{"slug": "euphrates", "label": "Euphrates", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34589", "qid": "Q34589", "description": "river in Asia", "entries": 50, "years": 50, "span": [-692, 1839], "span_label": ["693 BCE", "1839 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 38}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "sassanid-empire", "label": "Sassanid Empire", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "aleppo", "label": "Aleppo", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "mosul", "label": "Mosul", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "antioch", "label": "Antioch", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "mesopotamia", "label": "Mesopotamia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "parthia", "label": "Parthia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "armenia", "label": "Armenia", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "edessa", "label": "Edessa", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "county-of-edessa", "label": "County of Edessa", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "shapur-ii", "label": "Shapur II", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -692, "year_label": "693 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "693 BC—Babylon is destroyed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib, but the city will be rebuilt in even greater splendor and luxury. He fights his way back north and captures various cities along the River Euphrates (or 691 BC or 689 BC).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292140577#Events_and_trends", "title": "690s BC", "revid": 1292140577, "section": "Events and trends"}}, {"year": -608, "year_label": "609 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Persian Gulf recedes by a large portion, extending the Tigris and Euphrates rivers by 187 mi (300 km).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370510312#Events", "title": "609 BC", "revid": 1370510312, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -331, "year_label": "332 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Persian King Darius III twice sends on horseback to Alexander letters of friendship. The second time he offers a large ransom for his family, the ceding of all of the Persian Empire west of the Euphrates River, and the hand of his daughter in return for an alliance. Alexander rejects both letters and marches into Mesopotamia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1322067290#Persian_Empire", "title": "332 BC", "revid": 1322067290, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -310, "year_label": "311 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In view of the threat by Seleucus to his control of the East, Antigonus decides to make peace with all of his adversaries, except Seleucus, who now holds Babylon. All of the diadochi confirm the existing boundaries and the freedom of the Greek cities. Ptolemy and Lysimachus are confirmed as satraps of Egypt and Thrace, respectively, and Antigonus and Cassander are confirmed as commanders of the army in Asia and Europe. Antigonus, no longer regent but now titled the strategos (officer in charge) of the whole of Asia, rules in Syria from the Hellespont to the Euphrates, including Asia Minor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1230109286#Asia_Minor/Syria/Palestina", "title": "311 BC", "revid": 1230109286, "section": "Events › By place › Asia Minor/Syria/Palestina"}}, {"year": -292, "year_label": "293 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "When an invasion of nomads threatens the eastern possessions of his realm (i.e. between the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea and the Indian Ocean), Seleucus hands over the government of these lands west of the Euphrates to his son Antiochus. Antiochus is appointed co-regent and commander-in-chief of these territories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350129456#Persia", "title": "293 BC", "revid": 1350129456, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": -91, "year_label": "92 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In the first diplomatic contact between Rome and Parthia, Sulla meets with a Parthian envoy, resulting in the parties recognizing the Euphrates as a common frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1328379180#Roman_Republic", "title": "92 BC", "revid": 1328379180, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -68, "year_label": "69 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Parthians and Romans re-establish Euphrates as a frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1225088492#Roman_Republic", "title": "69 BC", "revid": 1225088492, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pacorus crosses, with the help of Quintus Labienus, the Euphrates and invades Syria. The capital Antioch surrenders, and the Parthians take Phoenicia and Judea. However, they cannot besiege the fortified city of Tyre, because they have no fleet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Parthia", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › Asia minor › Parthia"}}, {"year": 1, "year_label": "1 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "AD 1 – Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia, on the Euphrates. Rather than invading the Parthians, Gaius Caesar concludes peace with them; Parthia recognizes Roman claims to Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 62, "year_label": "62 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo strengthens the fortifications on the Euphrates frontier. He builds a strong flotilla of ships equipped with catapults and a wooden bridge across the river, which allows him to establish a foothold on the Parthian shore.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363561412#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 62", "revid": 1363561412, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 164, "year_label": "164 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Avidius Cassius, one of Lucius Verus' generals, crosses the Euphrates and invades Parthia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371301890#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 164", "revid": 1371301890, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 165, "year_label": "165 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Romans establish a garrison at Doura Europos on the Euphrates, a control point for the commercial route to the Persian Gulf.