{"slug": "france", "label": "France", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142", "qid": "Q142", "description": "country in Western Europe and other continents (through its overseas territories in America, Africa and Oceania)", "entries": 230, "years": 196, "span": [-599, 2025], "span_label": ["600 BCE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 69}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 39}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 36}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 16}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 15}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 13}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 10}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 8}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 7}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 6}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 4}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 3}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 3}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "paris", "label": "Paris", "shared": 12}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "austria", "label": "Austria", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "united-kingdom", "label": "United Kingdom", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "england", "label": "England", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "united-states", "label": "United States", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "septimania", "label": "Septimania", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-burgundy", "label": "Kingdom of Burgundy", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "marseille", "label": "Marseille", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "provence", "label": "Provence", "shared": 5}], "items": [{"year": -599, "year_label": "600 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Victorious over the Carthaginians in a naval battle, the Greeks of Phocaea establish the city of Marseille in today's France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372139014#Western_Europe", "title": "600 BC", "revid": 1372139014, "section": "Events › By place › Western Europe"}}, {"year": -43, "year_label": "44 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June", "text": "June – Antony is granted a five-year governorship of northern and central Transalpine Gaul (France) and Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362159803#Roman_Republic", "title": "44 BC", "revid": 1362159803, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 2, "year_label": "2 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "AD 2 – Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France, is built.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365712040#Roman_Empire", "title": "0s", "revid": 1365712040, "section": "Events › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 280, "year_label": "280 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman usurper Proculus starts a rebellion at Lugdunum (Lyon, France), and proclaims himself emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367495474#Roman_Empire", "title": "280", "revid": 1367495474, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 303, "year_label": "303 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – On a voyage preaching the gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens (Modern day France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330172013#Roman_Empire", "title": "303", "revid": 1330172013, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 378, "year_label": "378 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Battle of Argentovaria: Emperor Gratian is forced to recall the army he has sent East. The Lentienses are defeated by Mallobaudes near Colmar (France). Gratian gains the title Alemannicus Maximus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309998773#Roman_Empire", "title": "378", "revid": 1309998773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 384, "year_label": "384 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "A synod is held in Bordeaux (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741473#Religion", "title": "384", "revid": 1364741473, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 441, "year_label": "441 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – The first Council of Orange is convened under the guidance of Hilary of Arles in Orange (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339010572#Europe", "title": "441", "revid": 1339010572, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 509, "year_label": "509 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Clovis I (Chlodowech) becomes the first Catholic king of the Franks, uniting all the Frankish tribes under his rule. He controls an immense territory in Gaul (modern France), and delivers a major blow for the Church against the Arian heresy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340790384#Europe", "title": "509", "revid": 1340790384, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 532, "year_label": "532 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Autun - The Franks, under command of King Childebert I and his brother Chlothar I, invade the Kingdom of Burgundy. They defeat the Burgundians under King Godomar near Autun (modern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793755#Europe", "title": "532", "revid": 1340793755, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Heavy taxes levied by Merovingian king Chilperic I of Neustria produce a revolt at Limoges (central France), as he sells bishoprics to the highest bidder.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Europe", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 584, "year_label": "584 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September – King Chilperic I is stabbed to death while returning from a hunt near Chelles, after a 23-year reign over a territory extending from Aquitaine, to the northern seacoast of what later will be France. His wife Fredegund, who has paid for his assassination, seizes his wealth, flees to Paris with her son Chlothar II, and persuades the nobles to accept him as legitimate heir while she serves as regent, continuing her power struggles with Guntram, king of Burgundy, and her sister Brunhilda, queen mother of Austrasia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754048#Europe", "title": "584", "revid": 1364754048, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Columbanus, Irish missionary, gathers 12 companions for his journey to Britain, probably to the Scottish coast. After a short time, he crosses the English Channel and lands in Brittany (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Religion", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 591, "year_label": "591 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Gregory I criticizes the bishops of Arles and Marseille for allowing the forced baptism of Jews in Provence (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751608#Religion", "title": "591", "revid": 1364751608, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 592, "year_label": "592 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 28", "text": "January 28 – King Guntram, age 59, dies after a 31-year reign, and is succeeded by his nephew Childebert II, who becomes ruler of Burgundy. He is buried at Saint Marcellus of Chalons Church, in Chalon-sur-Saône (Eastern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364754934#Europe", "title": "592", "revid": 1364754934, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 665, "year_label": "665 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon abbot, refuses to be consecrated in Northumbria as bishop, and travels to Compiègne (France) to be consecrated by Agilbert, archbishop of Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805187#Religion", "title": "665", "revid": 1340805187, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 667, "year_label": "667 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Abbey of St. Vaast in Arras (France) is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805207#Religion", "title": "667", "revid": 1340805207, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 693, "year_label": "693 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Wulfram of Sens attends the assembly of bishops at Valenciennes (Northern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806250#Religion", "title": "693", "revid": 1340806250, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Lupus I, duke of Gascony, is assassinated in his attempt to seize Limoges (France). Eudes becomes ruler over both Gascony and Aquitaine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Europe", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 714, "year_label": "714 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tariq ibn Ziyad conquers the cities of Barcelona and Narbonne, where Visigothic nobles accept Umayyad overlordship, in return for autonomy in Septimania (Southern France). Muslims also raid Avignon and Lyon (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468088#Arabian_Empire", "title": "714", "revid": 1364468088, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 717, "year_label": "717 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Muslim expedition under Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi cross the Pyrenees into Aquitanian territory, leading a small raiding party into Septimania (Southern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808622#Arabian_Empire", "title": "717", "revid": 