{"slug": "egypt-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "Egypt in the Middle Ages", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11696332", "qid": "Q11696332", "description": "Egyptian civilization in the Middle Ages", "entries": 97, "years": 87, "span": [704, 1426], "span_label": ["704 CE", "1426 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 36}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 15}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 13}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 12}, {"title": "Births", "count": 7}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "egyptians", "label": "Egyptians", "shared": 18}, {"slug": "fatimid-caliphate", "label": "Fatimid Caliphate", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "damascus", "label": "Damascus", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "vizier-fatimid-caliphate", "label": "Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "saladin", "label": "Saladin", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "cairo", "label": "Cairo", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "acre-israel", "label": "Acre, Israel", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "bilad-al-sham", "label": "Bilad al-Sham", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "abbasid-caliphate", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "nile", "label": "Nile", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "baibars", "label": "Baibars", "shared": 6}], "items": [{"year": 704, "year_label": "704 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik is recalled from Armenia to serve as governor of Egypt. He requires that government business be done in Arabic instead of Coptic. His tenure is marred by famine and corruption.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468074#Arabian_Empire", "title": "704", "revid": 1364468074, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 715, "year_label": "715 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian military commander Abd al-Malik ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi is appointed governor of Egypt for the Umayyad Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661130#Egypt", "title": "715", "revid": 1367661130, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 727, "year_label": "727 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian military commander Abd al-Malik ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi is appointed for a second term as the governor of Egypt for the Umayyad Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372352645#Egypt", "title": "AD 727", "revid": 1372352645, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 868, "year_label": "868 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Turkish general, is sent to Egypt as governor, by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tazz. He becomes the founder of the Tulunid Dynasty (until 905), and Egypt becomes an autonomous state for the first time since the Ptolemaic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358169430#Africa", "title": "868", "revid": 1358169430, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 872, "year_label": "872 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "In Egypt, the first hospital (bimaristan) is built in Cairo by the Abbasid governor, Ahmad ibn Tulun. Physician licensure becomes mandatory in the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267071842#Arabian_Empire", "title": "872", "revid": 1267071842, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 884, "year_label": "884 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – Ahmad ibn Tulun, founder of the Tulunid Dynasty, dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Khumarawayh, as ruler of Egypt and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654158#Arabian_Empire", "title": "884", "revid": 1366654158, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 885, "year_label": "885 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Tawahin: Muslim forces (4,000 men) of the Abbasid Caliphate, under Al-Mu'tadid, are defeated near Ramlah (modern Israel) by Khumarawayh, ruler of the Tulunid dynasty. This ends the Abbasid attempt to recover Syria from the Tulunids. A large part of the Abbasid army is captured, and transported to Egypt. Khumarawayh aims for reconciliation with the caliphal government, and allows the soldiers who want to return to modern-day Iraq to depart without ransom, while offering the rest the opportunity to settle in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655145#Arabian_Empire", "title": "885", "revid": 1366655145, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 904, "year_label": "904 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Shayban ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun succeeds his nephew Harun ibn Khumarawayh as emir of the Tulunid dynasty, who is killed in a mutiny during the invasion of Egypt by the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130856#Arabian_Empire", "title": "904", "revid": 1341130856, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 905, "year_label": "905 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh, an Abbasid military officer, is appointed governor of the provinces of Damascus and Jordan. He is sent to confront a pro-Tulunid rebellion in Egypt under Egyptian general Muhammad ibn Ali al-Khalanji. The latter manages to capture Fustat and proclaims the restoration of the Tulunids, while the local Abbasid commander withdraws to Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350019271#Arabian_Empire", "title": "905", "revid": 1350019271, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 905, "year_label": "905 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Caliph Al-Muktafi sends an Abbasid army (10,000 men) led by Muhammad ibn Sulayman to re-establish control over Syria and Egypt. The campaign is supported from the sea by a fleet from the frontier districts of Cilicia under Damian of Tarsus. He leads his ships up the Nile River, raids the coast, and intercepts the supplies for the Tulunids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350019271#Arabian_Empire", "title": "905", "revid": 1350019271, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 910, "year_label": "910 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Gabriel I becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Alexandria (Egypt).