{"slug": "florence", "label": "Florence", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2044", "qid": "Q2044", "description": "Italian city and commune, located in Tuscany", "entries": 65, "years": 59, "span": [-58, 1966], "span_label": ["59 BCE", "1966 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 15}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 14}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 12}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 5}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 4}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 4}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 3}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "leonardo-da-vinci", "label": "Leonardo da Vinci", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "republic-of-florence", "label": "Republic of Florence", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "michelangelo", "label": "Michelangelo", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "venice", "label": "Venice", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "bologna", "label": "Bologna", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "republic-of-siena", "label": "Republic of Siena", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "tuscany", "label": "Tuscany", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "henry-vii-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "pope-leo-x", "label": "Pope Leo X", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": -58, "year_label": "59 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The colonia of Florentia, modern Florence, founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1327068186#Roman_Republic", "title": "59 BC", "revid": 1327068186, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 542, "year_label": "542 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Mucellium: Totila marches down into Tuscany and defeats the Byzantines at Florence, in the valley of Mugello. He treats his prisoners well, and many are induced to join his banner.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340799594#Europe", "title": "542", "revid": 1340799594, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 586, "year_label": "586 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Page with the Crucifixion, from the \"Rabbula Gospels\", at the Monastery of St. John in Beth Zagba (Syria), is completed. It is now kept at the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748798#Art", "title": "586", "revid": 1364748798, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 895, "year_label": "895 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arnulf of Carinthia crosses the Po River and divides his army in two: one corps (Swabian) proceeds to Florence (via Bologna), while the other corps (Franks) moves through the Lunigiana to the precincts of Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093921#Europe", "title": "895", "revid": 1346093921, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 978, "year_label": "978 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Badia Fiorentina, a Benedictine abbey in Florence, is founded by Willa of Tuscany, the widow of Hubert of Tuscany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272344#Religion", "title": "978", "revid": 1365272344, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1010, "year_label": "1010 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The fortified city of Fiesole in Italy is captured and destroyed by the people of nearby Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373015431#Europe", "title": "1010", "revid": 1373015431, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1058, "year_label": "1058 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – Stephen IX dies of a severe illness after a pontificate of 7 months at Florence. He is succeeded by Nicholas II who will be installed the following year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1269479149#Religion", "title": "1058", "revid": 1269479149, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1061, "year_label": "1061 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 27", "text": "July 27 – Pope Nicholas II dies after a 2-year pontificate at Florence. He is succeeded by Alexander II as the 156th pope of the Catholic Church in Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371210530#Religion", "title": "1061", "revid": 1371210530, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1260, "year_label": "1260 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The mosaic Christ between the Virgin and St Minias is made on the facade of Florence's Basilica di San Miniato al Monte.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366894029#Arts_and_culture", "title": "1260", "revid": 1366894029, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts and culture"}}, {"year": 1260, "year_label": "1260 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Battle of Montaperti: The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeat the Florentine Guelphs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366894029#Europe", "title": "1260", "revid": 1366894029, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1274, "year_label": "1274 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – In Florence, the 9-year-old Dante first sees the 8-year-old Beatrice, his lifelong muse. She appears later as one of his guides in the Divine Comedy, Paradiso and Purgatorio.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356688810#Literature", "title": "1274", "revid": 1356688810, "section": "Events › By topic › Literature"}}, {"year": 1301, "year_label": "1301 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Charles of Valois, son of the late King Philip III (\"Philip the Bold\"), is summoned to Italy by Pope Boniface VIII to restore peace between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. He enters Florence, and allows the Neri (\"Black Guelphs\") to return to the city. Charles installs a new government under Cante dei Gabrielli as Chief Magistrate (podestà), leading to the permanent exile of Dante Alighieri, Italian poet and philosopher, from the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694592#October–_December", "title": "1301", "revid": 1361694592, "section": "Events › October– December"}}, {"year": 1304, "year_label": "1304 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Cardinal Albertini, the papal legate and peacemaker, enters Florence and is granted special powers by the government to facilitate his mission.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428823#January_–_March", "title": "1304", "revid": 1361428823, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1311, "year_label": "1311 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 6", "text": "January 6 – Henry VII, the future Holy Roman Emperor, is crowned King of Italy in Milan with a mock-up of the Iron crown of Lombardy. The Tuscan Guelphs refuse to attend the ceremony and begin preparing for resistance against Henry's rule. Henry approves the despotic regimes of Matteo I Visconti in Milan and Cangrande I della Scala in Verona. The cities of Piedmont and Lombardy submit to Henry – in accordance with the proclaimed program of peace and justice. Florence and their Guelph (anti-imperialist) allies in Tuscany and Romagna move to defend themselves against Henry's accession.