{"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79", "qid": "Q79", "description": "country in Northeast Africa and Southwest Asia", "entries": 204, "years": 176, "span": [-1785, 2024], "span_label": ["1786 BCE", "2024 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 83}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 23}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 22}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 17}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 12}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 12}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 8}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 5}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 5}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Births", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 15}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "cairo", "label": "Cairo", "shared": 13}, {"slug": "suez-canal", "label": "Suez Canal", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "pharaoh", "label": "Pharaoh", "shared": 11}, {"slug": "israel", "label": "Israel", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "mamluk", "label": "Mamluk", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "alexandria", "label": "Alexandria", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "sparta", "label": "Sparta", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "mamluk-sultanate-cairo", "label": "Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "nile-delta", "label": "Nile Delta", "shared": 6}], "items": [{"year": -1785, "year_label": "1786 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "1786 BC: Egypt: Queen Sobekneferu dies. End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370570236#Events", "title": "18th century BC", "revid": 1370570236, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1544, "year_label": "1545 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "1545 BC—Ahmose I, Pharaoh and founder of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, dies, according to the High Chronology.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354177679#Significant_people", "title": "1540s BC", "revid": 1354177679, "section": "Significant people"}}, {"year": -1521, "year_label": "1522 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "1522 BC—Jacob migrates to Egypt, settling in the Land of Goshen, according to the Hebrew calendar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325704213#Events", "title": "1520s BC", "revid": 1325704213, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1499, "year_label": "1500 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "c. 1500 BC: Queen Hatsheput in Egypt (18th Dynasty).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320312812#Events_and_trends", "title": "1500s BC (decade)", "revid": 1320312812, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1499, "year_label": "1500 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "c. 1500 BC: The element Mercury has been discovered in Egyptian tombs dating from this decade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320312812#Events_and_trends", "title": "1500s BC (decade)", "revid": 1320312812, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1397, "year_label": "1398 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "1398 BC—Birth of Tiy to Egyptian nobleman Yuya and his wife Tjuyu. She later becomes the Chief Queen of Pharaoh Amenhotep III of Egypt and the matriarch of the Amarna family (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307151215#Significant_people", "title": "1390s BC", "revid": 1307151215, "section": "Significant people"}}, {"year": -1340, "year_label": "1341 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "c. 1341 BC - Tutankhamun, Pharaoh of Egypt", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307151222#Births", "title": "1340s BC", "revid": 1307151222, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -1337, "year_label": "1338 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "1338 BC: Queen Tiy of Egypt, Chief Queen of Amenhotep III and matriarch of the Amarna family, vanishes from the historical record. Presumed death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333173496#Significant_people", "title": "1330s BC", "revid": 1333173496, "section": "Significant people"}}, {"year": -1336, "year_label": "1337 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "1337 BC: Queen Nefertiti of Egypt vanishes from the historical record. Presumed death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333173496#Significant_people", "title": "1330s BC", "revid": 1333173496, "section": "Significant people"}}, {"year": -1333, "year_label": "1334 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "1334 BC: Death of Akhenaten, Pharaoh of Egypt. Alternative date is 1333 BC", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333173496#Significant_people", "title": "1330s BC", "revid": 1333173496, "section": "Significant people"}}, {"year": -1333, "year_label": "1334 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "1334 BC: Death of Smenkhkare, Pharaoh of Egypt and co-ruler with Akhenaten. Alternative date is 1333 BC", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333173496#Significant_people", "title": "1330s BC", "revid": 1333173496, "section": "Significant people"}}, {"year": -1322, "year_label": "1323 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "1323 BC – Death of Pharaoh Tutankhamun of Egypt. Ay succeeds him as pharaoh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359672165#Events", "title": "1320s BC", "revid": 1359672165, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -1262, "year_label": "1263 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "1263 BC—The approximate date traditionally offered for the biblical Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt under the leadership of Moses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1324822570#Events_and_trends", "title": "1260s BC", "revid": 1324822570, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -1152, "year_label": "1153 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "1153 BC—Death of pharaoh Ramesses III of Egypt", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300992815#Significant_people", "title": "1150s BC", "revid": 1300992815, "section": "Significant people"}}, {"year": -673, "year_label": "674 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Esarhaddon puts down a revolt in Ascalon supported by Taharqa, king of Kush and Egypt. In response, the Assyrians invade Egypt, but Taharqa is able to hold them off.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510247#Events", "title": "674 BC", "revid": 1370510247, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -668, "year_label": "669 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Esarhaddon dies in Harran while on his way to recover Egypt from the Kushites.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372394221#Events", "title": "669 BC", "revid": 1372394221, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -655, "year_label": "656 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Psamtik I extends his control over all Egypt. The Twenty-fifth Dynasty, and subsequent Nubian period, end in Ancient Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510215#Egypt", "title": "656 BC", "revid": 1370510215, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -609, "year_label": "610 BCE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Naucratis, a city in Egypt, is founded, eventually becoming one of the more prominent cities of that nation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371149915#Events", "title": "610 BC", "revid": 1371149915, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -604, "year_label": "605 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Carchemish: Crown Prince Nebuchadnezzar defeats the allied armies of Egypt and former Assyria, securing the Babylonian conquest of Assyria (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510331#Events", "title": "605 BC", "revid": 1370510331, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -569, "year_label": "570 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Amasis II drives Apries from the throne of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129123#Events", "title": "570 BC", "revid": 1350129123, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -509, "year_label": "510 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Aryandes, Persian satrap of Egypt (executed by the Persian king Darius I)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129120#Deaths", "title": "510 BC", "revid": 1350129120, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -501, "year_label": "502 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4—A solar eclipse darkens Egypt (computed, no clear historical record of observation).