1340808622, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 719, "year_label": "719 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul (first major Muslim attack upon Visigothic Septimania, in southern France): Governor Al-Samh takes or re-takes Narbonne (Arbouna for the Arabs), before raiding the Toulouse area. Many town defenders and inhabitants are killed in the aftermath by the Umayyad forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367050525#Europe", "title": "719", "revid": 1367050525, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 720, "year_label": "720 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Governor Al-Samh continues his campaign; he makes Narbonne the capital city of Muslim Septimania (Southern France), and uses it as a base for razzias. King Ardo is killed, and becomes the last ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania. Some Visigoths refuse to adopt the Muslim faith, and flee north to Aquitaine. This marks the end of the Visigothic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349994139#Europe", "title": "720", "revid": 1349994139, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 721, "year_label": "721 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Charles Martel restores the authority of the Austrasian palace throughout the Frankish Kingdom, including against Frankish-claimed Aquitaine and Provence (Southern France). He exiles Rigobert, bishop of Reims, to Gascony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808636#Europe", "title": "721", "revid": 1340808636, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 731, "year_label": "731 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Charles Martel leads two raids across the Loire River into the Berry region. The Franks seize and plunder Bourges (central France), but the city is immediately recaptured by Eudes of Aquitaine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358697487#Europe", "title": "731", "revid": 1358697487, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 732, "year_label": "732 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Battle of Tours: The Frankish and Burgundian forces under Charles Martel defeat a large army of Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, near Poitiers, halting the Islamic advance into Western Europe; Rahman Al Ghafiqi is killed during the battle. Charles extends his authority in the south of France, which gives him the nickname Martellus (\"The Hammer\"). The outcome of the victory is a turning point, and establishes a balance of power between Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808703#Europe", "title": "732", "revid": 1340808703, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 736, "year_label": "736 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, forms local alliances with the Burgundians, and imposes Frankish domination on Provence. He defeats Muslim forces at Sernhac and Beaucaire in Septimania (Southern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809679#Europe", "title": "736", "revid": 1340809679, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 757, "year_label": "757 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tassilo III, duke of Bavaria, recognizes the supremacy of King Pepin III (\"the Short\") at an assembly held at Compiègne (Northern France), and becomes a vassal of the Frankish Kingdom. He swears an oath (commendatio) to Pepin, and promises his allegiance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341678247#Europe", "title": "AD 757", "revid": 1341678247, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 790, "year_label": "790 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Angilbert, Frankish diplomat (primicerius palatii) of King Charlemagne, is made abbot of Saint-Riquier (Northern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848291#Religion", "title": "790", "revid": 1340848291, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 821, "year_label": "821 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – Lothair I, co-emperor and eldest son of Louis I, marries Ermengarde in Thionville (northeastern France). She is the daughter of Count Hugh of Tours.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941313#Europe", "title": "821", "revid": 1340941313, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 835, "year_label": "835 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok, a Norse Viking ruler, rises to power. He becomes the scourge of France and England (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352237336#Europe", "title": "835", "revid": 1352237336, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 839, "year_label": "839 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 — Thirteen months before his death, Louis the Pious, successor to his father Charlemagne, consents to the division of Charlemagne's empire among his sons in a declaration at Worms. Upon Louis I's death in 840, Lothair (age 45) is devised Middle Francia that includes Switzerland and northern Italy; Louis the German (Louis II), age 36, receives Eastern Francia that includes much of Germany; and Charles the Bald (17) gets West Francia that incorporates most of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073737#Europe", "title": "839", "revid": 1267073737, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 841, "year_label": "841 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 25", "text": "June 25 – Battle of Fontenay: Frankish forces of Emperor Lothair I, and his nephew Pepin II of Aquitaine, are defeated by allied forces of King Louis the German, and his half-brother Charles the Bald, at Fontenoy (Eastern France), in a civil war among the three surviving sons of the former emperor Louis the Pious. A total of 40,000 men are killed, including the Frankish nobles Gerard of Auvergne and Ricwin of Nantes, fighting on the side of Charles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360650312#Europe", "title": "841", "revid": 1360650312, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 849, "year_label": "849 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Frankish forces under King Charles the Bald invade southern France, and conquer the territory of Toulouse. He appoints Fredelo as count (comté) of Toulouse, who founds the Rouergue dynasty. Aquitaine is submitted to the West Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129155#Europe", "title": "849", "revid": 1341129155, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 856, "year_label": "856 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – King Æthelwulf of Wessex marries the 12- or 13-year-old Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, at Verberie (Northern France). She is crowned queen and anointed by Hincmar, archbishop of Reims. The marriage is a diplomatic alliance between Wessex and the West Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329734614#Britain", "title": "856", "revid": 1329734614, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 858, "year_label": "858 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Viking raiders, led by Björn Ironside, set fire to the earliest church on the site of Chartres Cathedral. Charles the Bald pays him tribute (Danegeld) to save Verberie (Northern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129132#Europe", "title": "858", "revid": 1341129132, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 859, "year_label": "859 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – Battle of St. Quentin: Frankish forces, led by Humfrid, defeat King Louis the German at Saint-Quentin (Northern France). Humfrid is enfeoffed with the County of Autun, and appointed Margrave of Burgundy, by King Charles the Bald.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348997263#Europe", "title": "859", "revid": 1348997263, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 862, "year_label": "862 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March", "text": "March – Viking raiders led by Weland are trapped at Trilbardou Bridge (Northern France), and submit to King Charles the Bald. He and his family accept Christianity (they are baptised) before leaving Neustria.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129421#Central_Europe", "title": "862", "revid": 1341129421, "section": "Events › By place › Central Europe"}}, {"year": 879, "year_label": "879 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Viking leader Guthrum becomes 'king' of East Anglia. A Viking fleet sails up the River Thames, and builds a camp at Fulham (near London) to prepare for an invasion of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348046041#Britain", "title": "879", "revid": 1348046041, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 888, "year_label": "888 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Winter – King Arnulf of Carinthia leads an East Frankish expedition into Italy, after he is recognized as overlord of France and Burgundy. Arnulf descends with an army over the Brenner Pass, and meets King Berengar I at a peace conference at Trento. Berengar grants him two counties in the Val d'Adige (Northern Italy), and does homage to Arnulf as overlord. In turn, Arnulf confirms Berengar as king of Lombardia, and returns to Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347624107#Europe", "title": "AD 888", "revid": 1347624107, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 898, "year_label": "898 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – King Odo I (or Eudes) dies at La Fère (Northern France) after a 10-year reign. His rival, the 18-year-old Charles the Simple in Laon, gains sovereignty and becomes ruler (with no real authority) of the West Frankish Kingdom. This puts an end to five years of civil war between the Frankish nobles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346095520#Europe", "title": "898", "revid": 1346095520, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 910, "year_label": "910 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "William I (the Pious) of Aquitaine, donates land in Burgundy for the building of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to the saints Peter and Paul. Hence the Abbey of Cluny, becomes the largest in the West. In the foundation charter, William renounces all rights to the monastery and nominates Berno as the first abbot of Cluny (Eastern France). He places the monastery directly under the control of the Papal See.