{"slug": "england", "label": "England", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21", "qid": "Q21", "description": "country in north-west Europe, part of the United Kingdom", "entries": 128, "years": 115, "span": [122, 2022], "span_label": ["122 CE", "2022 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 21}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 19}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 19}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 17}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 16}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 9}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 8}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 7}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "vikings", "label": "Vikings", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "wales", "label": "Wales", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "wessex", "label": "Wessex", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-kent", "label": "Kingdom of Kent", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "alfred-the-great", "label": "Alfred the Great", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ireland", "label": "Ireland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-sussex", "label": "Kingdom of Sussex", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-east-anglia", "label": "Kingdom of East Anglia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 122, "year_label": "122 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Vindolanda, a Roman auxiliary fort (castrum) in northern England, is garrisoned by cohort VIII Batavorum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737565#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 122", "revid": 1364737565, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 217, "year_label": "217 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "According to a tradition noted by 19th-century historian Stephen Glover, the earliest recorded game of association football (soccer) took place in Derby, England as a celebration on Shrove Tuesday, the day before commencement of the Lent season on Ash Wednesday, and 47 days before Easter Sunday", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371227173#Sports", "title": "217", "revid": 1371227173, "section": "Events › By topic › Sports"}}, {"year": 477, "year_label": "477 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Aelle, first king of the South Saxons, lands on the Sussex coast of England with his three sons near Cymenshore, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The Britons engage him upon landing, but his superior force besieges them at Pevensey and drives them into the wood called Andredes leage. Over the next nine years, Saxon coastal holdings are gradually expanded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739274#Europe", "title": "477", "revid": 1364739274, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 508, "year_label": "508 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Winter – All the rivers in England are frozen for more than two months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907761#Britannia", "title": "508", "revid": 1364907761, "section": "Events › By place › Britannia"}}, {"year": 520, "year_label": "520 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Kingdom of East Anglia is formed, by the merging of the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, and perhaps the eastern part of The Fens (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364908909#Britannia", "title": "520", "revid": 1364908909, "section": "Events › By place › Britannia"}}, {"year": 530, "year_label": "530 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Cador, king of Dumnonia (England)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364758665#Deaths", "title": "530", "revid": 1364758665, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 590, "year_label": "590 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Eormenric, king of Kent (England)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753220#Deaths", "title": "590", "revid": 1364753220, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 597, "year_label": "597 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "England gets her first written code of laws from Æthelbert. The code is concerned with preserving social order, through compensation and punishment for personal injury (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755884#Law", "title": "597", "revid": 1364755884, "section": "Events › By topic › Law"}}, {"year": 597, "year_label": "597 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ceol, king of Wessex (England)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755884#Deaths", "title": "597", "revid": 1364755884, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 616, "year_label": "616 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Mellitus, bishop of London, is exiled by Sexred and his pagan brothers (Sæward and Sigeberht). He is forced to take refuge in Gaul, and returns to England the following year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636041#Religion", "title": "616", "revid": 1367636041, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 657, "year_label": "657 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hilda, Anglo-Saxon abbess, founds a monastery at Streaneshalch, on the Yorkshire coast at Whitby (England).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804374#Religion", "title": "657", "revid": 1340804374, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 664, "year_label": "664 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The epidemic significantly depopulates southern coastal areas of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636792#Great_Britain_&_Ireland", "title": "664", "revid": 1367636792, "section": "Events › By place › Great Britain & Ireland"}}, {"year": 669, "year_label": "669 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Ecgberht of Kent loses the overlordship of Surrey to King Wulfhere of Mercia. Ecgberht then grants the old Saxon Shore Fort at Reculver (south-east England) to a priest named Bassa, in order to establish a monastery dedicated to St. Mary (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805223#Britain", "title": "669", "revid": 1340805223, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 670, "year_label": "670 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The diocese of Dorchester-on-Thames in England is replaced by the Diocese of Winchester (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367634463#Religion", "title": "670", "revid": 1367634463, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 674, "year_label": "674 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The first glass windows are placed in English churches (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352002710#Religion", "title": "674", "revid": 1352002710, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 675, "year_label": "675 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Wulfhere of Mercia dies after a 17-year reign, in which he has extended his sway over much of England south of the Humber River, including Essex, Surrey, and part of Wessex north of the Thames. Wulfhere is succeeded by his brother Æthelred.