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130820#Religion", "title": "910", "revid": 1341130820, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Hubasa takes Barqah (modern-day Benghazi), the ancient capital of Cyrenaica. The Abbasid governor withdraws to Egypt, before the superior strength of the Fatimids. With this rich, fertile province fallen into his hands, it provides Hubāsa with 24,000 gold dinars in annual revenues from taxes, as well as 15,000 dinars paid by Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Africa", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 919, "year_label": "919 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 5", "text": "April 5 – The Fatimid Caliphate of Ifriqiya (modern-day Tunisia) launch the second Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921) in an attempt to seize Egypt from its Abbasid rulers. The expedition fails and the Fatimids will be forced to retreat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509579#Africa", "title": "919", "revid": 1341509579, "section": "Events › By Place › Africa"}}, {"year": 933, "year_label": "933 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – Takin al-Khazari, Abbasid governor of Egypt", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917339#Deaths", "title": "933", "revid": 1364917339, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 935, "year_label": "935 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid is appointed governor and becomes the ruler of Egypt and parts of Syria (or the Levant). He launches a campaign against his rival Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh by land and sea: the naval forces take Tinnis and ibn Kayghalagh is forced to retreat. Ibn Tughj enters Fustat, making it his capital, and founds the Ikhshidid dynasty, marking Egypt's independence as an autonomous state.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468168#Africa", "title": "935", "revid": 1364468168, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 936, "year_label": "936 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, ruler of Egypt and Syria, defeats the Fatimid forces near Alexandria. He drives them out of the city, forcing the Fatimids to retreat from Egypt to their base at Cyrenaica.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512077#Africa", "title": "936", "revid": 1341512077, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 946, "year_label": "946 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 24", "text": "July 24 – Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, ruler of Egypt (b. 882)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512553#Deaths", "title": "946", "revid": 1341512553, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 968, "year_label": "968 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Abu al-Misk Kafur, Ikhshidid vizier of Egypt (b. 905)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919231#Deaths", "title": "968", "revid": 1364919231, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 969, "year_label": "969 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6–July 9 – Fatimid conquest of Egypt: Caliph Al-Mu'izz's army under General Jawhar invades Egypt. Jawhar occupies the lands around the Nile from the Ikhshidids after a siege at Giza and the capitulation of Fustat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590679#Africa", "title": "969", "revid": 1365590679, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 971, "year_label": "971 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Alexandretta: The Byzantines defeat a Fatimid force (4,000 men) near Alexandretta (modern Turkey), while the main Fatimid army is besieging the fortress city of Antioch. Coupled with news of an advance against Damascus of the Qarmatians, the Fatimids are forced to lift the siege and withdraw to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364918921#Middle_East", "title": "971", "revid": 1364918921, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Caliph Al-Mu'izz transfers the royal residence of the Fatimid Caliphate from El-Mansuriya (modern Tunisia) to the newly founded city of Cairo in Egypt. Egypt becomes the autonomous centre of the Fatimid Caliphate. He leaves general Buluggin ibn Ziri to govern the Western North African territories, which will become the province of Al-Maghreb (meaning the West).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Africa", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 974, "year_label": "974 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Qarmatians are defeated north of Cairo by Fatimid forces under General Jawhar al-Siqilli. He consolidates Fatimid rule and sends a legation to the Christian land of Nubia to secure the southern border of Egypt. Arab traders introduce Islam to the population, which gradually supplants Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513416#Africa", "title": "974", "revid": 1341513416, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 975, "year_label": "975 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Caliph Al-Mu'izz dies in Egypt after a 22-year reign in which he has extended his realm from Sicily to the Atlantic. He is succeeded by his son Al-Aziz Billah as ruler of the Fatimid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513424#Africa", "title": "975", "revid": 1341513424, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 979, "year_label": "979 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Jawhar as-Siqilli is dismissed as vizier of Egypt after an unsuccessful campaign in Syria (near Damascus). He is replaced by Ya'qub ibn Killis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908361#Africa", "title": "979", "revid": 1341908361, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 983, "year_label": "983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – Fatimid troops under the defecting Hamdanid governor of Homs, Bakjur, attack Aleppo (modern Syria), but are repulsed through the intervention of the Byzantine army. Bardas Phokas (the Younger) sacks the city, while Bakjur flees to Fatimid territory in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908613#Arabian_Empire", "title": "983", "revid": 1341908613, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 993, "year_label": "993 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian military commander Isa ibn Nasturus ibn Surus appointed Vizier of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350009737#Africa", "title": "993", "revid": 1350009737, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 994, "year_label": "994 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian politician Isa ibn Nasturus ibn Surus appointed Vizier of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350027284#Egypt", "title": "994", "revid": 1350027284, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 998, "year_label": "998 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Revolt of Tyre: The city of Tyre (modern Lebanon) is stormed by forces of the Fatimid Caliphate. A Byzantine squadron attempts to reinforce but is repulsed by the Fatimid navy. The defenders are massacred or taken captive to Egypt. The Byzantine captives are executed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593041#Arabian_Empire", "title": "998", "revid": 1365593041, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 999, "year_label": "999 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian military commander Abu'l-Ala Fahd ibn Ibrahim appointed Vizier of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468443#Africa", "title": "AD 999", "revid": 1364468443, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1005, "year_label": "1005 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah, Fatimid caliph of Egypt (d. 1036)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910116#Births", "title": "1005", "revid": 1341910116, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1010, "year_label": "1010 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian military commander Zar'ah ibn Isa ibn Nasturus appointed Vizier of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373015431#Africa", "title": "1010", "revid": 1373015431, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1011, "year_label": "1011 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), an Arab scientist working in Egypt, feigns madness for fear of angering Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, and is kept under house arrest. During this time he begins writing his influential Book of Optics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368048875#Middle_East", "title": "1011", "revid": 1368048875, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1018, "year_label": "1018 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian military commander Sa'id ibn Isa ibn Nasturus appointed Vizier of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367470608#Africa", "title": "1018", "revid": 1367470608, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1066, "year_label": "1066 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian military commander Abu Sa'd Mansur ibn Zunbur known as al-sayyid, al-afḍal appointed Vizier in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370249569#Africa", "title": "1066", "revid": 1370249569, "section": "Events › Africa"}}, {"year": 1073, "year_label": "1073 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian official Abu'l-Ala Abd al-Ghani ibn Nasr ibn Sa'id al-Dayf appointed Vizier in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270579#Africa", "title": "1073", "revid": 1365270579, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1074, "year_label": "1074 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Badr al-Jamali becomes Chief Wazir (Grand Vizier) and effectively military dictator of the Fatimid Caliphate under Caliph Al-Mustansir Billah in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339713038#Africa", "title": "1074", "revid": 1339713038, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1116, "year_label": "1116 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Crusaders under King Baldwin I of Jerusalem undertake an expedition to Egypt and march as far as Akaba on the Red Sea. After the local inhabitants flee from the town, Baldwin constructs castles in Akaba and on a nearby island. He leaves a garrison in both fortresses. The three Crusader strongholds – Montréal, Eilat, and Graye – secure the control of the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168627#Levant", "title": "1116", "revid": 1362168627, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1117, "year_label": "1117 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Crusaders led by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem raid Pelusium in Egypt and burn the city to the ground. Baldwin marches back to Palestine and strengthens the fortifications of the southern frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694426#Levant", "title": "1117", "revid": 1361694426, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1123, "year_label": "1123 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 29", "text": "May 29 – Battle of Yibneh: A Crusader army led by Eustace Grenier defeats the Fatimid forces (16,000 men) near Ibelin. Despite the numerical superiority, Vizier Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi is forced to withdraw to Egypt while his camp is plundered by the Crusaders. Eustace returns to Jerusalem in triumph, but later dies on June 15.