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130820#Religion", "title": "910", "revid": 1341130820, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 924, "year_label": "924 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Hungarian Magyar forces led by General Szalárd, capture Pavia, capital of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, at the request of the Holy Roman Emperor Berengar. Later, after crossing the Alps via the St. Bernard Pass, the Magyars pillage Provence, Septimania and Nismes in southern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360748864#January—March", "title": "924", "revid": 1360748864, "section": "Events › January—March"}}, {"year": 928, "year_label": "928 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Rudolph I loses the support of Herbert II, count of Vermandois, who controls the prison at Péronne in which former King Charles III (the Simple) is imprisoned. Herbert brings him before William I (Longsword), count of Rouen, for homage and then to Rheims as leverage to blackmail Rudolph to make him cede sovereignty over Laon (Northern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364916804#Europe", "title": "928", "revid": 1364916804, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 933, "year_label": "933 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Acfred II, count of Carcassonne and Razès (France)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917339#Deaths", "title": "933", "revid": 1364917339, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 978, "year_label": "978 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pietro I Orseolo, doge of Venice, escapes from Venice and travels to the Benedictine abbey of Michel-de-Cuxa (Southern France). He is succeeded by Vitale Candiano (not the bishop of Grado) as doge of Venice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272344#Europe", "title": "978", "revid": 1365272344, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 988, "year_label": "988 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine (younger brother of the late King Lothair of France), revolts against Hugh Capet. He conquers the city of Laon in northern France with support of his half-brother Arnulf (archbishop of Reims).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364920019#Europe", "title": "988", "revid": 1364920019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 992, "year_label": "992 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – Battle of Conquereuil: The Angevins under Fulk III \"the Black\", Count of Anjou, defeat the forces of Conan I, duke of Brittany, who is killed in the battle at Conquereuil (France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364919750#Europe", "title": "992", "revid": 1364919750, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1006, "year_label": "1006 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – Fulcran, bishop of Lodève (France)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344800605#Deaths", "title": "1006", "revid": 1344800605, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1039, "year_label": "1039 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Abbey of Bec is founded at Le Bec-Hellouin in Normandy (modern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344928541#Religion", "title": "1039", "revid": 1344928541, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1051, "year_label": "1051 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Spring – William of Normandy consolidates his power in Normandy. He fights over the control of Maine (after the death of Count Hugh IV), and lays siege to the fortresses of Alençon and Domfront (Western France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260254#Continental_Europe", "title": "1051", "revid": 1365260254, "section": "Events › By place › Continental Europe"}}, {"year": 1089, "year_label": "1089 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – Cîteaux Abbey, the first Cistercian monastery, is established by a group of French monks under Robert of Molesme in southern France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270667#Religion", "title": "1089", "revid": 1365270667, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1095, "year_label": "1095 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 27", "text": "November 27 – Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont; Peter the Hermit begins to preach throughout France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365264485#Religion", "title": "1095", "revid": 1365264485, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Peter the Hermit begins his preaching of the First Crusade, traveling from Berry (in central France) across Champagne, and down the Meuse Valley to Cologne (modern Germany). He gathers the People's Crusade (some 40,000 supporters), which departs about April 20. Peter's speeches appeal not only to nobles and knights, but also laborers, tradesmen and peasants (among them are former brigands and criminals).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1104, "year_label": "1104 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 21", "text": "April 21 – The new basilica at Vézelay Abbey (located in northern Burgundy in France) is dedicated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365271015#Religion", "title": "1104", "revid": 1365271015, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Bohemond I and papal legate Bruno travel to the north of France and visit the court of King Philip I (\"the Amorous\"). Bohemond gets permission to recruit men throughout the kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Europe", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1112, "year_label": "1112 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Ramon Berenguer III (\"the Great\"), count of Barcelona, obtains the county of Provence through his marriage to the heiress, Douce I. Ramon's dominion stretches as far east as Nice (modern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268836#Europe", "title": "1112", "revid": 1365268836, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1121, "year_label": "1121 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The third and largest church is completed at Cluny Abbey (modern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362154597#Religion", "title": "1121", "revid": 1362154597, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1130, "year_label": "1130 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Pope Innocent II succeeds Pope Honorius II, as the 164th pope. Other factions (including Roger II of Sicily), however, support Anacletus II as pope, leading to the papal schism of 1130, and Innocent flees to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368549867#Events", "title": "1130", "revid": 1368549867, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1131, "year_label": "1131 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Ramon Berenguer III (the Great), count of Barcelona, dies after a 34-year reign. He leaves most of his Catalonian territories to his elder son Ramon Berenguer IV, who continues the fight against the Almoravid Muslims. His younger son Berenguer Ramon inherits Provence (Southern France) and will reign as Ramon I (until 1144).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372289644#Europe", "title": "1131", "revid": 1372289644, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1134, "year_label": "1134 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": null, "text": "Much of Chartres, France, is destroyed by fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321069056#Western_Europe", "title": "1134", "revid": 1321069056, "section": "Events › By place › Western Europe"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "A Moorish fleet raids the Catalan port-town of Elna (Southern France).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#Europe", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1181, "year_label": "1181 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The word Albigensians is first used by Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois, French abbot and chronicler, to describe the inhabitants of Albi in southern France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360570363#Europe", "title": "1181", "revid": 1360570363, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 1212, "year_label": "1212 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June", "text": "June – The 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes leads a group across France to Vendôme. Attracting a following of over 30,000 adults and children. After arriving in Marseille the vast majority return home to their families.