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805588#Britain", "title": "675", "revid": 1340805588, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Geraint, king of Dumnonia (England)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Deaths", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 716, "year_label": "716 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary, leaves England and travels to Frisia (the western parts of the modern-day Netherlands) to assist Willibrord, bishop of Utrecht, in his work to convert the pagan Frisians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808331#Religion", "title": "716", "revid": 1340808331, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 736, "year_label": "736 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Æthelbald of Mercia is described in the Ismere Diploma as ruler (bretwalda) of the Mercians, and all the provinces in southern England. He is also named \"Rex Britanniae\" (king of Britain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809679#Britain", "title": "736", "revid": 1340809679, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 759, "year_label": "759 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Exceptional winter in England: Frost begins October 1, and ends February 26, 760.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847712#Britain", "title": "759", "revid": 1340847712, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 760, "year_label": "760 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Offa's Dyke is constructed around this time, according to the traditional history of this defensive earthwork. This 150 mi km earthwork marks the current border with the Welsh kingdoms, between England and Wales (approximate date). However, modern analysis of Offa's Dyke suggests that it was built in the 5th century, well before the reign of King Offa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358120145#Britain", "title": "760", "revid": 1358120145, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 789, "year_label": "789 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the first appearance of Vikings in England. The Viking raid on Portland in Dorset is the first of its kind recorded in the British Isles, including Ireland. The reeve of Dorchester (a local high-ranking official) goes to greet them after they land, perhaps accustomed to welcoming Scandinavian merchants. He is killed. Viking attacks increase in intensity over the coming decades.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848283#Britain", "title": "789", "revid": 1340848283, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 790, "year_label": "790 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Alcuin, Anglo-Saxon missionary, returns (after an 8-year absence) to England. During his stay at the Carolingian court of King Charlemagne in Aachen, he has educated his sons Charles, Pepin and Louis. Alcuin revises the church liturgy and the Bible, and is responsible for an intellectual movement within the Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848291#Europe", "title": "790", "revid": 1340848291, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 792, "year_label": "792 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Offa arranges coastal defences to fend off Viking attacks. He forms an alliance with Essex, Kent and Sussex, in an attempt to unify England (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364906591#Britain", "title": "792", "revid": 1364906591, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Vikings sack the Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey in Northumbria (the second monastery target in England of the Vikings, after the raids on Lindisfarne in 793).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Britain", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 816, "year_label": "816 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Synod of Chelsea: King Coenwulf of Mercia calls for a council about his right to appoint abbots and monasteries in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941190#Religion", "title": "816", "revid": 1340941190, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 825, "year_label": "825 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Ellandun: King Egbert of Wessex defeats Beornwulf of Mercia near Swindon. The battle marks the end of the Mercian domination of southern England. The kingdoms of Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex submit to Wessex, and East Anglia acknowledges Egbert as overlord (bretwalda).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941320#Britain", "title": "825", "revid": 1340941320, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 835, "year_label": "835 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok, a Norse Viking ruler, rises to power. He becomes the scourge of France and England (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352237336#Europe", "title": "835", "revid": 1352237336, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 858, "year_label": "858 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – King Æthelwulf of Wessex dies after an 18-year reign, and is succeeded by his eldest son Æthelbald. He marries his father's young widow Judith (daughter of Charles the Bald), and becomes sole ruler of Wessex. His brother, Æthelberht, is left to rule Kent and the south-east of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129132#Britain", "title": "858", "revid": 1341129132, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 871, "year_label": "871 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – Alfred succeeds as king of Wessex after Æthelred's death. He makes peace with the Danes, and pays them Danegeld, each ruling parts of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129558#Europe", "title": "871", "revid": 1341129558, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 878, "year_label": "878 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Treaty of Wedmore: Guthrum agrees to a peace treaty and is baptised, taking the name of Aethelstan. England is divided between Wessex in the south, and the Vikings in the Danelaw up north. Guthrum returns to East Anglia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353695287#Britain", "title": "878", "revid": 1353695287, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 880, "year_label": "880 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Thimeon: King Louis III (\"the Younger\") defeats Vikings (probably Norsemen) from England, near Charleroi, north of the River Sambre. During the battle 5,000 Vikings are killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372561483#Europe", "title": "880", "revid": 1372561483, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 894, "year_label": "894 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Vikings in Northumbria and East Anglia swear allegiance and hand over hostages to King Alfred the Great, but promptly break their truce by attacking the southwest of England. A Viking force returns from Exeter and sails along the coast, in an attempt to plunder Chichester. They are defeated by the Saxon garrison, losing many ships and men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130298#Britain", "title": "894", "revid": 1341130298, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 899, "year_label": "899 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 26", "text": "October 26 – King Alfred the Great dies after a 28-year reign in which he has forced invading Danish Vikings to withdraw, consolidated England around Wessex, divided parts of Mercia into shires, compiled the best laws of earlier kings, encouraged learning by bringing famous scholars to Wessex and made his own translations of Latin works. He is succeeded by his eldest son, Edward the Elder as king of Wessex.