{"slug": "eastern-orthodox-church", "label": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35032", "qid": "Q35032", "description": "second-largest Christian church", "entries": 51, "years": 42, "span": [320, 2025], "span_label": ["320 CE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 25}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 20}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 2}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "monophysitism", "label": "Monophysitism", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "jesus", "label": "Jesus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "iconoclasm", "label": "Iconoclasm", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "first-bulgarian-empire", "label": "First Bulgarian Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "boris-i-of-bulgaria", "label": "Boris I of Bulgaria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hagia-sophia", "label": "Hagia Sophia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kievan-rus", "label": "Kievan Rus'", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "kiev", "label": "Kiev", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "patriarch-of-alexandria", "label": "Patriarch of Alexandria", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "ecumenical-patriarch-of-constantinople", "label": "Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 320, "year_label": "320 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – Cyrion and Candidus, Armenian Orthodox priest and saints", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330750501#Deaths", "title": "320", "revid": 1330750501, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 348, "year_label": "348 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 12", "text": "December 12 – Saint Spyridon, Greek-Cypriot Orthodox bishop and saint (b. 270)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114391#Deaths", "title": "348", "revid": 1367114391, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 350, "year_label": "350 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – Paul I of Constantinople, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and saint.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501252#Deaths", "title": "350", "revid": 1367501252, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 360, "year_label": "360 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eusebius of Emesa, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and saint (b. 290)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332419195#Date_unknown", "title": "AD 360", "revid": 1332419195, "section": "Deaths › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 360, "year_label": "360 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – Auxentius of Mopsuestia, Byzantine Orthodox priest and saint", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332419195#Deaths", "title": "AD 360", "revid": 1332419195, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 360, "year_label": "360 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 11", "text": "November 11 – Abramios the Recluse, Byzantine Orthodox priest and saint", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332419195#Deaths", "title": "AD 360", "revid": 1332419195, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 361, "year_label": "361 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – George of Cappadocia, Byzantine Orthodox archbishop and saint", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331332525#Deaths", "title": "361", "revid": 1331332525, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 361, "year_label": "361 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – George of Laodicea, Byzantine Orthodox archbishop and saint", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331332525#Deaths", "title": "361", "revid": 1331332525, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 362, "year_label": "362 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – Eusignius of Antioch, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and martyr (b. 252)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331333761#Deaths", "title": "362", "revid": 1331333761, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 362, "year_label": "362 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 10", "text": "December 10 – Gemellus of Ancyra, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and saint", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331333761#Deaths", "title": "362", "revid": 1331333761, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 362, "year_label": "362 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – Reginos, Greek Orthodox bishop and saint", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331333761#Deaths", "title": "362", "revid": 1331333761, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 362, "year_label": "362 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – Basil of Ancyra, Byzantine Orthodox bishop and saint", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331333761#Deaths", "title": "362", "revid": 1331333761, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 362, "year_label": "362 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – Artemius, Egyptian Orthodox martyr and saint", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331333761#Deaths", "title": "362", "revid": 1331333761, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 383, "year_label": "383 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30 – Isaac of Dalmatia, Byzantine Orthodox priest and saint", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205021#Deaths", "title": "AD 383", "revid": 1349205021, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 447, "year_label": "447 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Synod of Toledo (Spain) tries to add the filioque clause to the Nicene Creed. The Eastern Orthodox Church refuses to go along with this idea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367502819#Religion", "title": "447", "revid": 1367502819, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 532, "year_label": "532 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – Emperor Justinian I orders the building of a new Orthodox Christian basilica in Constantinople – the Hagia Sophia. He chooses Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles as architects. The material for the construction is brought from all over the empire, such as large stones from quarries in Porphyry, Egypt. More than 10,000 people are employed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793755#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "532", "revid": 1340793755, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 535, "year_label": "535 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine troops drive the extremist Monophysite party out of Alexandria, and establish Theodosius I as patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342880383#Religion", "title": "535", "revid": 1342880383, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 544, "year_label": "544 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Jacob Baradaeus consecrates Sergius of Tella as patriarch of Antioch, opening a permanent schism between the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317382475#Religion", "title": "544", "revid": 1317382475, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 550, "year_label": "550 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eustathius of Mtskheta, Orthodox Christian saint", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799644#Deaths", "title": "550", "revid": 1340799644, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 563, "year_label": "563 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The new Hagia Sophia (cost: 20,000 pounds of gold), with its numerous chapels and shrines, octagonal dome and mosaics, becomes the centre and most visible monument of Eastern Orthodoxy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800810#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "563", "revid": 1340800810, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 595, "year_label": "595 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – John IV (\"the Faster\"), patriarch of Constantinople, dies after a 13-year reign in which he has mediated disputes between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Monophysites.