{"slug": "fortification", "label": "Fortification", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57821", "qid": "Q57821", "description": "military constructions and buildings designed for defense in warfare and military bases", "entries": 10, "years": 10, "span": [408, 849], "span_label": ["408 CE", "849 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 8}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "mesopotamia", "label": "Mesopotamia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sardinia", "label": "Sardinia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "saracen", "label": "Saracen", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "duchy-of-naples", "label": "Duchy of Naples", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "piracy", "label": "Piracy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "moors", "label": "Moors", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "tripolitania", "label": "Tripolitania", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lombards", "label": "Lombards", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "central-italy", "label": "Central Italy", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "syria", "label": "Syria", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 408, "year_label": "408 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Hexamilion wall is constructed. Fortifications are built across the Isthmus of Corinth, guarding the only land route into the Peloponnese peninsula from Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367644906#Roman_Empire", "title": "408", "revid": 1367644906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 490, "year_label": "490 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Theodoric the Great retreats to Ticinum (modern Pavia), where he constructs a fortified camp, which is blockaded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364755224#Europe", "title": "490", "revid": 1364755224, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 497, "year_label": "497 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Isaurian War: Anastasius I regains control of the Isauria region (Asia Minor) and has the rebel leaders executed. Anastasius I pacifies the mountain strongholds of the Isaurians, ending the revolt that they began upon his ascension to the throne 6 years ago.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907664#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "497", "revid": 1364907664, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 505, "year_label": "505 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Anastasius I decides to rebuild the village of Dara (Northern Mesopotamia). He constructs a new strategic fortress to guard the frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907851#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "505", "revid": 1364907851, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 547, "year_label": "547 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Marta: The Byzantine army under John Troglita is defeated by Moorish tribes in Tripolitania. He flees to Lunci (9 km south of Mahares), and is forced to withdraw north to the fortress of Laribus (near modern El Kef).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364909272#Africa", "title": "547", "revid": 1364909272, "section": "Events › By place › Africa"}}, {"year": 595, "year_label": "595 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Lombards sack the town of Terracina (Central Italy). After they conquer more cities, Terracina remains an important military stronghold of the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367658603#Europe", "title": "595", "revid": 1367658603, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 611, "year_label": "611 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Byzantine–Persian War: The Persian army under Shahrbaraz captures Antioch, and most of the remaining Byzantine fortresses in Syria and Mesopotamia. King Khosrau II is re-establishing a neo-Persian Empire, and intensifies his war effort. The Byzantine army, ruined by defeat and corruption, offers only half-hearted opposition.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802764#Persian_Empire", "title": "611", "revid": 1340802764, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": 730, "year_label": "730 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September–October – Umayyad forces sack the Byzantine fortress of Charsianon in central Anatolia (modern Turkey), which remains a contested stronghold during the next century of Byzantine–Arab warfare.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808684#Arabian_Empire", "title": "730", "revid": 1340808684, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 757, "year_label": "757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Suiyang: A Tang garrison (7,000 men) under Zhang Xun defend their fortress against the rebel army at Suiyang. Zhang makes multiple attempts to get food from nearby fortresses, but this is refused. After a desperate 10-month siege, Suiyang is overrun by rebel forces who take the city. Because of famine an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 citizens are cannibalized, only 400 people are left.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341678247#China", "title": "AD 757", "revid": 1341678247, "section": "Events › By place › China"}}, {"year": 849, "year_label": "849 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Ostia: A Saracen Arab fleet from Sardinia sets sail towards Rome. In response, Pope Leo IV forms a coalition of maritime Italian cities, including Naples, Amalfi and Gaeta, led by Admiral Caesar — which is assembled off the re-fortified port of Ostia — and repels the Saracen marauders. Their navy is scattered, resulting in many sunken vessels. Rome is saved from plunder and the expansion of the Aghlabids.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129155#Europe", "title": "849", "revid": 1341129155, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}]}