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130263#Britain", "title": "899", "revid": 1341130263, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – Edward the Elder (son of Alfred the Great) is crowned king of England at Kingston upon Thames.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Europe", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1005, "year_label": "1005 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Danish Viking raiders under Sweyn Forkbeard continue to ravage the cities (mostly poorly defended) in southern England. A famine strikes Sweyn's army, which has to live off the land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910116#British_Isles", "title": "1005", "revid": 1341910116, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1008, "year_label": "1008 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In England, King Æthelred the Unready orders a new fleet of warships built, organised on a national scale. It is a huge undertaking, but is completed the following year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910052#Europe", "title": "1008", "revid": 1341910052, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1141, "year_label": "1141 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – The Anarchy in the Kingdom of England – Battle of Lincoln: Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester and Empress Matilda wrest control of the throne of England from King Stephen, who is captured and imprisoned.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357081133#Events", "title": "1141", "revid": 1357081133, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1180, "year_label": "1180 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The town of Portsmouth is founded by the Norman merchant Jean de Gisors, who establishes it as a strategic port to facilitate trade between England and France (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368649234#England", "title": "1180", "revid": 1368649234, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1204, "year_label": "1204 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Channel Islands of Guernsey and Jersey decide, after a plebiscite of wealthy land owners, to remain with the English crown, after Normandy is recaptured by Philip II of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361051821#Events", "title": "1204", "revid": 1361051821, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1222, "year_label": "1222 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury in England, opens a council at Osney Abbey, Oxford.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224827#Europe", "title": "1222", "revid": 1371224827, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1251, "year_label": "1251 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The earliest known manuscript of The Proverbs of Alfred, a collection of sayings of England's Alfred the Great, is written.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481176#Europe", "title": "1251", "revid": 1362481176, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The consequences of the volcanic 1257 Samalas eruption in Indonesia include the following anecdotal accounts: very dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a harsh spring in Iceland; famine in England, Germany, France and Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and southeast Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Global", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By topic › Global"}}, {"year": 1287, "year_label": "1287 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September", "text": "September – Rabban Bar Sauma arrives in Paris, and is received in an audience by King Philip IV (the Fair). He spends one month at the royal court, during his stay, Philip himself escorts him around the Sainte-Chapelle (or Holy Chapel) to see the collection of Passion relics by late King Louis IX (the Saint). Philip gives Bar Sauma many presents and sends one of his noblemen, Gobert de Helleville, to return with him to Mongol lands. In response, he attempts to form a military alliance with France and England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694581#Europe", "title": "1287", "revid": 1361694581, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1313, "year_label": "1313 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Thomas Cobham, Archdeacon of Lewes, is elected by his peers to be the Archbishop of Canterbury in England, but King Edward II intervenes and asks Pope Clement V to cancel the result. The Pope installs Walter Reynolds as the new archbishop on October 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694602#April_–_June", "title": "1313", "revid": 1361694602, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1316, "year_label": "1316 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 18", "text": "March 18 – After leading a six-week-long revolt from Wales against England's, and retreating to Glamorgan, Welsh rebel Llywelyn Bren finally surrenders to King Edward's general, Humphrey de Bohun at Ystradfellte.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018310#January_–_March", "title": "1316", "revid": 1332018310, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1322, "year_label": "1322 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – Scotland's King Robert the Bruce begins the \"Great Raid\" on sites in northern England, leading troops across the River Tweed and starting with an attack on Norham Castle. England's King Edward II responds with an order directing the English Army to assemble at Newcastle upon Tyne to make a counterattack.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350577150#July_–_September", "title": "1322", "revid": 1350577150, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – The kingdoms of England and Scotland sign a 14-year-truce.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#July–September", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Edward the Black Prince, eldest son and heir apparent to England's King Edward III, presides over a council of bishops and nobles at Westminster on Whitsunday to review a demand by Pope Gregory XI for a subsidy from England to help the Papal States in the war against the Republic of Florence. In his letter, the Pope asserts his right as Lord Spiritual and refers to himself as \"Lord of all\". The English nobles conclude, and the bishops agree, that the Kingdom of England will not be subject to the Pope's authority.