{"slug": "finland", "label": "Finland", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33", "qid": "Q33", "description": "country in Northern Europe", "entries": 51, "years": 47, "span": [1008, 2024], "span_label": ["1008 CE", "2024 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 9}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 6}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "helsinki", "label": "Helsinki", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-scotland", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "norway", "label": "Norway", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "estonia", "label": "Estonia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "hanseatic-league", "label": "Hanseatic League", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "gustav-i-of-sweden", "label": "Gustav I of Sweden", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "latvia", "label": "Latvia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "denmark", "label": "Denmark", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "iceland", "label": "Iceland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "austria", "label": "Austria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "european-union", "label": "European Union", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1008, "year_label": "1008 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Battle at Herdaler: Olaf Haraldsson sails to the southern coast of Finland to plunder, where he and his men are ambushed and defeated in the woods.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910052#Europe", "title": "1008", "revid": 1341910052, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1156, "year_label": "1156 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Freeholder Lalli slays the English missionary-bishop Henry with an axe, on the ice of Lake Köyliönjärvi in Finland (according to legend).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362168074#Europe", "title": "1156", "revid": 1362168074, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1191, "year_label": "1191 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Canute VI leads a Danish Crusade to Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170549#Europe", "title": "1191", "revid": 1362170549, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1202, "year_label": "1202 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Danish forces make a Crusade to Finland which is led by Anders Sunesen, archbishop of Lund, and his brother.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187490#Europe", "title": "1202", "revid": 1369187490, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1245, "year_label": "1245 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 21", "text": "February 21 – Thomas, bishop of Turku (modern Finland), is granted resignation by Pope Innocent IV. He admits to committing several felonies, such as torturing and forging a papal letter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355852673#Religion", "title": "1245", "revid": 1355852673, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Second Swedish Crusade: A Swedish expedition led by Birger Jarl subjugates the province of Tavastia – securing Swedish power in Finland. As a part of the Treaty of Lödöse Birger marries off his 11-year-old daughter Rikissa to Haakon the Young, ruler and eldest son of King Haakon IV of Norway.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Europe", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The pagan Karelians start a destructive expedition to Sweden in which King Valdemar requests Alexander IV to declare a crusade against them. This leads to the Third Swedish Crusade to Finland (1293–95).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#Europe", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1323, "year_label": "1323 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – Treaty of Nöteborg: Sweden signs a peace treaty with the Novgorod Republic, regulating the border (known as Finland today) for the first time. The treaty is negotiated with the help of the Hanseatic League in order to conclude the conflict over the control of the Gulf of Finland during the Swedish-Novgorodian Wars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018212#July_–_September", "title": "1323", "revid": 1332018212, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1442, "year_label": "1442 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The municipality of Juva, Finland is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360560025#Date_unknown", "title": "1442", "revid": 1360560025, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1468, "year_label": "1468 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 20", "text": "November 20 – The Hanseatic warship Hanneke Vrome capsizes and sinks off of the coast of Finland, killing its estimated 180 passengers and crew, along with a valuable cargo including 10,000 Rheingulden coins, equivalent to at least 34000 kg lb of gold. The ship had been sailing between the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck (in Germany) and Reval (now Tallinn, capital of Estonia) when it ran into a gale.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561306#October–December", "title": "1468", "revid": 1369561306, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1550, "year_label": "1550 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – The city of Helsinki (now in Finland but known as Helsingfors in Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369571608#April–June", "title": "1550", "revid": 1369571608, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1599, "year_label": "1599 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 10", "text": "November 10 – The Åbo Bloodbath takes place in Åbo (Turku), in modern-day Finland, which was part of Sweden at the time.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325746#October–December", "title": "1599", "revid": 1373325746, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1652, "year_label": "1652 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – The Great Fire of Oulu destroys almost all of the houses of the town’s bourgeoisie, the provision warehouses and the drawbridge of Oulu Castle, in the town of Oulu, Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367149733#October–December", "title": "1652", "revid": 1367149733, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1676, "year_label": "1676 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "An Åbo Lantdag (assembly) meets in Turku, Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992596#Date_unknown", "title": "1676", "revid": 1365992596, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Great Famine of 1695–1697 begins as the Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97) in Swedish Estonia and spreads across Finland, Latvia, Norway and Sweden, while the \"seven ill years\" of famine in Scotland are ongoing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#Date_unknown", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The Great Famine of 1695–1697 wipes out almost a third of the population of Finland, while the Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97) takes out a fifth of the population of Estonia; and the \"seven ill years\" of famine in Scotland are ongoing.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361123555#Date_unknown", "title": "1696", "revid": 1361123555, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "The Russians burn the city of Porvoo, Finland (at the time part of Sweden).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360122845#Date_unknown", "title": "1708", "revid": 1360122845, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – (February 19 old style) The Battle of Storkyro is fought between troops of the Swedish Empire and the Russian Empire, near what is now the village of Napue in Finland. The outnumbered Swedish forces, under the command of General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt, suffer 1,600 troops killed in action while the Russians led by General Mikhail Golitsyn lose 400 men.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#January–March", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1742, "year_label": "1742 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – The Swedish-Russian War effectively ends as 17,000 Swedish troops surrender in Finland at Helsingfors (Helsinki).