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340374605#Mediterranean", "title": "502 BC", "revid": 1340374605, "section": "Events › By place › Mediterranean"}}, {"year": -463, "year_label": "464 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Egypt seizes the opportunity created by the murder of Xerxes I to revolt against Persia. The revolt is led by Inaros, a Libyan, who gains control of the Delta region and is aided by the Athenians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884953#Persian_Empire", "title": "464 BC", "revid": 1288884953, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -454, "year_label": "455 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Athenians suffer a severe defeat in Egypt at the hands of the Persians. After being cut off in the Nile Delta, the Athenian fleet is defeated, and the Athenian army retreats across the Sinai Desert to Byblos before its remnants are rescued. The Egyptian rebel Inaros is crucified by the Persians. The Athenians decide against any further military activity in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1317824167#Greece", "title": "455 BC", "revid": 1317824167, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -453, "year_label": "454 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Persian rule in Egypt is finally restored by Megabyzus, satrap of Syria, after a prolonged struggle which has included dealing with a military intervention by Athens. The leader of the revolt, Inaros II, is crucified by the Persians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1302076125#Persian_Empire", "title": "454 BC", "revid": 1302076125, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -449, "year_label": "450 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Athenian general Cimon sails to Cyprus with two hundred triremes of the Delian League. From there, he sends sixty ships to Egypt to help the Egyptians under Amyrtaeus, who are fighting the Persians in the Nile Delta. Cimon uses the remaining ships to aid an uprising of the Cypriot Greek city-states against Persian control of the island. He lays siege to the Persian stronghold of Citium on the southern west coast of Cyprus. However, the siege fails and Cyprus remains under Phoenician (and Persian) control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172732#Greece", "title": "450 BC", "revid": 1354172732, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -448, "year_label": "449 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Greek city-states make peace with the Persian Empire through the Peace of Callias, named after Callias II, the chief Greek ambassador to the Persian Court, an Athenian who is a brother-in-law of Cimon. Athens agrees to end its support for the Egyptian rebels still holding out in parts of the Nile Delta, while the Persians agree not to send ships of war into the Aegean Sea. Athens now effectively controls all the Greek city states in Ionia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309703382#Greece", "title": "449 BC", "revid": 1309703382, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -403, "year_label": "404 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Amyrtaeus of Sais successfully leads a revolt against the Persian Empire's control of the Egyptian delta. He becomes the first (and only) pharaoh of the Twenty-eighth Dynasty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369378724#Egypt", "title": "404 BC", "revid": 1369378724, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -398, "year_label": "399 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Amyrtaeus of Egypt is defeated in battle by his successor, Nepherites I of Mendes, and executed at Memphis. King Nepherites I, or Nefaarud I, founds the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt. He makes Mendes his capital.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1262065705#Egypt", "title": "399 BC", "revid": 1262065705, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -392, "year_label": "393 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Nepherites I or Nefaarud I, Pharaoh of Egypt", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363862420#Deaths", "title": "393 BC", "revid": 1363862420, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -392, "year_label": "393 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Upon the death of King Nepherites I, two rival factions fight for the throne; one backing Muthis, son of Nepherites I, and the other supporting Psammuthes. Psammuthes is successful, but he only manages to reign as King of Egypt for part of the year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363862420#Egypt", "title": "393 BC", "revid": 1363862420, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -390, "year_label": "391 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Evagoras of Salamis and the Persians battle each other for control of Cyprus. Aided by the Athenians and the Egyptians, Evagoras extends his rule over the greater part of Cyprus and to several cities of Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650502#Persian_Empire", "title": "391 BC", "revid": 1367650502, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -389, "year_label": "390 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Pharaoh of Egypt, Hakor (Akoris), concludes a tripartite alliance with Evagoras, king of Cyprus, and Athens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367650562#Egypt", "title": "390 BC", "revid": 1367650562, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -387, "year_label": "388 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Plato, having left Athens on Socrates' death to visit Megara and possibly Egypt, travels to Syracuse at the invitation of Dionysius I's brother-in-law Dion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210249612#Art", "title": "388 BC", "revid": 1210249612, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -385, "year_label": "386 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Freed from Spartan attacks by the Peace of Antalcidas (\"King's Peace\") of the previous year, Persia turns to quieting Cyprus and Egypt. Owing to the skill of King Evagoras of Cyprus and of Egypt's Greek mercenary general Chabrias, these wars drag on for the rest of the decade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363395299#Persian_Empire", "title": "386 BC", "revid": 1363395299, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -379, "year_label": "380 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Persia forces the Athenians to withdraw their general Chabrias from Egypt. Chabrias has been successfully supporting the Egyptian Pharaohs in maintaining their independence from the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372504979#Persian_empire", "title": "380 BC", "revid": 1372504979, "section": "Events › By place › Persian empire"}}, {"year": -379, "year_label": "380 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian Pharaoh Hakor dies and is succeeded by his son Nepherites II, but the latter is overthrown by Nectanebo I within the year, ending the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt. Nectanabo (or more properly Nekhtnebef) becomes the first Pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372504979#Egypt", "title": "380 BC", "revid": 1372504979, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -372, "year_label": "373 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian King Artaxerxes II launches an invasion of Egypt to bring that country back under Persian rule. The invasion is led by Pharnabazus. After initial successes, the Greek mercenaries fighting for the Persians push on towards Memphis. However, King Nectanebo I is able to gather his forces and repulse the Persian invasion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1080639284#Persian_Empire", "title": "373 BC", "revid": 1080639284, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -362, "year_label": "363 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptian pharaoh Teos (or Tachos) succeeds his father Nectanebo I to the throne. Planning a great attack on Persia, he invites Sparta to help him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267837770#Egypt", "title": "363 BC", "revid": 1267837770, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -361, "year_label": "362 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Agesilaus II of Sparta arrives with 1,000 men to assist Egypt in its fight with Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367114722#Egypt", "title": "362 BC", "revid": 1367114722, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -360, "year_label": "361 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Egyptians under their King Teos and the Spartans under King Agesilaus II, with some Athenian mercenaries under their general Chabrias, set out to attack the Persian King's Phoenician cities. However, they have to return almost at once due to revolts back in Egypt. Subsequently, Agesilaus II quarrels with the Egyptian king and joins a revolt against him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1226326183#Egypt", "title": "361 BC", "revid": 1226326183, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -359, "year_label": "360 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the help of King Agesilaus II of Sparta, Nectanebo II deposes Teos and becomes king of Egypt. Teos flees to Susa and makes peace with the Persians. Nectanebo II pays the Spartans 230 talents for their help.