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532227#April–June", "title": "1123", "revid": 1366532227, "section": "Events › By date › April–June"}}, {"year": 1137, "year_label": "1137 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian military commander Ridwan ibn Walakhshi appointed Vizier in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362157430#Africa", "title": "1137", "revid": 1362157430, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1137, "year_label": "1137 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Saladin (the Lion), sultan of Egypt and Syria (d. 1193)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362157430#Births", "title": "1137", "revid": 1362157430, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1138, "year_label": "1138 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Saladin (the Lion), sultan of Egypt and Syria (d. 1193)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366421724#Births", "title": "1138", "revid": 1366421724, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1152, "year_label": "1152 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, re-captures most of Crusader territory in the Orontes Valley – reducing the Principality of Antioch to little more than a narrow coastal strip along the Mediterranean. The County of Tripoli remains unchanged and Jerusalem remains a potential threat with ambitions to expand eastward, while also striving to dominate the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584069#Levant", "title": "1152", "revid": 1365584069, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1153, "year_label": "1153 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – Siege of Ascalon: King Baldwin III of Jerusalem captures Ascalon, the last Fatimid fortress in Palestine. The citizens are allowed to leave in peace and return to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184506#Levant", "title": "1153", "revid": 1369184506, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1162, "year_label": "1162 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian military commander Shawar appointed Vizier of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184511#Africa", "title": "1162", "revid": 1369184511, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1163, "year_label": "1163 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian military commander Shawar appointed Vizier of Egypt for a second term.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359581472#Events", "title": "1163", "revid": 1359581472, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1167, "year_label": "1167 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – Battle of Al-Babein: A second Zangid army (some 12,000 men) under General Shirkuh and his nephew Saladin marches towards Egypt, but is met by the combined Crusader-Fatimid forces led by King Amalric of Jerusalem. After skirmishing down the Nile, the Crusaders are defeated near Giza and forced to retreat to Cairo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361983030#Egypt", "title": "1167", "revid": 1361983030, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1168, "year_label": "1168 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Amalric I of Jerusalem and Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos negotiate an alliance against Fatimid-Egypt. Archbishop William of Tyre is among the ambassadors sent to Constantinople to finalize the treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165077#Levant", "title": "1168", "revid": 1362165077, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1169, "year_label": "1169 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Late Summer – Emperor Manuel I Komnenos sends an embassy to Egypt to demand tribute, and threatens the country with war when they refuse to pay it. The Byzantine fleet under Admiral Andronikos Kontostephanos sets out from the Hellespont; 60 war galleys are sent to Palestine with money for \"the knights of Jerusalem\". Andronikos with the rest of the fleet sails to Cyprus, at which he defeats a patrolling squadron of 6 Fatimid ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367314843#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1169", "revid": 1367314843, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1170, "year_label": "1170 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Egyptian forces, led by Saladin, invade the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and besiege Darum on the Mediterranean coast. Its defenses are weak, and though Saladin has no siege engines with him, the fall seems imminent. King Amalric I withdraws his Templar garrison from Gaza, to assist him in defending Darum. Saladin raises the siege and marches on Gaza, where he captures the lower town (despite the stiff resistance ordered by Lord Miles of Plancy), and massacres the inhabitants. However, the citadel is too strong for Saladin, and he is forced to retreat to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488642#Levant", "title": "1170", "revid": 1367488642, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1171, "year_label": "1171 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Caliph Al-Adid dies of natural causes (or poisoning) after a 11-year reign. Saladin overthrows the Fatimid Caliphate, and takes over as governor (atabeg) of Egypt – ruling in the name of Emir Nur al-Din.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165802#Egypt", "title": "1171", "revid": 1362165802, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1172, "year_label": "1172 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Emir Nur al-Din begins a two year war against the Danishmendids. He creates a buffer zone between the Syrian realm and Egypt. Meanwhile, he releases Count Raymond of Tripoli for the sum of 80,000 dinars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184481#Egypt", "title": "1172", "revid": 1369184481, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1173, "year_label": "1173 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Saladin leads an expeditionary army against the Bedouin tribes in Oultrejordain to secure a route between Egypt and Syria. He raids the region at Kerak Castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300112960#Egypt", "title": "1173", "revid": 1300112960, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1176, "year_label": "1176 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Adil I, Ayyubid governor of Egypt, suppresses a revolt by the Christian Copts in the city of Qift, hanging nearly 3,000 of them on the trees near the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532887#Egypt", "title": "1176", "revid": 1366532887, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1184, "year_label": "1184 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Saladin sends his nephew Izz al-Din Usama, governor (emir) of the iron-rich mountains near Beirut, to build Ajloun Castle, which controls the trade along the road between Damascus and Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362173180#Levant", "title": "1184", "revid": 1362173180, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 13", "text": "March 13 – Saladin leaves Damascus with his Muslim forces, and sends letters to neighboring countries, asking for volunteers for a forthcoming jihad (\"Holy War\"). A week later his younger brother Al-Adil, governor of Egypt, leads his forces out of Cairo towards Syria. Meanwhile, Saladin leaves an army under his 18-year-old son Al-Afdal at Busra, to keep watch on the 'Pilgrim road'.