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#April–June", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – Hundred Years' War: The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#April–June", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1376, "year_label": "1376 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – The day before his death, Prince Edward of Wales, heir to the English throne and known as \"The Black Prince\" summons his father, King Edward III, and brother, John of Gaunt, and makes them swear to uphold the claim to the throne of his son Richard. Edward is the first \"English\" Prince of Wales (as opposed to Welsh) not to become King of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371264713#April–June", "title": "1376", "revid": 1371264713, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1388, "year_label": "1388 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – Thomas Usk, English author", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360557860#Deaths", "title": "1388", "revid": 1360557860, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1398, "year_label": "1398 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Glendalough monastery in Wicklow, Ireland is destroyed by English troops.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370372737#Date_unknown", "title": "1398", "revid": 1370372737, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – Sir Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, resigns as England's Admiral of the North and West to join the resistance against King Henry IV. The office will remain vacant for more than six years. Percy will be beheaded in 1403 after his defeat in the Battle of Shrewsbury.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#April–June", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – The Epiphany Rising begins in England against King Henry IV by nobles planning to restore King Richard II to the throne, and is quickly crushed. Baron Lumley dies after attempting to seize Cirencester. The Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of Kent are captured and beheaded on January 7. Sir Thomas Blount is hanged, drawn and quartered at Oxford on January 12. Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester is captured and executed by a mob in Bristol on January 13. The Earl of Huntingdon is beheaded at Pleshey on January 16.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#January–March", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1415, "year_label": "1415 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – France and England agree to extend their truce in the ongoing Burgundian War after the English Bishop of Durham and of Norwich meet with representatives of King Charles VI, prolonging a ceasefire until May 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593286#January–March", "title": "1415", "revid": 1371593286, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1418, "year_label": "1418 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – The Army of England, led by King Henry V, begins the siege of Rouen, the capital of Normandy in France. The siege lasts almost six months before the Burgundian French defenders surrender", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357024356#July–September", "title": "1418", "revid": 1357024356, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1424, "year_label": "1424 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – King James I of Scotland is released after having been held captive in England for 18 years. James is freed after putting his royal seal on a ransom treaty of £40,000, secured by Scottish hostages taking his place, as agreed at Durham, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656911#January–March", "title": "1424", "revid": 1365656911, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1428, "year_label": "1428 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – English forces under Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, besiege Orléans. Jean de Dunois, the Bastard of Orléans, commands the defenders. Bombardment starts on October 17 and troops attempt an assault on", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359832254#October–December", "title": "1428", "revid": 1359832254, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1429, "year_label": "1429 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Battle of Rouvray (or \"of the Herrings\"): English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy, which is carrying rations (food) to the army of William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk at Orléans, from attack by the Comte de Clermont and John Stewart.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320610#January–March", "title": "1429", "revid": 1351320610, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1429, "year_label": "1429 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Battle of Patay: French forces under Joan of Arc smash the English forces under Lord Talbot and Sir John Fastolf, forcing the withdrawal of the English from the Loire Valley.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320610#April–June", "title": "1429", "revid": 1351320610, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1429, "year_label": "1429 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – The English, weakened by disease and lack of supplies, depart Orléans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320610#April–June", "title": "1429", "revid": 1351320610, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1447, "year_label": "1447 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Henry Beaufort, Cardinal, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1377)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359486325#Deaths", "title": "1447", "revid": 1359486325, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – Cherbourg, the last English territory in Normandy, surrenders to the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#July–September", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1483, "year_label": "1483 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – In England, a rebellion is started by Duke of Buckingham, against King Richard III. Fighting between the supporters of King Richard and of the late King Edward IV lasts for more than six weeks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369188840#October–December", "title": "1483", "revid": 1369188840, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1501, "year_label": "1501 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon arrives in England and arrives at Plymouth. Although she will later become the wife of King Henry VIII in 1509, she initially arrives to marry Henry's older brother, Arthur, Prince of Wales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582028#October–December", "title": "1501", "revid": 1360582028, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1502, "year_label": "1502 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Bristol merchants return from Newfoundland (first so named this year from a letter) to England, carrying three native people and cod from the Grand Banks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367622674#Date_unknown", "title": "1502", "revid": 1367622674, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 27", "text": "October 27 – George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros, English nobleman", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#Deaths", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1527, "year_label": "1527 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "In England, Bishop Vesey's Grammar School (at Sutton Coldfield, in the West Midlands) is founded by Bishop John Vesey; and Sir George Monoux College is founded as a grammar school at Walthamstow by Sir George Monoux, draper and Lord Mayor of London.