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354428304#Europe", "title": "1212", "revid": 1354428304, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Jean Mouflet makes an agreement with the abbot of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif in the Senonais region in France: in return for an annual payment, the monastery will recognize Jean as a \"citizen of Sens\". He is a leather merchant, with a leather shop that he leases for the rent of 50 shillings a year. The agreement is witnessed by Jean's wife, Douce, daughter of a wealthy and prominent citizen of Sens, Felis Charpentier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Microhistory", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By topic › Microhistory"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The consequences of the volcanic 1257 Samalas eruption in Indonesia include the following anecdotal accounts: very dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a harsh spring in Iceland; famine in England, Germany, France and Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and southeast Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Global", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By topic › Global"}}, {"year": 1266, "year_label": "1266 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In France, the gold écu (or crown) and silver grosh coins are minted for the first time during the reign of Louis IX.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320651#Economics", "title": "1266", "revid": 1351320651, "section": "Events › By topic › Economics"}}, {"year": 1289, "year_label": "1289 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Nicholas IV formally constitutes the University of Montpellier in France by papal bull, combining various existing schools under the mantle of a single university.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332007955#Education", "title": "1289", "revid": 1332007955, "section": "Events › By topic › Education"}}, {"year": 1298, "year_label": "1298 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – The \"ideal city\" of Marciac in southern France is founded by King Philip IV (\"the Fair\") and his Seneschal Guichard de Marzé (or Marciac).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363071319#Cities_and_towns", "title": "1298", "revid": 1363071319, "section": "Events › By topic › Cities and towns"}}, {"year": 1301, "year_label": "1301 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 5", "text": "December 5 – Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull Ausculta Fili (\"Listen, my son\"), accusing King Philip IV of France (\"Philip the Fair\") of malfeasance of office.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694592#October–_December", "title": "1301", "revid": 1361694592, "section": "Events › October– December"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 18", "text": "December 18 – Pope Benedict XI issues a mandate directing that the rights of Cardinal Jean Lemoine of France, to income from the dioceses of Bayeux and Amiens is to be protected while Lemoine is serving as papal legate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#October–December", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1303, "year_label": "1303 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Treaty of Paris: King Philip the Fair of France signs a peace treaty with Edward Longshanks, King of England. According to the terms of the treaty, Gascony is restored to England – as well as the cities of Bordeaux and Bayonne. In return, Edward swears allegiance to Philip as his vassal and agrees that Philipp's daughter, Isabella of France, be married to his son Edward of Caernarfon, until she is old enough.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360891664#April–June", "title": "1303", "revid": 1360891664, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1306, "year_label": "1306 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – In France, Hugh V, at the age of 11, becomes the new Duke of Burgundy upon the death of his father, Robert II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354973149#January_–_March", "title": "1306", "revid": 1354973149, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1348, "year_label": "1348 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hundred Years' War (1337–1360): The effects of the Black Death cause a de facto truce to be observed between England and France until 1355.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1320392432#Date_unknown", "title": "1348", "revid": 1320392432, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1369, "year_label": "1369 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, lands with English troops at Calais to begin a raid in France while Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, assembles troops to confront the English invasion. The standoff continues while Lancaster waits for additional troops from the Earl of Warwick.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371621472#July–September", "title": "1369", "revid": 1371621472, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1374, "year_label": "1374 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Château de Compiègne royal residence is built in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369753981#Date_unknown", "title": "1374", "revid": 1369753981, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "June 27", "text": "June 27 – Hundred Years' War: The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#April–June", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1375, "year_label": "1375 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – In the Duchy of Aquitaine, now part of France but at the time ruled by the King of England, the civic leaders of the town of Soule sign an agreement with Gaston III of Foix, popularly known as \"Fébus\", for his protection against raids from John of Gaunt.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370334386#July–September", "title": "1375", "revid": 1370334386, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1376, "year_label": "1376 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Saint Catherine of Siena, now the Roman Catholic patron saint of Italy, visits Pope Gregory XI in Avignon in France, to attempt to persuade him to make peace with Florence, and move the Papacy back to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371264713#April–June", "title": "1376", "revid": 1371264713, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1376, "year_label": "1376 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 12", "text": "October 12 – Pope Gregory XI and several cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church depart on a ship from the port of Marseille in France, and encounter severe storms before arriving in Genoa. He will finally arrive in Rome on January 17, 1377.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371264713#October–December", "title": "1376", "revid": 1371264713, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1379, "year_label": "1379 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – From Avignon in France, the antipope Clement VII issues his own a papal bull confirming the foundation of the University of Perpignan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368794716#October–December", "title": "1379", "revid": 1368794716, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1383, "year_label": "1383 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – In France, Évrart de Trémaugon, an adviser to King Charles V, interrupts the King's dinner at the Louvre Palace and accuses Guillaume de Chamborant, the King's equerry, of the murder of Evrart's brother Yvon.Famiglietti 2015, vol.1, p.279. Charges are eventually dropped against Chamborant 16 months later and Evrart is ordered on July 30, 1484, to pay 500 Livres tournois, equivalent to more than 404 kilograms of fine silver, to Chamborant.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360411139#January–March", "title": "1383", "revid": 1360411139, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1402, "year_label": "1402 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – The Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos leaves France after a stay of almost two years.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371594109#October–December", "title": "1402", "revid": 1371594109, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1408, "year_label": "1408 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – Western Schism: King Charles VI of France sends a letter to the Antipope Benedict XIII at Avignon, giving an ultimatum to Benedict and the other Avignon Papacy proponents to end the schism in the Roman Catholic Church against the Roman Obedience, headed by Pope Gregory XII. King Charles VI threatens that unless the schism ends by Ascension Day, 40 days after Easter (in 1408, April 24, with Ascension Day on June 3), France will end its support of the Avignon Obedience.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360565942#January–March", "title": "1408", "revid": 1360565942, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1410, "year_label": "1410 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – A temporary halt to the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War in France is reached with the signing of a truce at Bicêtre, near Paris.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337551949#October–December", "title": "1410", "revid": 1337551949, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1415, "year_label": "1415 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – France and England agree to extend their truce in the ongoing Burgundian War after the English Bishop of Durham and of Norwich meet with representatives of King Charles VI, prolonging a ceasefire until May 1.