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018282#January_–_March", "title": "1311", "revid": 1332018282, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1312, "year_label": "1312 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 31", "text": "October 31 – Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor abandons his campaign against Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362487312#October_–_December", "title": "1312", "revid": 1362487312, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1333, "year_label": "1333 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – The River Arno floods, causing massive damage in Florence, as recorded by Giovanni Villani.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351084838#January–December", "title": "1333", "revid": 1351084838, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1334, "year_label": "1334 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – The bishop of Florence blesses the first foundational stone laid for the new campanile (bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral (the tower was designed by the artist Giotto).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561442#January–December", "title": "1334", "revid": 1369561442, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1339, "year_label": "1339 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "All streets in the city of Florence are paved, the first European city in post-Roman times where this has happened.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362188629#Date_unknown", "title": "1339", "revid": 1362188629, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1348, "year_label": "1348 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Giovanni Villani, chronicler of Florence (Black Death) (b. c. 1276)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320392432#Deaths", "title": "1348", "revid": 1320392432, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1376, "year_label": "1376 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Saint Catherine of Siena, now the Roman Catholic patron saint of Italy, visits Pope Gregory XI in Avignon in France, to attempt to persuade him to make peace with Florence, and move the Papacy back to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371264713#April–June", "title": "1376", "revid": 1371264713, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1377, "year_label": "1377 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A sermon by a German monk states \"the game of cards has come to us this year\", and prohibitions against cards are issued by Prince John of Castile, and the cities of Florence and Basel.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368383535#Date_unknown", "title": "1377", "revid": 1368383535, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1386, "year_label": "1386 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Construction begins on the Brancacci Chapel in Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359789728#Date_unknown", "title": "1386", "revid": 1359789728, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1400, "year_label": "1400 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The House of Medici becomes powerful in Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369029011#Date_unknown", "title": "1400", "revid": 1369029011, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26 – Battle of Casalecchio: Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Duke of Milan, crushes the forces of Bologna and Florence. He dies from a fever less than three months later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#April–June", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1422, "year_label": "1422 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "On the Italian Peninsula, Venice has a population of 84,000, of which 200 men rule the city, while Florence has a population of 40,000, of which 600 men rule the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325155630#Undated", "title": "1422", "revid": 1325155630, "section": "Events › Undated"}}, {"year": 1432, "year_label": "1432 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – In the battle of San Romano, fought in Italy only 30 mi from the capital at Florence, the Republic of Florence cavalry and infantry, led by General Niccolò da Tolentino defeat the army of the Republic of Siena, led by Francesco Piccinino. The Renaissance painter Paolo Uccello later commemorates the event in a triptych painting.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361998124#April–June", "title": "1432", "revid": 1361998124, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1433, "year_label": "1433 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 7", "text": "September 7 – Cosimo de' Medici, later the unofficial leader of Florence and patron of Marsilio Ficino, is imprisoned in the Palazzo dei Priori. Initially facing life imprisonment, Medici is then exiled by the Albizzi/Strozzi faction instead. He returns a year later, on October 6, 1434.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320602#July–September", "title": "1433", "revid": 1351320602, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1436, "year_label": "1436 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The Florentine polymath Leon Battista Alberti begins writing the treatise On Painting, in which he argues for the importance of mathematical perspective, in the creation of three-dimensional vision on a two-dimensional plane. This follows the ideas of Masaccio, and his concepts of linear perspective and vanishing point in artwork.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320639#Date_unknown", "title": "1436", "revid": 1351320639, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1439, "year_label": "1439 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – Pope Eugene IV, who had convened the Council of Ferrara a year earlier to fight the reforms of the Council of Basel, orders the transfer of its participants from Ferrara to Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373513363#January–March", "title": "1439", "revid": 1373513363, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1460, "year_label": "1460 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A monk, Leonardo da Pistoia, arrives in Florence from Macedonia, with the Corpus Hermeticum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371496065#Date_unknown", "title": "1460", "revid": 1371496065, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1472, "year_label": "1472 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June", "text": "June – Leonardo da Vinci is admitted as a master in his own right to the artists' Guild of Saint Luke in Florence. An entry is made in the register of the Compagnia di San Luca reading \"Anno Domini 1472— Leonardo, son of Ser Piero da Vinci, painter, to pay the sum of 6 sol, for the whole month of June 1472, for the remittance of his debt to the Company until July 1472... and to pay for the whole of November 1472, 5 sol due on 18 October 1472.