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302074#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 165", "revid": 1371302074, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 197, "year_label": "197 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Septimius Severus forms new naval units, manning all the triremes in Italy with heavily armed troops for war in the East. His soldiers embark on an artificial canal between the Tigris and Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371314350#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 197", "revid": 1371314350, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 199, "year_label": "199 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Mesopotamia is partitioned into two Roman provinces divided by the Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Osroene.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371314736#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 199", "revid": 1371314736, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 243, "year_label": "243 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Resaena: A Roman army under Timesitheus defeats the Sassanids at Resaena (modern Syria); King Shapur I is forced to flee to the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188641#Roman_Empire", "title": "243", "revid": 1371188641, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 256, "year_label": "256 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Shapur I of the Sasanian Empire invades Mesopotamia and Syria. He conquers and plunders Antioch, destroys Dura-Europos, and sacks the Anatolian city of Zeugma on the Euphrates. A devastating fire and an earthquake soon follow, causing Zeugma to be abandoned.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371188385#Roman_Empire", "title": "256", "revid": 1371188385, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 263, "year_label": "263 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Odenathus of Palmyra declares himself ruler of the area west of the River Euphrates and is declared Dux Orientalis by the Roman emperor Gallienus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371304587#Roman_Empire", "title": "263", "revid": 1371304587, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 272, "year_label": "272 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Aurelian besieges Palmyra. Zenobia attempts to escape to Persia but is captured on the Euphrates. Palmyra surrenders soon after.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371192173#Roman_Empire", "title": "272", "revid": 1371192173, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 358, "year_label": "358 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Constantius II builds new forts to secure upper Mesopotamia. Persia's king Shapur II sends an emissary to Constantinople with gifts and a letter wrapped in white silk. He requests that Constantius return the lands of his ancestors from the Euphrates to the frontier of Macedonia. Constantius tactfully refuses to cede any territories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267077925#Roman_Empire", "title": "358", "revid": 1267077925, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 359, "year_label": "359 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Shapur II the Great of the Persian Empire invades southern Armenia. The Romans implement a scorched earth policy and place strong guards at the Euphrates crossings.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332409759#Roman_Empire", "title": "359", "revid": 1332409759, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 363, "year_label": "363 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 5", "text": "March 5 – Emperor Julian departs from Antioch with his army (90,000 men) and heads north towards the Euphrates. En route he creates a diversion and sends a force of 30,000 soldiers under his cousin Procopius to Armenia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307501#Roman_Empire", "title": "363", "revid": 1367307501, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 388, "year_label": "388 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A group of Christians storms the synagogue of the city Callinicum (Syria), at the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321355496#Religion", "title": "388", "revid": 1321355496, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 525, "year_label": "525 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Daisan river, tributary of the Euphrates, floods Edessa, and within a couple of hours fills the entire city except for the highest parts. Eventually the pent-up waters break through the city walls. The Shroud of Turin is allegedly discovered during the rebuilding of the city (see Image of Edessa).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340792024#Asia", "title": "525", "revid": 1340792024, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 540, "year_label": "540 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Khosrow I breaks the \"Eternal Peace\" treaty with the Byzantine Empire after eight years. Responding to an embassy from the Ostrogoths urging action against Emperor Justinian I's expanding power, he leads the Persian army up the River Euphrates. Extracting tributes from towns along the way, Khosrau I besieges and captures Antioch. He plunders the city extensively, transporting valuable artworks, including marble statues and mosaics, back to Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367291057#Persia", "title": "540", "revid": 1367291057, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 573, "year_label": "573 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sassanid War: Persian forces under the command of King Khosrau I capture the Byzantine stronghold of Dara, after a six-month siege. Meanwhile, a smaller Persian army under Adarmahan advances from Babylon through the desert, crosses the Euphrates River and ravages Syria. The cities of Apamea and Antiochia are plundered.