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658603#Religion", "title": "595", "revid": 1367658603, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 634, "year_label": "634 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius, ill, infirm, and unpopular with the Eastern Orthodox Church, is unable to personally lead the Byzantine army to resist the Muslim conquest of the Levant. He sends his brother Theodore to assemble forces to retake the newly won Muslim territories. Monophysites and Jews throughout Syria welcome the Arab invaders, as they are discontented with Byzantine rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299946990#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "634", "revid": 1299946990, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 634, "year_label": "634 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sophronius becomes patriarch of Jerusalem. He sends synodical letters to Pope Honorius I and the Eastern patriarchs, explaining the Orthodox belief, by renouncing Monothelitism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299946990#Religion", "title": "634", "revid": 1299946990, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 638, "year_label": "638 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Heraclius issues his Ekthesis, espousing the Monothelete doctrine (that there is only one will in Christ), and setting it forth as the official doctrine of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Ekthesis is vigorously opposed, notably by Maximus the Confessor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557443#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "638", "revid": 1369557443, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 681, "year_label": "681 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 16", "text": "September 16 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council (see 680) ends at Constantinople. The council reaffirms the Orthodox doctrines of the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and condemns monothelitism.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367426529#Religion", "title": "681", "revid": 1367426529, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 692, "year_label": "692 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Quinisext Council is held in Constantinople; it lays the foundation for the Orthodox canon law. Justinian II suppresses non-Orthodox religious practices, and orders the arrest of Pope Sergius I; the militias of Rome and the Exarchate of Ravenna refuse, and take the pope's side.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806257#Religion", "title": "692", "revid": 1340806257, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 719, "year_label": "719 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Church of Nubia transfers its allegiance, from the Eastern Orthodox Church to the Coptic Church (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050525#Religion", "title": "719", "revid": 1367050525, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 787, "year_label": "787 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Second Council of Nicaea: Empress Irene restores the veneration of icons (images of Christ and saints). This is a major victory of the monks, who will advance extensive claims to complete freedom for the Eastern Orthodox Church in religious matters. This ends the iconoclastic period in the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558832#Religion", "title": "AD 787", "revid": 1369558832, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 843, "year_label": "843 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Feast of Orthodoxy – Official end of Iconoclasm: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941897#Religion", "title": "843", "revid": 1340941897, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 862, "year_label": "862 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "During the Council of Shirakavan representatives of the Armenian, Byzantine and West-Syrian Churches convenes to discuss church union. Though this is not achieved, an agreement is formulated which allows for the peaceful co-existence of Orthodox and non-Chalcedonians in the Byzantine-Armenian borderlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129421#Religion", "title": "862", "revid": 1341129421, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 863, "year_label": "863 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Byzantine Empire invades Bulgaria in order to impose Orthodox Christianity on Boris I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322668706#Europe", "title": "863", "revid": 1322668706, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 864, "year_label": "864 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Christianization of Bulgaria begins: Boris I, Knyaz of the Bulgarian Empire, is converted to Orthodox Christianity. His family and high-ranking dignitaries accept the Orthodox faith at the capital, Pliska - from this point onwards the rulers of the Bulgarian Empire are known as ‘Tsars’ rather than ‘Khans’.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365939843#Religion", "title": "864", "revid": 1365939843, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – Ludmila, Bohemian duchess and widow of Bořivoj I, is murdered by her daughter-in-law Drahomíra at Tetín (modern Czech Republic). Ludmila will be canonised and become the patron saint of Bohemia and is venerated in the Orthodox and the Catholic Churches.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Europe", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 957, "year_label": "957 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Olga of Kiev, ruler and regent of Kievan Rus', converts to the Eastern Orthodox Church, from paganism (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512729#Religion", "title": "957", "revid": 1341512729, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 988, "year_label": "988 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Grand Prince Vladimir the Great, ruler of Kievan Rus', marries Anna Porphyrogenita (sister of Basil II) and converts to Christianity. He is baptized at Cherson in the Crimea, taking the Christian name of Basil (in honor of his brother-in-law). Vladimir returns in triumph to Kiev, and begins the Christianization of Kievan Rus' to the Eastern Orthodox Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364920019#Religion", "title": "988", "revid": 1364920019, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1051, "year_label": "1051 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hilarion of Kiev (or Ilarion) becomes the first non-Greek metropolitan bishop of the Eastern Orthodox Church, in Kiev.