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371593286#January–March", "title": "1415", "revid": 1371593286, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1418, "year_label": "1418 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – The Army of England, led by King Henry V, begins the siege of Rouen, the capital of Normandy in France. The siege lasts almost six months before the Burgundian French defenders surrender", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357024356#July–September", "title": "1418", "revid": 1357024356, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1423, "year_label": "1423 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated at Cravant, on the banks of the River Yonne near Auxerre, by the English and their Burgundian allies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365656788#July–September", "title": "1423", "revid": 1365656788, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1427, "year_label": "1427 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 15", "text": "July 15 – The Siege of Montargis is started in France by 1,000 Englishmen led by the Earl of Warwick and lasts for seven weeks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365937201#July–September", "title": "1427", "revid": 1365937201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1448, "year_label": "1448 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – The militia of francs-archers, the first regular infantry in France, is created by the ordonnance of Montil-lès-Tours during the reign of King Charles VII, directing that in each parish, the person most skilled in the use of archery would be exempt from certain obligations in return for perfecting his skills on a weekly basis and being ready to be summoned for combat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367832753#April–June", "title": "1448", "revid": 1367832753, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1448, "year_label": "1448 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – The English garrison at Le Mans in France surrenders to the French Army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367832753#January–March", "title": "1448", "revid": 1367832753, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1450, "year_label": "1450 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – English commander Thomas Kyriell and 2,500 soldiers land at Cherbourg in English-occupied France, where they join another 1,800 English troops recruited by the Duke of Somerset from the garrisons at Bayeux, Caen and Vire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358834049#January–March", "title": "1450", "revid": 1358834049, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1452, "year_label": "1452 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – The University of Valence is founded in France by the Dauphin Louis, son of King Charles VII. The university lasts for 330 years until being closed during the French Revolution.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355060030#July–September", "title": "1452", "revid": 1355060030, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1454, "year_label": "1454 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – In France, the rebel Pierre II de Montferrand, former Governor of Baye, is beheaded, drawn and quartered after his July 14 conviction for treason. Shortly afterward, Montferrand is beheaded, then drawn and quartered.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367365323#July–September", "title": "1454", "revid": 1367365323, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1469, "year_label": "1469 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – The Order of Saint Michael ( Ordre de Saint-Michel) is founded by King Louis XI of France as a response to the 's Order of the Golden Fleece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365666063#July–September", "title": "1469", "revid": 1365666063, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1485, "year_label": "1485 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1– Accompanied by his own troops and French mercenaries, Henry Tudor sets sail from Honfleur in France with 30 ships to begin his second attempt to invade the Kingdom of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364736343#July–September", "title": "1485", "revid": 1364736343, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1515, "year_label": "1515 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 - King Louis XII of France dies of severe gout after a reign of 17 years, and his son-in-law, François, inherits the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362498078#January–March", "title": "1515", "revid": 1362498078, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – At the Battle of Pampeluna in Spain, and alliance of forces from French and the Kingdom of Navarre forces defeat those of Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#April–June", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1532, "year_label": "1532 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – A fire strikes the cathedral in Chambéry, now a part of France, but at the time a part of Italy's Duchy of Savoy. The fire burns several holes in the Shroud of Turin, believed by some Roman Catholics to be the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth after the crucifixion, and to have a miraculous imprint of Jesus, but the shroud is repaired by nuns at the cathedral.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818925#October–December", "title": "1532", "revid": 1368818925, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1533, "year_label": "1533 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – King François of France dispatches Colonel Pierre de Piton to Morocco with a letter addressed to the ruler, Sultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad, in order to establish a trade agreement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359627731#July–September", "title": "1533", "revid": 1359627731, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1534, "year_label": "1534 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Huguenots post placards all over France attacking the Catholic Mass, provoking a violent sectarian reaction (Affair of the Placards).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558671#October–December", "title": "1534", "revid": 1369558671, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1536, "year_label": "1536 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 1", "text": "September 1 – King James V becomes the first Scottish monarch since 1346 to voluntarily leave his kingdom, leaving six vice-regents— the Lord Chancellor Gavin Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow; James Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews; the earls of Huntly, Montrose, and Eglinton, and Lord Maxwell— to govern the nation during his absence. King James sails from Kirkcaldy on the Royal Scots Navy flagship Mary Willoughby, along with 500 men and five other ships, to travel to France to meet his future bride, Princess Madeleine of Valois. The Scottish entourage docks in France at Dieppe one week later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494676#July–September", "title": "1536", "revid": 1366494676, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – King Francis I of France issues the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêt, that places the whole of France under the jurisdiction of the royal law courts, and makes French the language of those courts, and the official language of legal discourse.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#July–September", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1543, "year_label": "1543 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September", "text": "September–October – Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, but the siege is withdrawn on the approach of the French army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369357899#July–September", "title": "1543", "revid": 1369357899, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1544, "year_label": "1544 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 25", "text": "May 25 – On orders of King Henry VIII, the English Navy, commanded by Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, begins crossing the English Channel to invade from the west with 19,000 troops, while Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, commences an invasion of France from the east.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359947848#April–June", "title": "1544", "revid": 1359947848, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1546, "year_label": "1546 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 8", "text": "September 8 – The first Protestant Huguenot church in France, established by Pierre LeClerc and Etienne Mangin at Meaux 25 mi from Paris, is seized by the French Army and its 60 members are arrested. Ten women are released and 50 others put on trial for heresy. LeClerc, Mangin and 12 others are burned at the stake on October 8.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368296265#July–September", "title": "1546", "revid": 1368296265, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1547, "year_label": "1547 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 13", "text": "June 13 – A peace treaty is signed between representatives of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Ottoman Empire and France after the Holy Roman Empire's defeat at the 1543 Siege of Nice.