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332331069#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "573", "revid": 1332331069, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 581, "year_label": "581 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Sasanian War: A Byzantine army commanded by Maurice, and supported by Ghassanid forces under King Al-Mundhir III, fails to capture the Persian capital, Ctesiphon, along the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340801589#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "581", "revid": 1340801589, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 582, "year_label": "582 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Persian army under Tamkhosrau crosses the Euphrates River and attacks the city of Constantina (modern Turkey), but he is defeated by the Byzantines and killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751218#Persia", "title": "582", "revid": 1364751218, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II launches an offensive against Constantinople, to avenge Maurice's death, his \"friend and father\", and tries to reconquer Byzantine territory. Narses, governor of Upper Mesopotamia, rebels against Phocas at the city of Edessa and requests aid from the Persians. Khosrau sends an expeditionary force to Armenia and crosses the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 604, "year_label": "604 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II captures the Byzantine positions east of the Euphrates; the Persians destroy many cities in the Levant region, after prolonged sieges such as the Byzantine fortress of Dara (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754628#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "604", "revid": 1364754628, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 633, "year_label": "633 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Ullais: Forces of the Rashidun Caliphate under Khalid defeat an entire Persian army (70,000 men) near the river Euphrates. Khalid besieges the city of Hira.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351044118#Arabia", "title": "633", "revid": 1351044118, "section": "Events › By place › Arabia"}}, {"year": 634, "year_label": "634 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Bridge: Persian forces (10,000 men) under Bahman Jadhuyih defeat the Muslim Arabs at the Euphrates (near Kufa). The sight of elephants panics the Muslims, and many are killed. Bahman does not pursue the fleeing Arab army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1299946990#Persia", "title": "634", "revid": 1299946990, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 657, "year_label": "657 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 - July 28 – Battle of Siffin: Muslim forces under Ali ibn Abi-Talib fight an inconclusive battle against Mu'awiya I, on the banks of the Euphrates, near Raqqa (Syria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804374#Arab_Empire", "title": "657", "revid": 1340804374, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Empire"}}, {"year": 683, "year_label": "683 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "According to Bar Hebraeus, a great comet appeared for eleven days, and there was a severe winter, and the Euphrates froze over, and olive groves and vineyards withered, and beasts, and cattle, and birds came to an end.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313750#Arabian_Empire", "title": "683", "revid": 1367313750, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 701, "year_label": "701 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arab conquest of Armenia: Umayyad prince Muhammad ibn Marwan invades the Byzantine Armenian provinces east of the Euphrates; local commander Baanes surrenders before a large Arab army, and the population accepts a Muslim governor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806807#Arabian_Empire", "title": "701", "revid": 1340806807, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Arab War: Emperor Theophilos invades the Abbasid dominions, and reaches the Euphrates River in north-eastern Syria. He captures and sacks the city of Tarsus, but is defeated in Cappadocia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#Abbasid_Empire_and_Byzantine_Empire", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Empire and Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 953, "year_label": "953 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Marash: Emir Sayf al-Dawla marches north into the Byzantine Empire and ravages the countryside of Malatya (modern Turkey). On his way back, he crosses the Euphrates and intercepts a Byzantine army led by Bardas Phokas (the Elder), near Marash. The Byzantines are defeated; Bardas himself barely escapes through the intervention of his attendants. His son Constantine Phokas, governor of Seleucia, is captured and held prisoner in Aleppo, until his death from an illness some time later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512708#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "953", "revid": 1341512708, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1069, "year_label": "1069 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Emperor Romanos IV begins a campaign against the Seljuk Turks, and marches towards the Euphrates via Melitene. He crosses the river at Romanopolis (modern Turkey), and captures the strategic fortress city of Chliat on the north-western shore of Lake Van. Romanos leaves a Byzantine rear guard on the upper Euphrates under General Philaretos Brachamios with orders to defend the Mesopotamian frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243049384#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1069", "revid": 1243049384, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1070, "year_label": "1070 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A successful Byzantine counter-attack drives the Seljuq Turks across the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327891061#Events", "title": "1070", "revid": 1327891061, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1104, "year_label": "1104 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Crusaders, led by Bohemond I, re-invade the territory of Aleppo, and try to capture the town of Kafar Latha. The attack fails, owing to the resistance of the local Banu tribe. Meanwhile, Joscelin of Courtenay cuts the communications between Aleppo and the Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271015#Levant", "title": "1104", "revid": 1365271015, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1110, "year_label": "1110 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic ruler (atabeg) of Mosul, leads an