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1141894957#Egypt", "title": "360 BC", "revid": 1141894957, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -359, "year_label": "360 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The King of Sparta, Agesilaus II, dies at Cyrene, Cyrenaica, on his way home to Greece from Egypt. He is succeeded by his son Archidamus III as Eurypontid king of Sparta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1141894957#Greece", "title": "360 BC", "revid": 1141894957, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -350, "year_label": "351 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Encouraged by a failed effort at invasion of Egypt by King Artaxerxes III, Phoenicia and Cyprus revolt against Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325759360#Persian_Empire", "title": "351 BC", "revid": 1325759360, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -342, "year_label": "343 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The King of Persia, Artaxerxes III, personally leads the Persian forces invading Egypt. The Persians are keen to access Egypt's gold and corn supplies. The town of Pelusium in the Nile Delta puts up resistance, but Pharaoh Nectanebo II is forced to retreat to Memphis. As the situation deteriorates, Nectanebo II leaves for exile in Nubia. His departure marks the end of the 30th Dynasty, the last native house to rule Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172730#Persian_Empire", "title": "343 BC", "revid": 1354172730, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -266, "year_label": "267 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Berenice II, queen and co-regent of Egypt (or 266 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370481835#Births", "title": "267 BC", "revid": 1370481835, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -265, "year_label": "266 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Berenice II, queen and co-regent of Egypt (or 267 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532834#Births", "title": "266 BC", "revid": 1373532834, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -198, "year_label": "199 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ankhwennefer succeeds Horwennefer in Upper Egypt, Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358812686#Egypt", "title": "199 BC", "revid": 1358812686, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -119, "year_label": "120 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Berenice III, reigning Queen of Egypt (d. 80 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368395489#Births", "title": "120 BC", "revid": 1368395489, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -91, "year_label": "92 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "92 BC Levant earthquake, earthquake mentioned in catalogues of historical earthquakes. An earthquake and a tsunami reportedly affected areas of the Levant, including the modern states of Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328379180#Levant", "title": "92 BC", "revid": 1328379180, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": -35, "year_label": "36 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Antony abandons the siege of Phraaspa (near Maragheh, Iran). He retreats, loses many men to disease and starvation in the subsequent retreat to Egypt, and marries Cleopatra VII while still married to Octavia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372976843#Roman_Republic", "title": "36 BC", "revid": 1372976843, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -28, "year_label": "29 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Revolt of Thebes suppressed in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349908551#Egypt", "title": "29 BC", "revid": 1349908551, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": -26, "year_label": "27 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Northern statue of the Colossi of Memnon is shattered by an earthquake in Egypt (according to Strabo).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364334819#Roman_Republic/Empire", "title": "27 BC", "revid": 1364334819, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic/Empire"}}, {"year": -24, "year_label": "25 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Galatia becomes a Roman province after the death of its king. The Roman troops stationed there are relocated to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077793#Roman_Empire", "title": "25 BC", "revid": 1267077793, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 40, "year_label": "40 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Christianity comes to Egypt as a church is founded in Alexandria. Mark the Evangelist founds the Church of Alexandria as the first Patriarch (traditional date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_40", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 40"}}, {"year": 54, "year_label": "54 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Two centurions are sent to the south of Egypt to find the source of the Nile, and possible new provinces. They report that while there are many cities in the desert, the area seems too poor to be worthy of conquest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373339620#Egypt", "title": "50s", "revid": 1373339620, "section": "Events › 54 AD › Egypt"}}, {"year": 70, "year_label": "70 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Expedition by the Roman Septimius Flaccus to southern Egypt. He probably reaches Sudan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359120161#Africa", "title": "AD 70", "revid": 1359120161, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 128, "year_label": "128 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Hadrian begins his inspection of the provinces of Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188336#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 128", "revid": 1371188336, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 132, "year_label": "132 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Legio X Fretensis must evacuate Jerusalem, returning to Caesarea. The Jews enter the city, and re-establish their system of sacrifices. They strike coins to celebrate their independence, which will last for only 30 months. Legio XXII Deiotariana, which advanced from Egypt, is completely destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188369#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 132", "revid": 1371188369, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 172, "year_label": "172 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, suppresses an agrarian revolt in Egypt and is made supreme commander of the Roman army in the East.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371303180#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 172", "revid": 1371303180, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 172, "year_label": "172 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Bucolic War broke out in Egypt. The Egyptians, led by Isidorus, fought against the Roman Empire under Marcus Aurelius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371303180#Egypt", "title": "AD 172", "revid": 1371303180, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 190, "year_label": "190 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Egypt (under Roman rule) is impoverished due to an inflation rate of 100% during the previous decade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371309564#Economic", "title": "AD 190", "revid": 1371309564, "section": "Events › By topic › Economic"}}, {"year": 200, "year_label": "200 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Severan Tondo, depicting Septimius Severus, Julia Domna and their children Geta and Caracalla, from Fayum, Egypt, is made. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371377327#Art", "title": "AD 200", "revid": 1371377327, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 250, "year_label": "250 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "An epidemic begins in Ethiopia, moves into Egypt and the Roman colonies in North Africa, and spreads through the Roman Empire (named the Plague of Cyprian, after St. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187135#Roman_Empire", "title": "250", "revid": 1371187135, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 270, "year_label": "270 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Anthony the Great, a Christian saint from Egypt, regarded as \"Father of All Monks\", enters the wilderness to become ascetic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358050431#Africa", "title": "270", "revid": 1358050431, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 292, "year_label": "292 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Upper Egypt revolts of (292–293) outbreak in Egypt, centralized in the city of Thebes, primarily involving other Egyptian cities such as Busiris and Coptos. A precursor to the much larger national Egyptian rebellion that followed a few years later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495826#Egypt", "title": "292", "revid": 1367495826, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 377, "year_label": "377 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Valens concludes a peace with the Persian Empire and leaves enough troops to defend the eastern frontier. The Saracens under Queen Mavia revolt and devastate a swath of territory stretching from Phoenicia and Palestine as far as the Sinai (Egypt). Valens successfully brings the uprising under control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313593#Roman_Empire", "title": "377", "revid": 1367313593, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 380, "year_label": "380 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The annexation of western provinces by Chandragupta II gives him commerce with Europe and Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281452530#India", "title": "380", "revid": 1281452530, "section": "Events › By place › India"}}, {"year": 384, "year_label": "384 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "An edict of Theodosius I closes pagan temples in the Nile Valley (Egypt).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741473#Roman_Empire", "title": "384", "revid": 1364741473, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 385, "year_label": "385 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Roman synod exiles the prophet Jerome, who has incorporated ideas first propounded by the Roman statesman Cicero. He departs for Egypt, Bethlehem, and Jerusalem, accompanied by the Christian ascetic Paula, who will edit Jerome's translation of the Bible, which becomes the Latin Vulgate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1280220298#Roman_Empire", "title": "385", "revid": 1280220298, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 390, "year_label": "390 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Theodosius I brings an obelisk from Egypt to the Hippodrome of Constantinople.