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369359234#April–June", "title": "1547", "revid": 1369359234, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1548, "year_label": "1548 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – King Henri II of France makes the Châtillon agreement, a contract for betrothal for an arranged marriage between his four year old son, Prince Francois, to the five year old Mary, Queen of Scots, to take place in 1558.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656469#January–March", "title": "1548", "revid": 1366656469, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1551, "year_label": "1551 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – Italian War of 1551–1559: A defensive alliance, placing the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza under the protection of France, is signed between representatives of King Henry II of France and Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, placing Parma under French protection.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352783865#April–June", "title": "1551", "revid": 1352783865, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1557, "year_label": "1557 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – English aristocrat Thomas Stafford attempts a rebellion against Queen Mary I, landing at Scarborough, North Yorkshire with two ships and 32 followers after crossing the English Channel from Dieppe in France. Upon landing, he captures Scarborough Castle and proclaims himself \"Protector of the Realm\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365955110#April–June", "title": "1557", "revid": 1365955110, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1562, "year_label": "1562 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 2", "text": "April 2 – Civil war breaks out in the Kingdom of France as Louis I, Prince of Condé, leader of the Protestant Huguenots, declares war against the French Catholic rulers, in retaliation for the March 1 massacre of Vassy. Condé and Gaspard de Coligny seize control of Orléans, and other uprisings follow throughout France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000458#April–June", "title": "1562", "revid": 1362000458, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1574, "year_label": "1574 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February", "text": "February – The fifth War of Religion against the Huguenots begins in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368294863#January–March", "title": "1574", "revid": 1368294863, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1579, "year_label": "1579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – In the village of Cuers in France, near Toulon rebel peasants kill 600 nobles and upper-class gentlemen of the Catholic League serving the Count of Carces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362792771#April–June", "title": "1579", "revid": 1362792771, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 (Julian) (December 19 Gregorian) – France discards the Julian Calendar at the end of the day and adopts the Gregorian Calendar at midnight. Sunday, December 9 is followed the next day in France by Monday, December 20.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#October–December", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1582, "year_label": "1582 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – Battle of Ponta Delgada (War of the Portuguese Succession): Spanish admiral Santa Cruz decisively defeats a larger mercenary fleet from France, England, supporters of the Portuguese claimant António, Prior of Crato, and the Dutch Republic, under Filippo di Piero Strozzi (who is killed) off the Azores, the first engagement between large fleets of galleons, operating at any great distance from the mainland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373325265#July–September", "title": "1582", "revid": 1373325265, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1603, "year_label": "1603 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 20", "text": "September 20 – Samuel Champlain arrives back in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366656830#July–September", "title": "1603", "revid": 1366656830, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1610, "year_label": "1610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 14", "text": "May 14 – King Henry IV of France is assassinated in Paris by François Ravaillac, a French Catholic activist who resents the Protestant monarch's decision to launch a war against the Catholic Spanish Netherlands. Ravaillac rushes up to a horse-drawn carriage and stabs King Henry in the chest. Henry's 8-year-old son becomes King Louis XIII, with Henry's widow, Marie de' Medici, governing France as queen regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361322431#April–June", "title": "1610", "revid": 1361322431, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "A locust swarm destroys La Camarque, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#Date_unknown", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 11", "text": "January 11 – Workers in a sandpit in the Dauphiné region of France discover the skeleton of what is alleged to be a 30-foot tall man (the remains, it is supposed, of the giant Teutobochus, a legendary Gallic king who fought the Romans).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#January–March", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 28", "text": "June 28 – France's Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique begins its occupation of the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe, with Charles Liénard de L'Olive as its first Governor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#April–June", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 1", "text": "June 1 – In Paris, representatives of Portugal and France sign a treaty of alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343658448#April–June", "title": "1641", "revid": 1343658448, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1641, "year_label": "1641 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – The Treaty of Péronne is signed between Honoré II, Prince of Monaco and France's King Louis XIII, guaranteeing the Grimaldi family the right to rule Monaco in return for the principality becoming a French protectorate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343658448#July–September", "title": "1641", "revid": 1343658448, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1653, "year_label": "1653 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – The Battle of Bordeaux is fought between French and Spanish warships in the Gironde estuary of France as part of the Franco-Spanish War. The Spanish fleet of 30 warships, under the command of Álvaro de Bazán y Manrique de Lara, Marquis of Santa Cruz, overwhelms the French fleet of César, Duke of Vendôme and captures ten galleys and brigantines, as well as burning four other warships and 15 barges.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365981775#October–December", "title": "1653", "revid": 1365981775, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 31", "text": "March 31 – The war in the West Indies between the indigenous Carib people, and the French Jesuits and English people who have colonized the islands, is ended with a treaty signed at Basse-Terre at Guadeloupe at the residence of the French Governor, Charles Houël du Petit Pré.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#January–March", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1660, "year_label": "1660 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 – William Morice takes office as the first Secretary of State for the Northern Department in Great Britain, with responsibility for conducting foreign relations with the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Relations with France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, the Italian states, and the Ottoman Empire are assigned to the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The position will eventually evolve into the office of the Foreign Secretary.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986539#April–June", "title": "1660", "revid": 1365986539, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1661, "year_label": "1661 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "September 5", "text": "September 5 – Nicolas Fouquet, the Superintendent of Finances for France, is arrested in Nantes and charged with embezzlement of the state treasury. Spared the death penalty by a jury, Fouquet spends the rest of his life in prison until his death in 1680.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365986603#July–September", "title": "1661", "revid": 1365986603, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 26", "text": "February 26 – Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, appointed by King Louis XIV of France as Lieutenant Général of the Americas, departs from the port of La Rochelle with 1,200 men and seven ships to expand France's property in the Caribbean Sea and in South America.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#January–March", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – The Siege of Lille, at this time part of the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) begins and becomes the only major engagement of the \"War of Devolution\" between France and Spain. The Spanish Army surrenders after 16 days.