expedition to capture the territories of the Crusaders (belonging to the County of Edessa) east of the river Euphrates. He besieges the fortress city of Edessa, but is forced to retreat when King Baldwin I of Jerusalem (with the support of Armenian forces sent by Kogh Vasil) intervenes with a Crusader relief force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871350#Levant", "title": "1110", "revid": 1368871350, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1123, "year_label": "1123 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 18", "text": "April 18 – King Baldwin II of Jerusalem is captured by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – while preparing to practice falconry near Gargar on the Euphrates. Most of the Crusader army is massacred, and Baldwin is taken to the castle at Kharput. To save the situation the Venetians are asked to help. Doge Domenico Michiel lifts the siege of Corfu (see 1122) and takes his fleet to Acre, arriving at the port in the end of May.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532227#April–June", "title": "1123", "revid": 1366532227, "section": "Events › By date › April–June"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Shams al-Mulk Isma'il, Seljuk ruler of Damascus, sends envoys to Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk ruler of Mosul, to seek his protection in exchange of Damascus. Zengi crosses the Euphrates, receiving the surrender of the city of Hama. He besieges Damascus but, due to a shortage of supplies, is forced to abandon the siege. Zengi extricates himself from Damascus, his Seljuk forces capture the fortresses at Ma'arrat and Atharib.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#Levant", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1144, "year_label": "1144 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk governor (atabeg) of Mosul, attacks the Artuqid forces led by Kara Arslan – who has made an alliance with Joscelin II, count of Edessa. In support of the alliance Joscelin marches out of Edessa with a Crusader army down to the Euphrates River, to cut off Zengi's communications with Aleppo. Zengi is informed by Muslim observers at Harran of Joscelin's movements. He sends a detachment of Muslims to ambush the Crusaders and reaches Edessa with his main army in late November.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362160711#Levant", "title": "1144", "revid": 1362160711, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1145, "year_label": "1145 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Seljuk forces led by Imad al-Din Zengi capture Saruj, the second great Crusader fortress east of the Euphrates. They advance to Birejik and besiege the city, but the garrison puts up a stiff resistance. Meanwhile, Queen-Regent Melisende of Jerusalem joins forces with Joscelin II, count of Edessa and approaches the city. Zengi raises the siege after hearing rumours of trouble in Mosul. He rushes back with his army to take control. There, Zengi is praised throughout Islam as \"defender of the faith\" and al-Malik al-Mansur, the \"victorious king\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362160818#Levant", "title": "1145", "revid": 1362160818, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1160, "year_label": "1160 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Raynald of Châtillon, prince of Antioch, makes a plundering raid in the valley of the Euphrates at Marash to seize cattle, horses and camels from the local peasants. On his way back to Antioch, he and his retinue are attacked by Zangid warriors. Raynald is unhorsed, captured and sent to Aleppo where he is put in jail.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371224699#Levant", "title": "1160", "revid": 1371224699, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1182, "year_label": "1182 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Saladin invades the Jazira Region, ending the truce between him and the Zangids. After a feint attack on Aleppo, he crosses the Euphrates. The towns of the Jazira fall before him; the cities of Edessa, Saruj and Nisibin are captured in October. Saladin presses on to Mosul, and begins the siege of the city on November 10.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362172586#Levant", "title": "1182", "revid": 1362172586, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1230, "year_label": "1230 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Yassıçemen: A Seljuk-Ayyubid coalition (some 40,000 men) defeats the Khwarazmians under Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni at Erzincan on the Upper Euphrates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333053721#Middle_East", "title": "1230", "revid": 1333053721, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1281, "year_label": "1281 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – Two Mongol armies (some 50,000 men) advance into Syria. One is commanded by Abaqa Khan, who attacks the Mamluk fortresses along the Euphrates frontier. The second, led by his brother Möngke Temür makes contact with Leo III, king of Cilician Armenia, and then marches down through Aintab and Aleppo into the Orontes valley, where he is joined by Knights Hospitallerr and some French mercenaries. Meanwhile, Sultan Qalawun assembles his Mamluk forces at Damascus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320525#Middle_East", "title": "1281", "revid": 1351320525, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1299, "year_label": "1299 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December", "text": "December – Mongol forces (some 10,000 men) led by Ghazan Khan cross the Euphrates River and invade Syria. They continue south, and successfully take Aleppo. There, Ghazan is joined by forces from his vassal state of Cilician Armenia. King Hethum II leads the Armenian army (which includes Templar and Hospitaller knights). He participates during the Mongol offensive and regains all the Armenian territories which have previously been lost to the Mamluks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349939019#Levant", "title": "1299", "revid": 1349939019, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – Turkish troops cross the Euphrates River and invade Syria, but are defeated in battle in June.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#April–June", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › April–June"}}]}