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366980186#Date_unknown", "title": "1527", "revid": 1366980186, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1533, "year_label": "1533 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, is appointed Lord Chancellor of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359627731#January–March", "title": "1533", "revid": 1359627731, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1538, "year_label": "1538 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – A joint delegation of Lutherans from various German cities arrives in England for meetings with King Henry VIII; Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury; and Thomas Cromwell, the former Chief Minister of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561127#April–June", "title": "1538", "revid": 1369561127, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 27", "text": "December 27 – Anne of Cleves arrives in England in fulfillment of the October 4 contract for marriage to King Henry VIII and the payment of a dowry of 100,000 florins to her brother. Anne and Henry are married 10 days later, but the marriage is annulled on July 12.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#October–December", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1552, "year_label": "1552 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – The Debatable Lands on the border of England and Scotland are divided between the two kingdoms by a commission creating the Scots' Dike in an unsuccessful attempt to halt lawlessness here, but giving both countries their modern borders.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364394581#July–September", "title": "1552", "revid": 1364394581, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1567, "year_label": "1567 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Rugby School, one of the oldest public schools in England, is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362147494#Date_unknown", "title": "1567", "revid": 1362147494, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1579, "year_label": "1579 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – Francis Drake, during his circumnavigation of the world, lands in modern-day California, which he claims for Queen Elizabeth I. With an English claim here and in Newfoundland, it becomes the basis for English colonial charters which will claim all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from \"sea to sea.\" Drake's claim is called Nova Albion (New England), and subsequent maps will show all lands north of New Spain and New Mexico under this name.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362792771#April–June", "title": "1579", "revid": 1362792771, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1581, "year_label": "1581 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – In England, Jesuit priest Edmund Campion is executed for treason.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362478489#October–December", "title": "1581", "revid": 1362478489, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1583, "year_label": "1583 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – Sir Humphrey Gilbert, on the site of the modern-day city of St. John's, claims the island of Newfoundland on behalf of England, marking the beginning of the British Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363312090#July–September", "title": "1583", "revid": 1363312090, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1596, "year_label": "1596 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The first water closet, by Sir John Harington, is installed in a manor near Kelston in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369722581#Date_unknown", "title": "1596", "revid": 1369722581, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1608, "year_label": "1608 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – The second of the Jamestown supply missions, which set out in July from England, arrives at Jamestown, Virginia, with Christopher Newport commanding the Mary and Margaret carrying 70 settlers, bringing the population back up to 120; the passengers include two women and some skilled artisans, mostly from continental Europe, to develop industries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783723#October–December", "title": "1608", "revid": 1352783723, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 28", "text": "January 28 – Thomas Bodley, English diplomat and library founder (b. 1545)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#January–July", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Deaths › January–July"}}, {"year": 1617, "year_label": "1617 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 13", "text": "May 13 – King James I of England is escorted by the Earl of Home across the border to return to Scotland (where he reigns as King James VI) for the first time since the Union of the Crowns 14 years earlier in 1603. He is given lodging at Home's Dunglass Castle, East Lothian.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367152520#April–June", "title": "1617", "revid": 1367152520, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1618, "year_label": "1618 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – English adventurer, writer and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded at the Palace of Westminster, for allegedly conspiring treasonably against James I of England in 1603, following pressure from the Spanish government, over his attack on their settlement on the Orinoco, on his last (1617–18) voyage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365216026#October–December", "title": "1618", "revid": 1365216026, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1624, "year_label": "1624 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 24", "text": "August 24 – Jasper Vinall becomes the first person to die while playing the sport of cricket, after being struck on the head with a bat during a game at Horsted Keynes in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331350573#July–September", "title": "1624", "revid": 1331350573, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – Thirty Years' War: The Netherlands and England sign the Treaty of The Hague, a military peace treaty for providing economical aid to King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway, during his military campaigns in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#October–December", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Barbary pirates first attack south-western England. In August they enslave about 60 people from Mount's Bay in Cornwall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#July–September", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – After several skirmishes in the preceding days, troops under the Marquis of Toiras successfully recapture the island of Ré, forcing the Duke of Soubise to flee to England, and ending the second Huguenot rebellion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#July–September", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1627, "year_label": "1627 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – England lands the first European settlers on Barbados.