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355430318#Roman_Empire", "title": "390", "revid": 1355430318, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 394, "year_label": "394 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The last known hieroglyphic inscription, known as the Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, is written in Philae, Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369162073#Egypt", "title": "394", "revid": 1369162073, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 442, "year_label": "442 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Monastery of St. Shenouda the Archimandrite (White Monastery) near Sohag (Egypt) is built.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333113526#Religion", "title": "AD 442", "revid": 1333113526, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 452, "year_label": "452 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Last known usage of Demotic script in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342662685#Arts_and_Sciences", "title": "452", "revid": 1342662685, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts and Sciences"}}, {"year": 460, "year_label": "460 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Coptic Orthodox Church (Egypt) splits from the Chalcedonian Orthodox Church of Alexandria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598361#Religion", "title": "460", "revid": 1360598361, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 482, "year_label": "482 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Zeno promulgates an Edict of Union (Henotikon), in an unsuccessful effort to soften the decision made at the Council of Chalcedon (451), and resolve differences between the Eastern and Western Churches. Zeno wishes to placate the Monophysite churches of Egypt, Palestine and Syria for political reasons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340789374#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "482", "revid": 1340789374, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 527, "year_label": "527 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Justinian I outlaws pagan religious practices in Egypt, and dispatches Byzantine missionaries to southern territories (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793725#Religion", "title": "527", "revid": 1340793725, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 532, "year_label": "532 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – Emperor Justinian I orders the building of a new Orthodox Christian basilica in Constantinople – the Hagia Sophia. He chooses Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles as architects. The material for the construction is brought from all over the empire, such as large stones from quarries in Porphyry, Egypt. More than 10,000 people are employed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793755#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "532", "revid": 1340793755, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 541, "year_label": "541 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague appears suddenly in the Egyptian port of Pelusium, spreading to Alexandria and, the following year, to Constantinople. This is the beginning of a 200-year-long pandemic that will devastate Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299131059#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "541", "revid": 1299131059, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague, spread from Egypt, kills at least 230,000 in Constantinople (modern Istanbul; before counting stops), and perhaps two million or more in the rest of the empire. Emperor Justinian I contracts the disease but recovers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 549, "year_label": "549 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "c. 549–564 – Transfiguration of Christ, mosaic in the apse, Church of the Virgin, Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt, is made.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557736#Religion", "title": "549", "revid": 1369557736, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 577, "year_label": "577 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Temple of Dendur, dedicated to the Egyptian gods Isis, Harpocrates (Horus) and Osiris, is converted for use as a Christian church (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369170756#Religion", "title": "577", "revid": 1369170756, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 641, "year_label": "641 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The city of Fustat (later Cairo) is founded in Egypt. It becomes the first capital of Egypt under Muslim rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364764166#Africa", "title": "641", "revid": 1364764166, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 642, "year_label": "642 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Dongola: 'Amr ibn al-'As sends an Arab expedition of 20,000 horsemen, under his cousin Uqba ibn Nafi, to Makuria (Southern Egypt). The Nubians strike hard against the Muslims near Dongola with hit-and-run attacks. The Arab incursions into Nubia are temporarily halted.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367634849#Africa", "title": "642", "revid": 1367634849, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 646, "year_label": "646 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Nikiou: The Rashidun army (15,000 men) under Amr ibn al-'As defeats a smaller Byzantine force, near the fortified town of Nikiou (Egypt).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804476#Africa", "title": "646", "revid": 1340804476, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 652, "year_label": "652 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Uthman ibn Affan establishes a treaty (the Baqt) between the Christian Nubians and the Muslims in Egypt, that lasts for six centuries, including the tribute of 400 slaves annually.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367635695#Arab_Empire", "title": "652", "revid": 1367635695, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Empire"}}, {"year": 716, "year_label": "716 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Arab-Byzantine Wars: Umayyad Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd Al-Malik begins the preparations for his campaign on Constantinople; he orders new ships be built in the port-cities in Palestine, Egypt & Ifriqiya. General Umar ibn Hubayra raids southern Anatolia by sea and conquers Lycia, where another Arab fleet joins him, and they spend winter. As the navy advances, Sulayman sends land armies into Anatolia, which settle at Caesarea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808331#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "716", "revid": 1340808331, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 725, "year_label": "725 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Egypt, resentment of the Copts against Umayyad taxation (called jizya) leads to a revolt (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808658#Religion", "title": "725", "revid": 1340808658, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 737, "year_label": "737 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Egypt: Christians invade from the south, with the aim of protecting the patriarch of Alexandria (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809689#Africa", "title": "AD 737", "revid": 1340809689, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 742, "year_label": "742 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Great Berber Revolt: Muslim forces under Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi, governor of Egypt, break out of besieged Kairouan (Tunisia). He scatters the Berbers, the western and central Maghreb remained under the control of the Berber Kharijites.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809740#Africa", "title": "742", "revid": 1340809740, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 746, "year_label": "746 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine Wars – Battle of Keramaia: The Byzantine navy scores a crushing victory over the Umayyad Egyptian fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809747#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "746", "revid": 1340809747, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 748, "year_label": "748 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "An earthquake strikes the Middle East from northern Egypt to northwestern Mesopotamia, destroying many remnants of Byzantine culture (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809772#Asia", "title": "748", "revid": 1340809772, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 750, "year_label": "750 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Battle of the Zab: Abbasid forces under Abdallah ibn Ali defeat the Umayyads near the Great Zab River. Members of the Umayyad house are hunted down and killed. Defeated by his rivals, Caliph Marwan II flees westward to Egypt, perhaps attempting to reach Al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), where there are still significant Umayyad armies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358128937#Arab_Caliphate", "title": "750", "revid": 1358128937, "section": "Events › Arab Caliphate"}}, {"year": 770, "year_label": "770 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Caliph al-Mansur orders the closing of the Canal of the Pharaohs (Egypt). The only remaining land routes to transship camel caravans' goods are from Alexandria to ports on the Red Sea, or the northern Byzantine termini of the Silk Road.