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Levant", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1193, "year_label": "1193 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – Saladin (the Lion), sultan of Egypt and Syria (b. 1137)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367180478#Deaths", "title": "1193", "revid": 1367180478, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1198, "year_label": "1198 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Amalric I, ruler of Cyprus, marries Princess Isabella I, daughter of the late King Amalric I. A few days later they are crowned as King and Queen of Jerusalem at Acre. On July 1, Amalric signs a truce with Al-Adil I, sultan of Egypt and Syria, securing the Crusader possessions from Acre to as far as Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584676#Levant", "title": "1198", "revid": 1365584676, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1198, "year_label": "1198 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 29", "text": "November 29 – Al-Aziz Uthman, sultan of Egypt (b. 1171)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365584676#Deaths", "title": "1198", "revid": 1365584676, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1200, "year_label": "1200 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – Al-Adil I, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, Jerusalem, and parts of the Jazira takes control of Egypt, and is recognized as sultan of the Ayyubid Empire. During his reign, he promotes trade and good relations with the Crusader States. His son Al-Kamil becomes the effective ruler (viceroy) of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354902191#Levant", "title": "1200", "revid": 1354902191, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1202, "year_label": "1202 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – An earthquake shakes the Levant from Egypt to northern Iraq, causing severe damage in Palestine, Lebanon and western Syria, including the fortifications of the Crusader cities of Acre, Jaffa and Tyre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187490#Middle_East", "title": "1202", "revid": 1369187490, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1218, "year_label": "1218 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – A Crusader expeditionary force, (some 30,000 men) under King John I of Jerusalem, embarks at Acre (supported by Frisian ships), and sails for Egypt. They arrive at the harbour of Damietta, on the right bank of the Nile, on May 27. Sultan Al-Adil, surprised by the invasion, recruits an army in Syria, while his son Al-Kamil marches an Egyptian force northwards from Cairo, and encamps at Al-Adiliya, a few miles south of Damietta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347207200#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1218", "revid": 1347207200, "section": "Events › By place › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1219, "year_label": "1219 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 7", "text": "April 7 – Al-Muzaffar II, Ayyubid ruler of Hama, arrives Egypt with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces bring badly needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a carroccio, confounding the defenders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1345005371#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1219", "revid": 1345005371, "section": "Events › By place › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1220, "year_label": "1220 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Crusaders, led by the Knights Hospitaller, raid Burlus, located in the Nile Delta in Egypt. The town is pillaged, but the knights are ambushed on their return, and several Hospitallers, including Grand Master Guérin de Montaigu, are captured. Meanwhile, Sultan Al-Kamil sends an Egyptian squadron down the Rosetta branch of the Nile. It sails to Cyprus, where it finds a Crusader fleet lying off Limassol. During the attack, they sink and capture all the ships, taking many thousands of prisoners.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552842#Fifth_Crusade", "title": "1220", "revid": 1360552842, "section": "Events › By place › Fifth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Baibars, Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria (d. 1277)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#Births", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1227, "year_label": "1227 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 12", "text": "November 12 – Al-Mu'azzam Isa, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, dies after a 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his 21-year-old son, An-Nasir Dawud, who faces opposition from his uncle, Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488499#Levant", "title": "1227", "revid": 1367488499, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1237, "year_label": "1237 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Al-Ashraf becomes dangerously ill and dies after an 8-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother As-Salih Ismail – who defends Damascus against his elder brother Al-Kamil, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt. In October, Ismail has the suburbs burnt to prevent the Egyptian forces from shelter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300110077#Levant", "title": "1237", "revid": 1300110077, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1238, "year_label": "1238 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Al-Kamil, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, dies at Damascus and is succeeded by his 18-year-old son Al-Adil II. After Al-Kamil's death, a civil war breaks out, and his elder son As-Salih Ayyub, sets out from Damascus to invade Egypt. But a sudden coup d'état dethrones him in favour of his uncle, As-Salih Ismail.