\"", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251690#April–June", "title": "1472", "revid": 1365251690, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1472, "year_label": "1472 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 16", "text": "June 16 – Volterra, a town in the Republic of Florence in Italy, surrenders after a siege of 25 days by Florentine soldiers under the command of Federico da Montefeltro. Because the town had rebelled against the power of Lorenzo de' Medici, da Montefeltro allows his soldiers on June 18 to pillage Volterra and to commit rape and murder of its citizens.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365251690#April–June", "title": "1472", "revid": 1365251690, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1478, "year_label": "1478 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – On Easter Sunday, the Pazzi family attacks Lorenzo de' Medici, the ruler of the Republic of Florence, and kills his brother Giuliano, during High Mass in Florence Cathedral. A total of 80 accused conspirators are executed. With the death of his brother and co-ruler Giuliano, Lorenzo becomes the sole ruler of Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855585#April–June", "title": "1478", "revid": 1359855585, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1479, "year_label": "1479 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The plague breaks out in Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855824#Ongoing", "title": "1479", "revid": 1359855824, "section": "Events › Ongoing"}}, {"year": 1486, "year_label": "1486 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Giovanni Pico della Mirandola returns to Florence, and writes Oration on the Dignity of Man.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369024065#Date_unknown", "title": "1486", "revid": 1369024065, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1494, "year_label": "1494 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 17", "text": "November 17 – Italian War of 1494–98: The armies of King Charles VIII of France enter Florence. Charles is dissuaded from destroying the city by the Florentine leader, Girolamo Savonarola, who had recently taken control from the Medici family. After being persuaded that he has a divine role of reformation of the Roman Catholic Church, King Charles spares Florence from destruction and leaves the city on November 28, guiding his troops onward toward Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353371082#October–December", "title": "1494", "revid": 1353371082, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1494, "year_label": "1494 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – The Medici Bank becomes insolvent and the House of Medici is expelled from Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353371082#October–December", "title": "1494", "revid": 1353371082, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1496, "year_label": "1496 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 24", "text": "February 24 – King Henry VII of England signs the commercial treaty Intercursus Magnus with Venice, Florence, and the cities of the Hanseatic League and the Netherlands.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371631969#January–March", "title": "1496", "revid": 1371631969, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1497, "year_label": "1497 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – At the public square in Florence, on Shrove Tuesday, followers of the charismatic Dominican friar and evangelist Girolamo Savonarola carry out the first \"bonfire of the vanities\" and burn thousands of artworks, books, clothing, mirrors, music instruments, playing cards and other objects deemed by them to be a temptation to sin.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372862240#January–March", "title": "1497", "revid": 1372862240, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1498, "year_label": "1498 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – Girolamo Savonarola, ruler of Florence, is executed for criticizing the Pope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363338704#April–June", "title": "1498", "revid": 1363338704, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1501, "year_label": "1501 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Michelangelo returns to his native Florence, to begin work on the statue David.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360582028#Date_unknown", "title": "1501", "revid": 1360582028, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1503, "year_label": "1503 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – Earliest record of Leonardo da Vinci working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, probably the Mona Lisa, in Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366510845#October–December", "title": "1503", "revid": 1366510845, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Florence, Leonardo da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli become involved in a scheme to divert the Arno River, cutting the water supply to Pisa to force its surrender: Colombino, the project foreman, fails to follow da Vinci's design, and the project is a major failure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#Date_unknown", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Signoria of Florence commissions both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to paint the walls of the Grand Council Chamber in the Palazzo Vecchio.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#Date_unknown", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1504, "year_label": "1504 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – Michelangelo's sculpture of David is unveiled in Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365936803#July–September", "title": "1504", "revid": 1365936803, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1508, "year_label": "1508 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "March 22", "text": "March 22 – Working from the house of Piero di Braccio Martelli at Florence, Leonardo da Vinci begins writing his \"collection without order\" of his scientific discoveries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320572#January–March", "title": "1508", "revid": 1351320572, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1508, "year_label": "1508 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 8", "text": "May 8 – Italian renaissance artist Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni of Florence signs a contract with the Vatican to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling, in return for a promised fee of 3,000 gold ducats (equivalent in 2023 to more than U.S. $600,000).