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847752#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "770", "revid": 1340847752, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 806, "year_label": "806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab–Byzantine wars: Caliph Harun al-Rashid leads a huge military expedition, assembling men from Syria, Palestine, Persia, and Egypt. The invasion army (reportedly 135,000 men) departs from Raqqa, residence of Harun, and enters Cappadocia through the Cilician Gates, sacking several Byzantine fortresses and cities. Heraclea is captured after a month-long siege (August/September). The city is plundered and razed; its inhabitants are enslaved and deported to the Abbasid Caliphate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292643508#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "806", "revid": 1292643508, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 828, "year_label": "828 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Coptic revolt breaks out in Egypt (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941478#Religion", "title": "828", "revid": 1340941478, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 837, "year_label": "837 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The city of Naples (modern Italy) is attacked by Saracens from Egypt demanding an annual payment (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941882#Europe", "title": "837", "revid": 1340941882, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 853, "year_label": "853 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 22", "text": "May 22 – A Byzantine fleet (85 ships and 5,000 men) sacks and destroys the port city of Damietta, located on the Nile Delta in Egypt. A large quantity of weapons and supplies intended for the Emirate of Crete are captured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072185#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "853", "revid": 1267072185, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 883, "year_label": "883 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Zanj Rebellion: Abbasid general Al-Muwaffaq brings in Egyptian forces, to help him in his two-year siege of the Zanj capital Mukhtara. He captures the city, and crushes the revolt that has devastated Chaldea (modern Iraq) since 869.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129939#Arabian_Empire", "title": "883", "revid": 1341129939, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 920, "year_label": "920 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Georgios I, ruler of Makuria (Egypt)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205100#Deaths", "title": "920", "revid": 1349205100, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 970, "year_label": "970 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Construction is completed on Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, Egypt (the world's oldest Islamic university).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261460#Africa", "title": "970", "revid": 1365261460, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 990, "year_label": "990 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Construction of the Al-Hakim Mosque by orders of the Fatimid vizier Gawar Al-Siqilli begins in Cairo (modern Egypt).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341908655#Africa", "title": "990", "revid": 1341908655, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 996, "year_label": "996 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – Caliph Al-Aziz Billah dies at Bilbeis in Egypt after a 21-year reign in which he has expanded his Shiite caliphate at the expense of the Byzantines, using Turkish mercenaries (Mamelukes). He is succeeded by his 11-year-old son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah as ruler of the Fatimid Caliphate (until 1021).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365261051#Africa", "title": "996", "revid": 1365261051, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1006, "year_label": "1006 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – The brightest supernova ever recorded, SN 1006, occurs in the constellation of Lupus. It is observed and described in China, Japan, Iraq, Egypt, and Europe and possibly depicted in North American rock art. Modern astronomers now consider its distance at about 7,200 light-years. The supernova provides enough light to read by on a night with a dark moon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344800605#Astronomy", "title": "1006", "revid": 1344800605, "section": "Events › By topic › Astronomy"}}, {"year": 1023, "year_label": "1023 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – (21 Shawwal 413 AH) The Grand Vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt is executed only nine months after succeeding Khatir-al-Mulk.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213204#January–March", "title": "1023", "revid": 1342213204, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1077, "year_label": "1077 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Christodolos ends his reign as leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (modern Egypt).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303472978#Religion", "title": "1077", "revid": 1303472978, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1099, "year_label": "1099 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – Battle of Ascalon: The Crusader army (some 10,000 men) decisively defeats the Fatimids who are sent to relieve Jerusalem. Vizier Al-Afdal is forced to retreat to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265715#First_Crusade", "title": "1099", "revid": 1365265715, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1108, "year_label": "1108 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Baldwin I marches out against Sidon, with the support of a squadron of sailor-adventurers from various Italian cities. A Fatimid fleet from Egypt defeats the Italians in a sea-battle outside the harbour.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362166699#Levant", "title": "1108", "revid": 1362166699, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1134, "year_label": "1134 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Count Hugh II (du Puiset), in alliance with the Egyptian city of Ascalon, revolts against King Fulk V of Jerusalem, attempting to take Jaffa. Hugh submits to Fulk and is exiled for three years. While awaiting for a boat to Italy he is attacked by a Breton knight, but survives the attempted murder. Hugh retires to the Sicilian court of his cousin, King Roger II, who appoints him to the lordship of Gargano, where he dies soon afterwards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321069056#Asia", "title": "1134", "revid": 1321069056, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 1164, "year_label": "1164 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Saladin accompanies his uncle, General Shirkuh, with an army sent to the Fatimid Caliphate (modern Egypt) by Nur al-Din, ruler (atabeg) of Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164526#Levant", "title": "1164", "revid": 1362164526, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1195, "year_label": "1195 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Abbasid Caliph, Al-Nasir, takes military action against the Ayyubid Sultan, Al-Aziz Uthman, who controls Egypt and Syria. The Caliph mobilizes his forces and marches into Mesopotamia, directly challenging Ayyubid authority in the region of Iraq.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326044730#Events", "title": "1195", "revid": 1326044730, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – Battle of Fariskur: Louis IX (the Saint) is captured by Baibars' Egyptian Mamluk army while he is in Egypt conducting the Seventh Crusade; he later has to ransom himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Africa", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1250, "year_label": "1250 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – Aybak becomes ruler of Egypt, beginning the Bahri Dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. After 5 days he stands down and the six-year-old Al-Ashraf Musa is nominally proclaimed sultan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360895476#Africa", "title": "1250", "revid": 1360895476, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1251, "year_label": "1251 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April – The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481176#Europe", "title": "1251", "revid": 1362481176, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1260, "year_label": "1260 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366894029#Africa", "title": "1260", "revid": 1366894029, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 1260, "year_label": "1260 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366894029#Deaths", "title": "1260", "revid": 1366894029, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1265, "year_label": "1265 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Mamluk Sultanate Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267064844#North_Africa_and_Asia", "title": "1265", "revid": 1267064844, "section": "Events › By place › North Africa and Asia"}}, {"year": 1280, "year_label": "1280 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Battle of al-Jassora: Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, but Al Mansur Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487782#Events", "title": "1280", "revid": 1362487782, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1293, "year_label": "1293 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – Mamluk sultan of Egypt Khalil is assassinated by his regent Baydara, who briefly claims the sultanate, before being assassinated himself by a rival political faction.