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337076438#Middle_East", "title": "1238", "revid": 1337076438, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1239, "year_label": "1239 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – Barons' Crusade: A Crusader force (some 1,500 knights) under King Theobald I of Navarre arrives at Acre. At a council of local barons – most prominently Walter IV of Brienne, Odo of Montbéliard, Balian of Beirut, John of Arsuf, and Balian of Sidon – plans are made to prepare an expedition against the Ayyubids in Egypt. Later, Theobald is joined by some Crusaders from Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650554#Levant", "title": "1239", "revid": 1368650554, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – As-Salih Ayyub becomes ruler of Egypt, after deposing his half-brother Al-Adil II. Meanwhile, other members of the Ayyubid Dynasty are conspiring to depose him and replace him with his uncle, As-Salih Ismail. During his reign, As-Salih begins buying large numbers of Kipchak slaves, to form an elite core in the Egyptian army, known as Mamluks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Africa", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1247, "year_label": "1247 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian fleet (some 20 galleys) confronts the Crusader ships led by Baldwin of Ibelin at Ascalon. But before contact is made, it is caught in a sudden Mediterranean storm. Many of the Muslim ships are driven ashore and wrecked; the survivors sail back to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480331#Levant", "title": "1247", "revid": 1362480331, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Al-Adil II, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt and Damascus", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Deaths", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – Louis IX arrives at Limassol on the island of Cyprus. He gathers his forces and is well received by King Henry I of Cyprus (\"the Fat\"). The Crusaders are supplemented by nobles from Acre, including Grand Masters Jean de Ronay and Guillaume de Sonnac. Louis prepares a plan of campaign, with Egypt as the prime objective.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Seventh_Crusade", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Events › By place › Seventh Crusade"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – King Louis IX of France (\"the Saint\") assembles a Crusader fleet of 120 transports and embarks an army (some 15,000 men) at Limassol. Unfortunately, a storm scatters the ships a few days later. On May 30, Louis sets sail to Egypt – only a quarter of his forces sails with him, the others make their way independently to the Egyptian coast. Finally, the royal squadron arrives off Damietta on June 4 aboard Louis' flagship the Montjoie. The king's advisers urges a delay until the rest of his transports arrive before attempting to disembark, but Louis refuses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Seventh_Crusade", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By place › Seventh Crusade"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – As-Salih Ayyub, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt (b. 1205)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Deaths", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 22", "text": "July 22 – Egyptian politician Bahaa el-Din bin Hanna appointed Vizier of Egypt as the first vizier in the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Africa", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Egyptian politician Bahaa el-Din bin Hanna appointed Vizier of Egypt as the last vizier in the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Africa", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – Al-Muazzam Turanshah, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Deaths", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1253, "year_label": "1253 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – An-Nasir Yusuf, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, cedes Palestine, together with Jerusalem, Nablus and the coastline of Al-Sham to Aybak, Mamluk sultan of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362664638#Levant", "title": "1253", "revid": 1362664638, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian judge Ibn bint al-A'azz appointed Vizier of Egypt for a second term.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#Egypt", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – Izz al-Din Aybak, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is murdered on orders of his wife, Shajar al-Durr. He is succeeded by his 14-year-old son, Nur al-Din Ali, as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate (until 1259).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#Levant", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1261, "year_label": "1261 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 8", "text": "February 8 – Egyptian politician Bahaa el-Din bin Hanna appointed Vizier of Egypt for the third term that will last until April 1278.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011180#Egypt", "title": "1261", "revid": 1350011180, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 1261, "year_label": "1261 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – Al-Mustansir II becomes the first Abbasid ruler in Cairo (after his escape during the Siege of Baghdad). He is sent with an army by Sultan Baibars to recover Baghdad, but is killed in a Mongol ambush near Anbar (modern Iraq), on November 28. The Abbasid caliphs continue as religious figureheads for the Mamluks in Egypt until the 16th century.