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320572#April–June", "title": "1508", "revid": 1351320572, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1512, "year_label": "1512 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – After being dispatched by Pope Julius II with command of a Spanish Army, General Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici recaptures the city of Florence (Firenze), capital of the Florentine Republic in Italy and ousts Piero Soderini as the ruling Gonfaloniere. The success at Florence spares the city of Rome from a French invasion. Within a year, Medici becomes leader of the Roman Catholic Church and the Papal States as Pope Leo X.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1323795843#July–September", "title": "1512", "revid": 1323795843, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1527, "year_label": "1527 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – In Florence, the Piagnon, a group devoted to the memory of Girolamo Savonarola, drive out the Medici for a second time, re-establishing the Republic of Florence until 1530.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366980186#April–June", "title": "1527", "revid": 1366980186, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1528, "year_label": "1528 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Michelangelo Buonarroti begins work on the fortifications of Florence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369577446#Date_unknown", "title": "1528", "revid": 1369577446, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1530, "year_label": "1530 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 3", "text": "August 3 – Battle of Gavinana: Florence is captured by Spanish troops under Prince Philibert of Chalon (who is killed in the action). The Piagnon (followers of the memory of Girolamo Savonarola) are overthrown, ending the Siege of Florence, and the Medici are restored, in the person of the Pope's nephew Alessandro de' Medici.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794362#July–September", "title": "1530", "revid": 1366794362, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1554, "year_label": "1554 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – Battle of Marciano: Senese–French forces are defeated by the Florentine–Imperial army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649182#July–September", "title": "1554", "revid": 1366649182, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1555, "year_label": "1555 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – After 18 months of siege, the Republic of Siena surrenders to the Florentine–Imperial army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561106#April–June", "title": "1555", "revid": 1369561106, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1589, "year_label": "1589 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – Girolamo Bargagli's play The Pilgrim Woman is given its first performance, premiering in Florence, three years after Bargagli's death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359971295#April–June", "title": "1589", "revid": 1359971295, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1600, "year_label": "1600 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – The première of Jacopo Peri's Euridice, the earliest known fully surviving work of modern opera, takes place in Florence for the wedding of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. Emilio de' Cavalieri stages the production.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360196741#October–December", "title": "1600", "revid": 1360196741, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1616, "year_label": "1616 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Week-long festivities in honor of the Prince of Urbano, of the Barberini family, occur in Florence, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366307823#Date_unknown", "title": "1616", "revid": 1366307823, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1625, "year_label": "1625 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Francesca Caccini's opera La liberazione di Ruggiero has its premiere, stated in Florence in Italy. The opera will continue to be staged almost 400 years later, as late as the year 2018.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363597525#January–March", "title": "1625", "revid": 1363597525, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1633, "year_label": "1633 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Galileo Galilei, having been summoned to Rome on orders of Pope Urban VIII, leaves for Florence for his journey. His carriage is halted at Ponte a Centino at the border of Tuscany, where he is quarantined for 22 days because of an outbreak of the plague.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369169348#January–March", "title": "1633", "revid": 1369169348, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1657, "year_label": "1657 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Accademia del Cimento is founded in Florence, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656979#Date_unknown", "title": "1657", "revid": 1366656979, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "An inventory made for the House of Medici of Florence is the first documentary evidence for a piano, invented by their instrument keeper Bartolomeo Cristofori.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#Date_unknown", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The first piano is exhibited in Florence by its inventor Bartolomeo Cristofori, who names it \"gravicembalo col piano e forte\", a name which is subsequently shortened to \"pianoforte\" and then \"piano\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#Date_unknown", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1847, "year_label": "1847 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – Verdi's opera Macbeth premieres at the Teatro della Pergola, in Florence, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362575777#January–March", "title": "1847", "revid": 1362575777, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1913, "year_label": "1913 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "December 12", "text": "December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the Mona Lisa in Florence, and is arrested.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373505613#December", "title": "1913", "revid": 1373505613, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1921, "year_label": "1921 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Luxury goods brand Gucci is founded in Florence, Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371086035#Date_unknown", "title": "1921", "revid": 1371086035, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – 1966 flood of the Arno river in Italy hits Florence, flooding it to a maximum depth of 6.7 m ft, leaving thousands homeless and destroying millions of masterpieces of art and rare books. In addition, a severe tidal flood hits Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#November", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › November"}}]}