851, "year_label": "1851 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Naga raids on the East India Company, 1851–65.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358777790#Ongoing", "title": "1851", "revid": 1358777790, "section": "Events › Ongoing"}}, {"year": 1856, "year_label": "1856 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – The Nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali Shah, is exiled to Metiabruz and the state is annexed by the British East India Company.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371140008#January–March", "title": "1856", "revid": 1371140008, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1858, "year_label": "1858 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – The Government of India Act, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, transfers the territories of the British East India Company and their administration to the direct rule of the British Crown, through a Secretary of State for India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371625769#July–September", "title": "1858", "revid": 1371625769, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}