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371072250#January–March", "title": "1627", "revid": 1371072250, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1633, "year_label": "1633 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – Fire engines are used for the first time in England in order to control and extinguish a fire that breaks out at London Bridge, but not before 43 houses are destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369169348#January–March", "title": "1633", "revid": 1369169348, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1647, "year_label": "1647 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 8", "text": "August 8 – Battle of Dungan's Hill: Irish forces are defeated by English Parliamentary forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358071698#July–September", "title": "1647", "revid": 1358071698, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 20", "text": "April 20 – Oliver Cromwell expels the Rump Parliament in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#April–June", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – The war in the West Indies between the indigenous Carib people, and the French Jesuits and English people who have colonized the islands, is ended with a treaty signed at Basse-Terre at Guadeloupe at the residence of the French Governor, Charles Houël du Petit Pré.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#January–March", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 28", "text": "August 28 – In an unseasonably cold summer, severe frost hits England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988068#July–September", "title": "1663", "revid": 1365988068, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1663, "year_label": "1663 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act, requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988068#July–September", "title": "1663", "revid": 1365988068, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Representatives of England (led by King Charles II) and Denmark (led by King Christian V) sign a treaty of alliance and commerce, the Treaty of Copenhagen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809725#July–September", "title": "1670", "revid": 1368809725, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 (July 8, O.S.) – The Treaty of Madrid, also known as the Godolphin Treaty, is signed between England and Spain to formally end hostilities left over from the Anglo-Spanish War, in the Caribbean, that ended ten years earlier. For the first time, Spain acknowledges that it is not entitled to all territory in the Americas west of Brazil, as provided by the 1493 line of demarcation decreed by Pope Alexander VI, and by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal. Spain acknowledges that Jamaica and the Cayman Islands are English possessions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809725#July–September", "title": "1670", "revid": 1368809725, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1679, "year_label": "1679 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 30", "text": "January 30 – The Orthodox Confession of Faith is drafted up in the Buckinghamshire Assembly and signed by 54 messengers and elders of all Baptist churches in Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, and Oxfordshire, in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366669253#January–March", "title": "1679", "revid": 1366669253, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 15", "text": "September 15 – A four month truce between England and Morocco expires and the Alcaid Omar, Viceroy of Morocco, begins a bombardment of the English fort at Tangier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#July–September", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1685, "year_label": "1685 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – The first organised street lighting is introduced by the city of London in England, as Edward Hemming begins carrying out his contract to be paid for lighting an oil lamp \"at every tenth house on main streets between 6 PM and midnight between September 29 and March 25\" on nights in the autumn and winter without adequate moonlight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369485499#July–September", "title": "1685", "revid": 1369485499, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1688, "year_label": "1688 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – Hearing that William of Orange has landed in England, Louis XIV declares war on the Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373154069#October–December", "title": "1688", "revid": 1373154069, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1692, "year_label": "1692 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – Elias Ashmole, English antiquarian (b. 1617)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365636017#April–June", "title": "1692", "revid": 1365636017, "section": "Deaths › April–June"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 31", "text": "December 31 – A window tax is imposed in England. Some windows are bricked up to avoid it.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#October–December", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – Anthony Wood, English antiquarian (b. 1632)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#October–December", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Deaths › October–December"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – The Pact of Genoa is signed by representatives of England and the Spanish Principality of Catalonia as a military alliance providing for English troops to be stationed in Catalonia as part of the War of Spanish Succession.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355353320#April–June", "title": "1705", "revid": 1355353320, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 9", "text": "July 9 – Christopher Slaughterford of London is executed in Guildford for the murder of Jane Young, his fiancée. He is the first person in modern England executed for murder based exclusively on circumstantial evidence, and he maintains his innocence to the last.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#July–December", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Thomas Betterton, English actor (b. c. 1635)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#Deaths", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1711, "year_label": "1711 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 5", "text": "November 5 – The southwest spire of Southwell Minster in Nottinghamshire, England is struck by lightning, resulting in a fire that spreads to the nave and tower, destroying roofs, bells, clock and organ.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364260988#October–December", "title": "1711", "revid": 1364260988, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1711, "year_label": "1711 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – Woodes Rogers returns to England after a successful round-the-world privateering cruise against Spain, carrying loot worth £150,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364260988#October–December", "title": "1711", "revid": 1364260988, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The first known working Newcomen steam engine is built by Thomas Newcomen with John Calley, to pump water out of mines in the Black Country of England, the first device to make practical use of the power of steam to produce mechanical work.