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#July–September", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – Second Anglo-Dutch War – The Treaty of Breda ends the war by England against the Dutch Republic, France and Denmark and Norway. In the Americas, the Dutch retain control of Surinam, the English retain New Netherland and the French Acadia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#July–September", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1667, "year_label": "1667 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 24", "text": "May 24 – After King Philip IV of Spain reneges on payment of a large dowry to King Louis XIV of France, promised to Louis as a gift for Louis' marriage to Philip's daughter Princess Maria Theresa, the War of Devolution begins between France and Spain. The French Army invades the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium), entering Flanders and Franche-Comté. By the time the war ends on May 2, 1668, parts of the Spanish Netherlands are ceded to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365989201#April–June", "title": "1667", "revid": 1365989201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1670, "year_label": "1670 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 17", "text": "January 17 – Raphael Levy, a Jewish resident of the city of Metz in France, is burned at the stake after being accused of the September 25 abduction and ritual murder of a child who had disappeared from the village of Glatigny. The prosecutor applies to King Louis XIV for an order expelling all 95 Jewish families from Metz, but the king refuses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368809725#January–March", "title": "1670", "revid": 1368809725, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1673, "year_label": "1673 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 – French explorers Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet reach the headwaters of the Mississippi River, and descend to Arkansas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365992268#April–June", "title": "1673", "revid": 1365992268, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1677, "year_label": "1677 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 – French troops occupy Freiburg.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360727449#October–December", "title": "1677", "revid": 1360727449, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Chambers of Reunion (French courts under Louis XIV) decide on the complete annexation of Alsace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#Date_unknown", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – The first French Huguenots in the New World arrive at Charleston, South Carolina, as 45 of the religious exiles arrive at Oyster Point on the ship Richmond, after being sent there by King Charles II of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#April–June", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1680, "year_label": "1680 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Catherine Deshayes Monvoisin, a fortune teller in France who organized a ring of killers in what became known as the \"Affair of the Poisons\" that killed at least 1,000 people, is burned at the stake after being convicted of witchcraft. In all, 36 people are executed for their role in the poisoning.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365997201#January–March", "title": "1680", "revid": 1365997201, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Barrage Vauban, a defensive work in the city of Strasbourg (in modern-day France), is completed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#Date_unknown", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1690, "year_label": "1690 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 (July 1 O.S.) – Battle of the Boyne in Ireland: King William III of England (William of Orange) defeats the deposed James II, who returns to exile in France. The rebellion in Ireland continues for a further year until the Orange army gains full control.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369486553#July–September", "title": "1690", "revid": 1369486553, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 8", "text": "December 8 – Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville, French orientalist (b. 1625)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#October–December", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Deaths › October–December"}}, {"year": 1695, "year_label": "1695 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – André Félibien, French architect (b. 1619)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368691153#April–June", "title": "1695", "revid": 1368691153, "section": "Deaths › April–June"}}, {"year": 1696, "year_label": "1696 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 7", "text": "October 7 – The Convention of Vigevano is signed, bringing a general ceasefire in Italy and an end to the Nine Years' War between France and the remaining members of the Grand Alliance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361123555#October–December", "title": "1696", "revid": 1361123555, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1697, "year_label": "1697 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 6", "text": "May 6 – General Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis of France carries out an attack and pillaging of the Spanish South American fort of Cartagena de Indias (now in Colombia) with 1,200 soldiers and 650 pirate mercenaries. The French attackers overwhelm the city for the next 18 days. The Baron reneges on a contract to share the wealth with the pirates, who will come back to Cartagena a second time and makes a more violent attack.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355431044#April–June", "title": "1697", "revid": 1355431044, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 14", "text": "October 14 – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Friedlingen – France defeats forces of the Holy Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#October–December", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 (August 2 OS) – War of the Spanish Succession – Battle of Blenheim: Allied troops under John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat the Franco-Bavarian army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#July–September", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Battle of St. John's: The French capture St. John's, the capital of the British colony of Newfoundland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#January–March", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1711, "year_label": "1711 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – Panic kills 241 people in the stampede on the Guillottière bridge in France near Lyon. Revelers returning from a festival on the other side of the Rhône river are blocked by from crossing after a collision between a carriage and a cart. At least 25 fall off the bridge and into the river, while 216 are trampled by people behind them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364260988#October–December", "title": "1711", "revid": 1364260988, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – The Treaty of Rastatt is signed between Austria and France, concluding the War of the Spanish Succession between them. Austria receives the Spanish territories in Italy (the Kingdom of Naples, Duchy of Milan and Kingdom of Sardinia), as well as the Southern Netherlands; and from France, Freiburg and Landau. The Austrian Habsburg Empire reaches its largest territorial extent yet, with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor succeeding Philip V of Spain, as ruler in the ceded territories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#January–March", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 14", "text": "September 14 – Less than two weeks after King Louis XIV's death, Daniel Voysin de la Noiraye, France's Secretary of State for War since 1709, steps down at the request of the new regent, the Duke of Orleans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#July–September", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed between Spain, Britain, France, Austria and the Dutch Republic, ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance with effect from May 20.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358044251#January–March", "title": "1720", "revid": 1358044251, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1723, "year_label": "1723 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who had served as the Regent of France to rule for King Louis XV from 1715 until the latter's attainment of majority on February 15, is appointed by the King to serve as his Prime Minister, but dies in office less than four months later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255771#July–September", "title": "1723", "revid": 1350255771, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 23", "text": "July 23 – Seventeen Ursuline Sisters from France land in New Orleans, in the Louisiana territory of New France, after a journey that began on February 22. They later create the orphanage which is the predecessor of Catholic Charities and the Ursuline Academy, the oldest Catholic school in the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#July–September", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1729, "year_label": "1729 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 9", "text": "November 9 – The Treaty of Seville is signed between Great Britain, France, Spain and the Dutch Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368871381#October–December", "title": "1729", "revid": 1368871381, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1730, "year_label": "1730 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "March 7", "text": "March 7 – Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, last prime minister of the French monarchy (d. 1807)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369560881#Births", "title": "1730", "revid": 1369560881, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – The Danish West India Company buys the island of Saint Croix from France for 750,000 livres.