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360184270#July–September", "title": "1742", "revid": 1360184270, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1749, "year_label": "1749 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "A census is conducted in Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360727483#Date_unknown", "title": "1749", "revid": 1360727483, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1775, "year_label": "1775 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – The city of Kuopio, Finland (belonging to Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav III of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365589248#July–December", "title": "1775", "revid": 1365589248, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1779, "year_label": "1779 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – The city of Tampere, Finland (belonging to Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav III of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567590#October–December", "title": "1779", "revid": 1370567590, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1808, "year_label": "1808 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia proclaims Finland a part of Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369185588#October–December", "title": "1808", "revid": 1369185588, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – The Great Fire of Turku destroys three-quarters of the city (at this time Finland's largest), with 27 human casualties.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362794712#July–September", "title": "1827", "revid": 1362794712, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The city of Joensuu is founded in North Karelia, Finland by Czar Nicholas I of Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#Date_unknown", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1862, "year_label": "1862 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – The first railway line in Finland, between the cities of Helsinki and Hämeenlinna, is officially opened.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358615004#March", "title": "1862", "revid": 1358615004, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1865, "year_label": "1865 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – Electric equipment and mobile brand Nokia founded in Tampere, Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361545898#May", "title": "1865", "revid": 1361545898, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1879, "year_label": "1879 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – The city of Kotka is founded in Kymenlaakso, Finland, by separating its two islands from the old Kymi parish.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365404244#July", "title": "1879", "revid": 1365404244, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1882, "year_label": "1882 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – The Great Fire of Oulu destroys 27 buildings in the downtown of Oulu, Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360586433#November", "title": "1882", "revid": 1360586433, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1891, "year_label": "1891 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 22", "text": "September 22 – The first hydropower plant of Finland is commissioned along the Tammerkoski rapids in Tampere, Pirkanmaa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369994059#September", "title": "1891", "revid": 1369994059, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "A particularly severe flood hits many water areas in Finland. The water level of many lakes, such as lake Saimaa, reach extraordinary heights, which are marked on the coastal cliffs to this day. In Finland the flood is called the Oathbreaker's flood because it coincided with severe dissatisfaction with the emperor Nicholas II among the Finns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#Date_unknown", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1920, "year_label": "1920 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 3", "text": "April 3 – Failed assassination attempts on General Mannerheim, retired leader of the victorious White Guard in the Finnish Civil War, led by Aleksander Weckman by order of Eino Rahja, during a White Guard parade in Tampere, Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369258210#April", "title": "1920", "revid": 1369258210, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1926, "year_label": "1926 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – Miina Sillanpää becomes Finland's first female government minister.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503199#December", "title": "1926", "revid": 1373503199, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – The steamship SS Kuru sank in Lake Näsijärvi near Tampere, Finland, leading to 138 people drowning.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#September", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – Shelling of Mainila: The Soviet Union's Red Army shells the Russian village of Mainila, then claims that the fire originated from Finland, giving a casus belli for the Winter War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#November", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1944, "year_label": "1944 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 2", "text": "September 2 – The last execution of a Finn in Finland will take place when soldier Olavi Laiho is executed by shooting in Oulu.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022611#September", "title": "1944", "revid": 1370022611, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1952, "year_label": "1952 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – The First Miss Universe pageant is held. Armi Kuusela from Finland wins the title of Miss Universe 1952.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373187098#May–June", "title": "1952", "revid": 1373187098, "section": "Events › May–June"}}, {"year": 1978, "year_label": "1978 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 30", "text": "September 30 – Finnair Flight 405 aircraft is hijacked by Aarno Lamminparras in Oulu, Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370022681#September", "title": "1978", "revid": 1370022681, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – The Soviet oil tanker Antonio Gramsci suffers a minor shipwreck in Finnish waters en route to the Neste oil refinery in Porvoo, resulting in an oil spill of approximately 570–650 tons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#February", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1987, "year_label": "1987 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – The Jumalan teatteri (\"The theatre of God\") theatre students' group cause a huge scandal at the Oulu City Theatre in Oulu, Finland by throwing excrement, eggs and yoghurt on the audience during their two-minute performance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372769014#January", "title": "1987", "revid": 1372769014, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1–10 – Pope John Paul II visits Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#June", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – Jammu Siltavuori abducts and murders two eight-year-old girls in the Myllypuro suburb of Helsinki, Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#March", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – Japanese Yoshio Tani, M.Sc. murders gold merchant Turkka Elovirta and businessman Juhani Komulainen in Siuntio, Finland, having convinced them to buy a nonexistent 500 kilogram stash of Nazi gold.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#April", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – The Tampere Hall, the largest concert and congress center in the Nordic countries, was inaugurated in Tampere, Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#September", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – The world's first GSM telephone call is made in Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#July", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1995, "year_label": "1995 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Austria, Finland and Sweden join the European Union.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372467239#January", "title": "1995", "revid": 1372467239, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1997, "year_label": "1997 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – St. Olaf's Church, a stone church from the 16th century in Tyrvää, Finland, is burnt down.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367978156#September", "title": "1997", "revid": 1367978156, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10–12 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2007 takes place in Helsinki, Finland, and is won by Serbian entrant Marija Šerifović with the song \"Molitva\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#May", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – The Jokela school shooting happened in Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#November", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 1", "text": "July 1 – Finland takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Romanian presidency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#July", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – As the final Nordic country to join the alliance, Sweden officially joins NATO, becoming its 32nd member after Finland a year earlier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#March", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › March"}}]}