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011180#Levant", "title": "1261", "revid": 1350011180, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1262, "year_label": "1262 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Al-Hakim I, a member of the Abbasid dynasty, travels to Egypt and is proclaimed as caliph of Cairo in succession to his former rival Al-Mustansir II. After his arrival, he is imprisoned at the Citadel of Cairo by orders of Sultan Baibars but released in 1296 by Sultan Lajin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1275696322#Levant", "title": "1262", "revid": 1275696322, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1272, "year_label": "1272 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Badr al-Din Solamish, Mamluk ruler of Egypt (d. 1291)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362176275#Births", "title": "1272", "revid": 1362176275, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1272, "year_label": "1272 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – King Hugh III of Cyprus (\"the Great\") signs a peace with Sultan Baibars, Mamluk ruler of Egypt, at Caesarea. The Kingdom of Jerusalem is guaranteed for 10 years the possession of its present lands, which consists mainly of the narrow coastal plain from Acre to Sidon, together with the right to use without hindrance the pilgrim-road to Nazareth. The County of Tripoli is safeguarded by the peace treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362176275#Levant", "title": "1272", "revid": 1362176275, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1276, "year_label": "1276 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Dongola: Mamluk forces led by Sultan Baibars gain a decisive victory against the Kingdom of Makuria. They capture the Makurian capital of Dongola and force King David of Makuria to flee upstream on the Nile. He seeks refuge in the Kingdom of Al-Abwab, but is handed over to Baibars, who has him executed. Later, Baibars conquers Al-Maris (Lower Nubia), previously a part of Makuria, and annexes it into Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344445633#Africa", "title": "1276", "revid": 1344445633, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1279, "year_label": "1279 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Mamluk forces led by the 19-year-old Sultan Al-Said Barakah and Qalawun (\"the Thousander\") invade Cilician Armenia; a revolt in Egypt while they are away force Barakah to abdicate. In August, Qalawun takes over the government in Cairo and proclaims himself sultan. He sends Solamish, youngest son of former Sultan Baibars, into exile. Meanwhile, Sunqur al-Ashqar, Mamluk viceroy of Damascus, refuses to accept Qalawun's authority and begins a rebellion in Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487704#Levant", "title": "1279", "revid": 1362487704, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1283, "year_label": "1283 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June", "text": "June – Qalawun (\"the Victorious\"), Mamluk ruler of Egypt, signs a peace treaty for 10 years with the Crusader States at Caesarea. It guarantees the Crusaders the possession of the territory from the Ladder of Tyre, north of Acre, to Mount Carmel and Atlit. But Tyre and Beirut are excluded. The right of free pilgrimage to Nazareth is permitted for the Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347549431#Levant", "title": "1283", "revid": 1347549431, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1285, "year_label": "1285 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – Al-Mustakfi I, Mamluk ruler (caliph) of Egypt (d. 1340)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359686470#Births", "title": "1285", "revid": 1359686470, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1289, "year_label": "1289 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July–August – Admiral Benedetto Zaccaria, having escaped from Tripoli, starts a naval campaign against Mamluk shipping and raids Tinnis in Egypt. In response, Qalawun closes Alexandria to Genoese merchants.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007955#Levant", "title": "1289", "revid": 1332007955, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1299, "year_label": "1299 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 22", "text": "December 22–23 – Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar: Mongol forces under Ghazan Khan defeat a Mamluk army (some 30,000 men) north of Homs. Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad flees with the remnants of his army to Damascus. Ghazan splits his forces, one part sacks Damascus and besieges the citadel. Another part pursues the retreating Mamluks as far as Gaza, pushing them back to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349939019#Levant", "title": "1299", "revid": 1349939019, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – 1303 Crete earthquake: An earthquake destroys the Lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt, one of the Seven wonders of the World.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#July–September", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1317, "year_label": "1317 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – Fakhr al-Din al-Qibti is appointed Emir of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368785088#April_–_June", "title": "1317", "revid": 1368785088, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1321, "year_label": "1321 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mansur Abu Bakr, Mamluk ruler of Egypt and Syria (d. 1341)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355655788#Births", "title": "1321", "revid": 1355655788, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1399, "year_label": "1399 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – Egyptian prince Saad al-Din bin Ghurab becomes the Amir al-umara of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362188981#April–June", "title": "1399", "revid": 1362188981, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1426, "year_label": "1426 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – Battle of Khirokitia: King Janus of Cyprus is defeated by Egyptian troops under Ibn bint al-Aqsarayi and captured by the Mamluks and brought to Egypt, where he is ransomed after ten months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360579570#July–September", "title": "1426", "revid": 1360579570, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}