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350578384#Africa", "title": "1293", "revid": 1350578384, "section": "Events › By area › Africa"}}, {"year": 1322, "year_label": "1322 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Al-Nasir Muhammad, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, asks for aid from the Ikhanate Mongol ruler of Iran, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, for help in modern-day southern Turkey. Al-Nasir has started a campaign against the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, led by King Oshin, and Pope John XXII has recently dispatched troops to aid the Armenians. By the time the Ikhanate troops arrive, a ceasefire has been negotiated between the Muslims and the Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350577150#July_–_September", "title": "1322", "revid": 1350577150, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1363, "year_label": "1363 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan is completed in Cairo, Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292555096#Date_unknown", "title": "1363", "revid": 1292555096, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1365, "year_label": "1365 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October", "text": "October – Alexandrian Crusade: The city of Alexandria in Egypt is sacked by an allied force of Peter I of Cyprus and the knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339848684#January–December", "title": "1365", "revid": 1339848684, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – Lusignan of Cyprus leads the Cypriots in an unsuccessful attack on Alexandria in Egypt, then retreats, attacks Sidon again on July 19 and then is force by the weather to return to Cyprus, landing back at Famagusta on July 22.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#July–September", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – The Mamluks from Egypt complete their conquest of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. King Levon V is imprisoned for several years in Cairo, until a ransom is paid by King John I of Castile.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#April–June", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1381, "year_label": "1381 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Al-Salih Hajji succeeds his older brother, Al-Mansur Ali II as the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. The Egyptian government continues to be controlled by rebel leader Barquq.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365430794#April–June", "title": "1381", "revid": 1365430794, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1389, "year_label": "1389 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hadji II is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, after overthrowing Sultan Barquq.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360559797#Date_unknown", "title": "1389", "revid": 1360559797, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1390, "year_label": "1390 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Barquq is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, after overthrowing Sultan Hadji II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631980#Date_unknown", "title": "1390", "revid": 1371631980, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1406, "year_label": "1406 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – Abū al-Faḍl Al-Musta'in becomes the new Abbasid caliph of Cairo, spiritual leader of the Muslim faith in the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, succeeding his father, Al-Mutawakkil I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357536622#January–March", "title": "1406", "revid": 1357536622, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1455, "year_label": "1455 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – In Egypt, the Sultan Sayf al-Din Inal confronts a revolt of 500 of his ethnic Circassian slave-troops (mamluks) after rejecting the soldiers' requests for camels to accompany them on an expedition against Bedouin invaders in the Nile Delta. After attempting to assassinate the Sultan's secretary, Yunus al-Aqba'i, the rebels join discontented Zahiri troops and besieged the Cairo Citadel. Facing a withdrawal of support from the Egyptian Caliph, the Sultan eventually meets the rebels' demands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371446040#April–June", "title": "1455", "revid": 1371446040, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1482, "year_label": "1482 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Cem Sultan, who briefly reigned as the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for several weeks in 1481 before being deposed by his half-brother, Bayezid II, invades the Turkish mainland and besieges the city of Konya, but is defeated and forced to withdraw to Ankara. Upon trying to retreat to Cairo in Egypt, he finds that all the roads are under Bayezid's control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368493356#April–June", "title": "1482", "revid": 1368493356, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1491, "year_label": "1491 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – The Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491) between the Ottoman Empire and the Egyptian Mamluks ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360561378#April–June", "title": "1491", "revid": 1360561378, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1517, "year_label": "1517 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 22", "text": "January 22 – Battle of Ridaniya: The Ottoman army of sultan Selim I defeats the Mamluk army in Egypt, commanded by king Tuman Bay II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649067#January–March", "title": "1517", "revid": 1366649067, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1518, "year_label": "1518 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The remnants of The Abbasid Caliphate (stationed in Egypt under the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) hands over the title of caliph to the Ottoman Empire that had conquered Constantinople in 1453, 65 years earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000593#Date_unknown", "title": "1518", "revid": 1362000593, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1592, "year_label": "1592 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – The Malta plague epidemic begins when galleys from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany arrive on the island with 100 prisoners of war from Egypt, and 20 ill crewmembers; over the next 18 months, 3,000 people on Malta die of the bubonic plague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362477183#April–June", "title": "1592", "revid": 1362477183, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – Abd el-Sayed of Egypt is enthroned, as Pope John XVII of Alexandria becomes the leader of the Coptic Christian Church, as the 105th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the Holy See of St. Mark. He will serve until his death on April 20, 1745.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#January–March", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1773, "year_label": "1773 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – In Egypt, Ottoman rebels revolt, killing Ali Bey, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365114710#April–June", "title": "1773", "revid": 1365114710, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1811, "year_label": "1811 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Citadel Massacre in Cairo: Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali kills the last Mamluk leaders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361375672#January–March", "title": "1811", "revid": 1361375672, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1817, "year_label": "1817 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 22", "text": "November 22 – Frédéric Cailliaud discovers the old Mons Smaragdus emerald mines at Sikait, Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360260504#October–December", "title": "1817", "revid": 1360260504, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – The predecessor of Qasr El Eyni Hospital and Cairo University School of Medicine is established in Egypt under the direction of Antoine Clot as the first medical school in the region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362794712#January–March", "title": "1827", "revid": 1362794712, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Zarafa, the first giraffe to be seen in Europe for over three centuries, arrives in Marseille as a gift from the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, Mehmet Ali Pasha, to King Charles X of France. The giraffe then begins a 50-day journey to Paris, walking with its handlers toward Paris where it will arrive on July 9.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362794712#April–June", "title": "1827", "revid": 1362794712, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1831, "year_label": "1831 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Scholar Rifa'a at-Tahtawi returns from study in Paris to Egypt, where he will participate in the Nahda.