{"slug": "firth-of-forth", "label": "Firth of Forth", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Forth", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202083", "qid": "Q202083", "description": "estuary of Scotland's River Forth", "entries": 15, "years": 15, "span": [82, 1964], "span_label": ["82 CE", "1964 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "scotland", "label": "Scotland", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "caledonians", "label": "Caledonians", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "gnaeus-julius-agricola", "label": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "legio-ix-hispana", "label": "Legio IX Hispana", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-scotland", "label": "Kingdom of Scotland", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "leith", "label": "Leith", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "antoninus-pius", "label": "Antoninus Pius", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "picts", "label": "Picts", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "royal-navy", "label": "Royal Navy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "great-britain", "label": "Great Britain", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 82, "year_label": "82 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola raises a fleet, and encircles the Celtic tribes beyond the Forth; the Caledonians rise in great numbers against the Romans. They attack the camp of Legio IX Hispana at night, but Agricola sends his cavalry in, and puts them to flight.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371185605#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 82", "revid": 1371185605, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 142, "year_label": "142 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Antoninus Pius orders the construction of the Antonine Wall. The wall stretches 39 miles (63 km), from Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the Firth of Clyde, to Carriden near Bo'ness on the Firth of Forth (Scotland). The Romans build 19 forts and smaller fortlets (milecastles), to protect the border against the Caledonians.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187866#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 142", "revid": 1371187866, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Beorhtfrith fights against the Picts between Haefe and Caere (assumed to be between the rivers Avon and Carron, which flow into the Firth of Forth in Scotland).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Britain", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1406, "year_label": "1406 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Scottish nobles Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney and David Fleming of Biggar are assigned by King Robert III to transport the Crown Prince James to Bass Rock at the Firth of Forth to be evacuated to France. The group is ambushed by Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany at Long Hermiston Moor. Fleming is killed in battle, but Orkney is able to escape with Prince James and, after rescue, to board a ship to cross the English Channel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357536622#January–March", "title": "1406", "revid": 1357536622, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1490, "year_label": "1490 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The Scottish Admiral Sir Andrew Wood of Largo, commanding the warships Flower and Yellow Carrel, successfully repels an attempted ambush by three armed English merchant ships at the Firth of Forth. Wood captures the three ships, carries them up the Dundee river and presents them and their crews to King James IV. After a \"an earnest remonstrance\" to England's King Henry VII about allowing the Englishmen to attempt a battle, King James sets the prisoners free and returns them to England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365746432#July–September", "title": "1490", "revid": 1365746432, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1513, "year_label": "1513 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – Scotland's Earl of Arran departs from the Firth of Forth with 22 ships on a plan to join France in cutting off England's communications with the rest of Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363949569#July–September", "title": "1513", "revid": 1363949569, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1547, "year_label": "1547 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 28", "text": "December 28 – Sir John Luttrell of England, recently victorious over Scotland in the Battle of Pinkie, raids the Scottish port of Burntisland on the Firth of Forth, after his uncle Thomas Wyndham brings two Royal Navy warships. Luttrell and Wyndhamburn ships and buildings on the pier and capture Rossend Castle", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369359234#October–December", "title": "1547", "revid": 1369359234, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1560, "year_label": "1560 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – In the Kingdom of Scotland, French troops commanded by Henri Cleutin and Captain Corbeyran de Cardaillac Sarlabous sail across the Firth of Forth from Leith, which they are occupying, and fight with the Lords of the Congregation at Pettycur Bay near Kinghorn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359957428#January–March", "title": "1560", "revid": 1359957428, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1588, "year_label": "1588 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 12", "text": "August 12 – The fleeing Spanish Armada sails past the Firth of Forth, and the English call off their pursuit, entirely avoiding the storm which destroys most of the Spanish fleet as it attempts to round Scotland and the west coast of Ireland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362479687#July–September", "title": "1588", "revid": 1362479687, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 29", "text": "April 29–May 1 – Second Anglo-Dutch War: A Dutch flotilla under Admiral van Ghent enters the Firth of Forth in Scotland and bombards Burntisland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#April–June", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – James Francis Edward Stuart, Jacobite pretender to the throne of Great Britain, unsuccessfully tries to land from a French fleet in the Firth of Forth in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360122845#January–June", "title": "1708", "revid": 1360122845, "section": "Events › January–June"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – William Mackintosh of Borlum, leader of the Jacobite rising against Great Britain, lands with 1,500 men in Scotland after crossing the Firth of Forth from France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#October–December", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1890, "year_label": "1890 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 4", "text": "March 4 – The Forth Bridge, the longest bridge in Great Britain, on the Firth of Forth in Scotland, is opened to rail traffic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364071388#March", "title": "1890", "revid": 1364071388, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "September", "text": "British Royal Navy scout cruiser HMS Pathfinder is sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth (Scotland), the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#September", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1964, "year_label": "1964 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – The Forth Road Bridge opens over the Firth of Forth in Scotland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371069587#September", "title": "1964", "revid": 1371069587, "section": "Events › September"}}]}