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260254#Religion", "title": "1051", "revid": 1365260254, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1134, "year_label": "1134 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Neophytos of Cyprus, Cypriot Orthodox priest (d. 1214)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321069056#Births", "title": "1134", "revid": 1321069056, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1277, "year_label": "1277 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April", "text": "April – John XXI sends a papal embassy to Constantinople to force Michael VIII Palaiologos, his 18-year-old son and heir Andronikos and Patriarch John XI Bekkos to reaffirm their allegiance to the Union of Lyon in the Palace of Blachernae. Michael refuses to accept a religious union of the Greek Orthodox Church with Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362646784#Religion", "title": "1277", "revid": 1362646784, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1278, "year_label": "1278 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – William of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea, dies. By the terms of the Treaty of Viterbo, his lands passed under the direct control of Charles I, king of Sicily. Charles appoints a bailiff to rule the Latin principality. In response, Charles swears fealty to the new pope, Nicholas III, on May 24. He promises not to attack or invade the Byzantine Empire because Nicholas has hopes to unify the Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334774897#Europe", "title": "1278", "revid": 1334774897, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1285, "year_label": "1285 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Council of Blachernae: The Eastern Orthodox Church repudiates the Union with the Catholic Church, declared in the Second Council of Lyon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359686470#Religion", "title": "1285", "revid": 1359686470, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1397, "year_label": "1397 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Matthew I of Constantinople becomes the new Patriarch to lead the Eastern Orthodox Church to replace the previous Patriarch, Callistus II Xanthopoulos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363907908#July–December", "title": "1397", "revid": 1363907908, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1397, "year_label": "1397 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – Callistus II Xanthopoulos becomes the new Patriarch to lead the Eastern Orthodox Church after the death of the previous Patriarch Antony IV.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363907908#April–June", "title": "1397", "revid": 1363907908, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1494, "year_label": "1494 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – The Cetinje Octoechos (Цетињски октоих, an Eastern Orthodox octoechos (liturgy), first tone), the first incunabulum written in the Serbian recension of Church Slavonic, and the first book printed in Cyrillic in Southeast Europe, is completed in Cetinje.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353371082#January–March", "title": "1494", "revid": 1353371082, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1575, "year_label": "1575 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – In an attempt to reform the Eastern Orthodox Church, Lutheran missionaries meet with Jeremias II Tranos, the Ecumenical Patriarch, at his residence in Constantinople, and present him with a Greek translation of the Augsburg Confession. Jeremias sends the missionaries, Jakob Andreae and Martin Crusius, three rebuttals to define the objections he has to the Lutheran document, declaring the reasons why the Eastern Orthodoxy has no desire for reformation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481402#April–June", "title": "1575", "revid": 1362481402, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1590, "year_label": "1590 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Meletius I succeeds Silvester.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369164716#Date_unknown", "title": "1590", "revid": 1369164716, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1594, "year_label": "1594 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – The proposal for the Union of Brest (moving the Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus from the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Eastern Orthodox Church to the Roman Catholic Church) is made in a petition by the Metropolitan Michael Rohoza in a petition to Sigismund, monarch of Poland, Lithuania, Sweden and Finland. After a similar petition to Pope Clement VIII on June 12, 1595, the Union will be proclaimed on October 8, 1596.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1319812312#October–December", "title": "1594", "revid": 1319812312, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1726, "year_label": "1726 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – Callinicus, Metropolitan of Heraclea dies suddenly only one day after being elected the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, the highest office in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Callinicus is said to have paid a record fee to the Ottoman Sultan to guarantee his appointment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372345509#October–December", "title": "1726", "revid": 1372345509, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1779, "year_label": "1779 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation issued in order to regulate organization of Eastern Orthodox Church in Habsburg monarchy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567590#July–September", "title": "1779", "revid": 1370567590, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1861, "year_label": "1861 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 2", "text": "July 2 – Ivan Kasatkin lands on Hakodate, and introduces the Eastern Orthodox Church into Japan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368946725#July", "title": "1861", "revid": 1368946725, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1926, "year_label": "1926 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – Theodosius of Skopje, Bulgaria Orthodox religious leader and saint (b. 1846)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503199#January–March", "title": "1926", "revid": 1373503199, "section": "Deaths › January–March"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 27", "text": "November 27–30 – An ecumenical meeting of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Catholic Church at Nicaea is held to mark the 1,700th anniversary of the First Council of Nicaea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#November", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › November"}}]}