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964331#Date_unknown", "title": "1712", "revid": 1367964331, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1724, "year_label": "1724 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August", "text": "August – Longman, the oldest surviving publishing house in England, is founded in London by Thomas Longman.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372325153#July–September", "title": "1724", "revid": 1372325153, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 – John Strype, English historian and biographer (b. 1643)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#Deaths", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1742, "year_label": "1742 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Charles Rivington, English publisher (b. 1688)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360184270#Deaths", "title": "1742", "revid": 1360184270, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1747, "year_label": "1747 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24–October 14 – The English ships Dobbs galley and California, under Captains William Moore and Francis Smith, explore Hudson Bay, discovering there is no Northwest Passage by this route.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372981647#April–June", "title": "1747", "revid": 1372981647, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1751, "year_label": "1751 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – For the last time, New Year's Day is legally on March 25, in England and Wales and \"in all his Majesty's Dominions in Europe, Asia, Africa and America\" due to the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750. The months of January 1751, February 1751 and most of March 1751 did not exist in British territories: those months were recorded as the last three of 1750 according to the Old Style dating system; the equivalent months a year later were recorded as the first three of 1752 under the New Style system.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351037611#January–March", "title": "1751", "revid": 1351037611, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1760, "year_label": "1760 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – The British Royal Navy ship HMS Royal Katherine runs aground off Bolt Head in England, with the loss of 699 lives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358844484#January–March", "title": "1760", "revid": 1358844484, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1760, "year_label": "1760 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – A lightning strike causes a major fire at Portsmouth Royal Dockyard in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358844484#July–September", "title": "1760", "revid": 1358844484, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1795, "year_label": "1795 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January", "text": "January – Central England records its coldest ever month, in the CET records dating back to 1659.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352627752#January–June", "title": "1795", "revid": 1352627752, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1815, "year_label": "1815 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 2", "text": "January 2 – Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke in Seaham, county of Durham, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365587765#January", "title": "1815", "revid": 1365587765, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1832, "year_label": "1832 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "December 27", "text": "December 27 – Thomas Blakiston, English explorer, zoologist, and naturalist. (d. 1891)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370617764#November–December", "title": "1832", "revid": 1370617764, "section": "Births › November–December"}}, {"year": 1832, "year_label": "1832 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7 – The Reform Act receives royal assent after passage by the British Parliament, reforming the electoral system and setting uniform law for voting rights in England and Wales, though not in Scotland or Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370617764#April–June", "title": "1832", "revid": 1370617764, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1855, "year_label": "1855 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – The Great Gold Robbery is made from a moving train between London Bridge and Folkestone in England, one of the first crimes of its kind.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358982600#April–June", "title": "1855", "revid": 1358982600, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Nottingham Forest Football Club, an association football based in West Bridgford, Nottingham, England, is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#Date_unknown", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1880, "year_label": "1880 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – The first stone is laid for the Clarkson Memorial in Wisbech, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371273111#October", "title": "1880", "revid": 1371273111, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1976, "year_label": "1976 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – The Body Shop, the retail chain for skin care products and cosmetics founded by Anita Roddick, opens its first branch in Brighton, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372603253#March", "title": "1976", "revid": 1372603253, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8–30 – England hosts the UEFA Euro 1996 football tournament, which is won by Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#June", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2005, "year_label": "2005 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 18", "text": "May 18 – English whisky is re-established in England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368527363#May", "title": "2005", "revid": 1368527363, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 23", "text": "October 23 – The bodies of 39 people are found in a truck container in Essex, England. A 25-year-old man from Northern Ireland is arrested on suspicion of murder.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#October", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 28", "text": "July 28–August 8 – The 2022 Commonwealth Games is held in Birmingham, England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#July", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 6", "text": "July 6 – July 31 – UEFA Women's Euro 2022, originally intended for 2021 but indirectly delayed due to UEFA Euro 2020 being delayed, is held in England, with the hosts winning their first major tournament since 1966.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#July", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › July"}}]}