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360358594#Date_unknown", "title": "1831", "revid": 1360358594, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1832, "year_label": "1832 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 21", "text": "December 21 – Battle of Konya: The Egyptians defeat the main Ottoman army in central Anatolia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370617764#October–December", "title": "1832", "revid": 1370617764, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1850, "year_label": "1850 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – The hippopotamus Obaysch arrives at London Zoo from Egypt, the first seen in Europe since Roman times.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365770371#April–June", "title": "1850", "revid": 1365770371, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1854, "year_label": "1854 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Mohamed Sa'id Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan, then a province of the Ottoman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496011#July–September", "title": "1854", "revid": 1362496011, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1854, "year_label": "1854 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – In Egypt, the Suez Canal Company is formed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362496011#October–December", "title": "1854", "revid": 1362496011, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 7", "text": "July 7 – Following Abraham Lincoln's assassination on April 14, the four conspirators condemned to death during the trial are hanged, including David Herold, George Atzerodt, Lewis Powell and Mary Surratt. Her son, John Surratt, escapes execution by fleeing to Canada, and ultimately to Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#July", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1869, "year_label": "1869 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360511845#November", "title": "1869", "revid": 1360511845, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1875, "year_label": "1875 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 – Battle of Gundat: Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes IV defeats another Egyptian army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371928758#November", "title": "1875", "revid": 1371928758, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1875, "year_label": "1875 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – The Times newspaper in London reveals that Isma'il Pasha has sold Egypt's 44% share in the Suez Canal to Britain, in a deal secured by Benjamin Disraeli, without the prior sanction of the British Parliament.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371928758#November", "title": "1875", "revid": 1371928758, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1875, "year_label": "1875 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Battle of Agurdat: An Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia fails, when Emperor Yohannes IV defeats an army led by Werner Munzinger.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371928758#September", "title": "1875", "revid": 1371928758, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – The first issue of Arabic language newspaper Al-Ahram is published by Saleem and Beshara Takla in Alexandria, Muhammad Ali dynasty (modern-day Egypt).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#August", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1882, "year_label": "1882 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11–13 – Anglo-Egyptian War: The British Mediterranean Fleet carries out the Bombardment of Alexandria, its forces capturing the city of Alexandria, Egypt, and securing the Suez Canal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360586433#July", "title": "1882", "revid": 1360586433, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1882, "year_label": "1882 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – The 'Urabi revolt breaks out in Egypt against Khedive Tewfik Pasha and European influence in that country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360586433#June", "title": "1882", "revid": 1360586433, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1882, "year_label": "1882 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Anglo-Egyptian War: British troops occupy Cairo, and Egypt becomes a British protectorate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360586433#September", "title": "1882", "revid": 1360586433, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1889, "year_label": "1889 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – Mahdist War: Battle of Toski – Egyptian and British troops are victorious.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367594292#August", "title": "1889", "revid": 1367594292, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1907, "year_label": "1907 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – Al Ahly SC is founded in Cairo by Omar Lotfi, as a gathering place for Egyptian students' unions in the struggle against colonization; it is the first association football club officially founded in Egypt or Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373349351#April", "title": "1907", "revid": 1373349351, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – The Nakhla meteorite falls in the Abu Hummus region of Egypt, providing evidence of water on Mars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#June", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February", "text": "Raid on Nekhl: Units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force completely reoccupy the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#February", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – British Foreign Office official St John Philby and T. E. Lawrence arrive in Cairo for discussions about Arab unrest in Egypt, having been flown by Canadian pilot Harry Yates in a Handley Page bomber which set off from England on June 21.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#June", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 – British authorities in Egypt arrest populist leader Saad Zaghloul, exiling him to Malta, triggering the Egyptian Revolution of 1919.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#March", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – The Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence by the United Kingdom ends its protectorate over Egypt, and grants the country nominal independence, reserving control of military and diplomatic matters.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#February", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1922, "year_label": "1922 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – Discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun: in Egypt, English archaeologist Howard Carter and his men find the entrance to the pharaonic tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369983934#November", "title": "1922", "revid": 1369983934, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1923, "year_label": "1923 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – The Egyptian Feminist Union (Arabic: الاتحاد النسائي المصري), the first nationwide feminist movement in Egypt, is founded at the home of activist Huda Sha'arawi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367772921#March–April", "title": "1923", "revid": 1367772921, "section": "Events › March–April"}}, {"year": 1940, "year_label": "1940 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – WWII: Operation Compass – British forces in North Africa begin their first major offensive, with an attack on Italian forces at Sidi Barrani, Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818987#December", "title": "1940", "revid": 1368818987, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The United Nations is founded by ratification of its Charter, by 29 nations including the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Canada, Egypt, Brazil, Haiti, Luxembourg, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and others.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#October", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1948, "year_label": "1948 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – 1948 Arab–Israeli War: The British Mandate of Palestine is officially terminated; expeditionary forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria and Iraq invade Israel and clash with Israeli forces after declaring war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371784888#May", "title": "1948", "revid": 1371784888, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1950, "year_label": "1950 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – Egypt demands that Britain remove all its troops from the Suez Canal zone.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371638577#March", "title": "1950", "revid": 1371638577, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1951, "year_label": "1951 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 6", "text": "December 6 – A state of emergency is declared in Egypt, due to increasing riots.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368856437#December", "title": "1951", "revid": 1368856437, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1954, "year_label": "1954 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – Lt. Col. Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes premier of Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369212684#February", "title": "1954", "revid": 1369212684, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1954, "year_label": "1954 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – Egyptian president Muhammad Naguib is deposed, and Gamal Abdel Nasser replaces him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369212684#November", "title": "1954", "revid": 1369212684, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser vows to Liberate Palestine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#January", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal, sparking international condemnation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#July", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 23", "text": "June 23 – Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes the 2nd president of Egypt, a post he holds until his death in 1970.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#June", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The Protocol of Sèvres, a secret agreement between Israel, France and the United Kingdom, is signed, allowing the former to invade the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt and occupy the Suez Canal with the support of the other two governments, giving rise to the Suez Crisis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#October", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – Suez Crisis: Israel invades the Sinai Peninsula and pushes Egyptian forces back toward the Suez Canal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#October", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1956, "year_label": "1956 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – Suez Crisis: The United Kingdom and France begin bombing Egypt to force the reopening of the Suez Canal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022627#October", "title": "1956", "revid": 1370022627, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1957, "year_label": "1957 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Egypt reopens the Suez Canal to all shipping.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371361971#April", "title": "1957", "revid": 1371361971, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1957, "year_label": "1957 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula (captured from Egypt on October 29, 1956).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371361971#January", "title": "1957", "revid": 1371361971, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1957, "year_label": "1957 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 – Egypt re-opens the Suez Canal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371361971#March", "title": "1957", "revid": 1371361971, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1958, "year_label": "1958 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – Egypt and Syria unite to form the United Arab Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371827125#February", "title": "1958", "revid": 1371827125, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1960, "year_label": "1960 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 9", "text": "January 9 – Construction of the Aswan Dam begins in Egypt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371870774#January", "title": "1960", "revid": 1371870774, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 – 1961 Syrian coup d'état: A military coup in Damascus, Syria effectively ends the United Arab Republic, the union between Egypt and Syria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#September", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Six-Day War begins: Israel launches Operation Focus, an attack on Egyptian Air Force airfields; the allied armies of Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Jordan invade Israel. Battle of Ammunition Hill, start of the Jordanian campaign", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#June", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – Egypt severs diplomatic relations with the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#June", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – President Gamal Abdal Nasser of Egypt demands withdrawal of the peacekeeping UN Emergency Force in the Sinai. U.N. Secretary-General U Thant complies (May 18).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#May", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1967, "year_label": "1967 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 21", "text": "October 21 – An Egyptian surface-to-surface missile sinks the Israeli destroyer Eilat, killing 47 Israeli sailors. Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries along the Suez Canal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370160888#October", "title": "1967", "revid": 1370160888, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21 – The Aswan High Dam in Egypt is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#July", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1973, "year_label": "1973 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – Yom Kippur War begins: The fourth and largest Arab–Israeli conflict begins, as Egyptian and Syrian forces attack Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights on Yom Kippur.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373239256#October", "title": "1973", "revid": 1373239256, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1977, "year_label": "1977 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 19", "text": "November 19 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat becomes the first Arab leader to make an official visit to Israel, when he meets with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, seeking a permanent peace settlement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371657539#November", "title": "1977", "revid": 1371657539, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – In a ceremony at the White House, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel sign an Egypt–Israel peace treaty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#March", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – Vice President Hosni Mubarak is elected President of Egypt, one week after the assassination of Anwar Sadat during a parade, by servicemen who belong to the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization led by Khalid Islambouli and oppose his negotiations with Israel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#October", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1984, "year_label": "1984 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – A peace agreement between Kenya and Somalia is signed in the Egyptian capital Cairo. With this agreement, in which Somalia officially renounces its historical territorial claims, relations between the two countries begin to improve.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371242779#December", "title": "1984", "revid": 1371242779, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – EgyptAir Flight 648 is hijacked by the Abu Nidal group and flown to Malta, where Egyptian commandos storm the plane; 60 are killed by gunfire and explosions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#November", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Egypt, Syria, and 10 other Arab states vote to send military forces to Saudi Arabia to discourage an invasion from Iraq.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#August", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – A fire at the Sheraton Hotel in Cairo, Egypt, kills 16 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#March", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 15", "text": "December 15 – The Egyptian ferry sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#December", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt replaces Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru as United Nations Secretary-General.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368521010#January", "title": "1992", "revid": 1368521010, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – A car bomb explosion outside the Egyptian Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan destroys the façade of the building, killing at least 13 people and wounding dozens more.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372467239#November", "title": "1995", "revid": 1372467239, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – In Luxor, Egypt, 62 people are killed by 6 Islamic militants outside the Temple of Hatshepsut.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#November", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2005, "year_label": "2005 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Egypt holds its first ever multi-party presidential election, which is marred with allegations of fraud.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368527363#September", "title": "2005", "revid": 1368527363, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2009, "year_label": "2009 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The 2009 El Ayyat railway accident occurred in Giza, Egypt, when a passenger train derailed due to stoppage of animals on the train tracks. 50 people were killed and 30 people were injured.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367728140#October", "title": "2009", "revid": 1367728140, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – Mohamed Morsi, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, is elected 5th President of Egypt, the first elected democratically by the Egyptian people, sparking mixed reactions and protests throughout the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#June", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 16", "text": "February 16 – The Egyptian military begins conducting airstrikes against a branch of the Islamic militant group ISIL in Libya in retaliation for the group's beheading of over a dozen Egyptian Christians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#February", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates become BRICS members.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#January", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › January"}}]}