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358761924#April–June", "title": "1733", "revid": 1358761924, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1733, "year_label": "1733 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – France declares war on Austria and Saxony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358761924#October–December", "title": "1733", "revid": 1358761924, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1734, "year_label": "1734 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – In Montreal, New France, a black slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angélique is tortured then hanged by the French authorities for allegedly setting a fire that destroyed part of the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363450203#April–June", "title": "1734", "revid": 1363450203, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1734, "year_label": "1734 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – War of the Polish Succession: Russian troops take Gdańsk (German: Danzig), which had been besieged since February 1734, after the failure of a French expedition to relieve the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363450203#April–June", "title": "1734", "revid": 1363450203, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1737, "year_label": "1737 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 20", "text": "February 20 – France's Foreign Minister, Germain Louis Chauvelin, is dismissed by King Louis XV's Chief Minister, Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367176390#January–March", "title": "1737", "revid": 1367176390, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1746, "year_label": "1746 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – Brussels, at the time part of the Austrian Netherlands, surrenders to France's Marshal Maurice de Saxe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271173#January–March", "title": "1746", "revid": 1360271173, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1748, "year_label": "1748 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – As word arrives that the Dutch Republic has agreed to return control of Maastricht to France, the French Army's leader of the siege, Count Löwendal, marches through the opened city gates with his troops and accepts its surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361284371#April–June", "title": "1748", "revid": 1361284371, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – Pickawillany (now Piqua, Ohio), the capital of the Miami Indian nation, is attacked and burned by Odawa, Ojibwe and French soldiers under the command of Odawa War Chief Charles Michel de Langlade.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#April–June", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1752, "year_label": "1752 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10 – At Marly-la-Ville in France, physicist Thomas-François Dalibard successfully conducts the kite experiment proposed by Benjamin Franklin in the 1750 book Franklin's Experiments and Observations on Electricity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362993688#April–June", "title": "1752", "revid": 1362993688, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1755, "year_label": "1755 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 3", "text": "May 3 – France dispatches 3,600 troops to protect its Canadian colonies in Quebec from a British invasion, dispatching 2,400 to Quebec city and 1,200 to Louisbourg in Nova Scotia, unaware that a squadron of 11 fully armed warships from Britain's Royal Navy had sailed toward Canada on April 27.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360194188#April–June", "title": "1755", "revid": 1360194188, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – At Versailles in France, representatives of the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire enter into an alliance against Prussia, with each nation pledging 80,000 troops. Other clauses to the treaty, not disclosed to the public, commit Austria to pay Russia one million rubles per year during the war to pay for the expenses of 24,000 of the Russian troops, and two million rubles upon the conquest of Silesia (a Prussian province that had been seized from Austria in 1746).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#January–March", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – Sweden signs an alliance treaty with France and Austria in the multinational effort to remove King Frederick the Great, even though Queen Consort Ulrika of Sweden is Frederick's sister. Sweden agrees to contribute 25,000 troops to the French and Austrian force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#January–March", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1757, "year_label": "1757 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – France and Austria sign a second Treaty of Versailles, committing France to sending an additional 105,000 troops to the war against Prussia, and to pay expenses to Austria at the rate of 12 million florins annually.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370632620#April–June", "title": "1757", "revid": 1370632620, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1760, "year_label": "1760 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – France's Minister of the Navy Nicolas René Berryer finally receives permission to send ships to assist French forces at Quebec, and a fleet of six ships under the command of Captain François Chenard de la Giraudais of the departs Bordeaux, albeit too late to prevent the loss of New France to the British.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358844484#April–June", "title": "1760", "revid": 1358844484, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1779, "year_label": "1779 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Spain and France secretly sign the Convention of Aranjuez, with Spain joining an alliance against Great Britain in return for France's pledge to recover all Spanish territory lost to the British.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567590#April–June", "title": "1779", "revid": 1370567590, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 4", "text": "June 4 – Élisabeth Thible is the first woman to ascend in a hot-air balloon, at Lyon, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#April–June", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1784, "year_label": "1784 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – In France, the Robert brothers (Anne-Jean Robert and Nicolas-Louis Robert) and a Mr. Collin-Hullin (whose first name is lost to history) become the first people to fly more than 100 km or 100 miles in the air, lifting off from Paris and landing 6 hours and 40 minutes later near Bethune after a journey of 186 km.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567291#July–September", "title": "1784", "revid": 1370567291, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – France mints new Louis d'or coins, with the image of King Louis XVI on the obverse, and one-sixth less gold than the coins with King Louis XV's image.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#October–December", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1785, "year_label": "1785 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 13", "text": "September 13 – Benjamin Franklin returns to Philadelphia after seven years as the U.S. Ambassador to France and prepares to take office as the new Governor of Pennsylvania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370566385#July–September", "title": "1785", "revid": 1370566385, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1788, "year_label": "1788 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 25", "text": "November 25 – Fifty consecutive days of temperatures below freezing strike France, a record that will be unbroken more than 200 years later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357260814#October–December", "title": "1788", "revid": 1357260814, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1797, "year_label": "1797 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – The Coup of 18 Fructidor is carried out in France as three of the five members of The Directory, France's executive council, arrested royalist members of the Council of Five Hundred, the national legislature, and discard the results of the spring elections.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368310974#July–September", "title": "1797", "revid": 1368310974, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1816, "year_label": "1816 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Mutuelle de L'assurance contre L'incendie (\"L'Anciente Mutuelle\"), predecessor of Axa, the global insurance and financial services company, is founded in Rouen, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363267979#Date_unknown", "title": "1816", "revid": 1363267979, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 20", "text": "October 20 – The Congress of Verona opens in the Austrian-ruled province of Lombardy-Venetia. The event is the largest diplomatic gathering since the Congress of Vienna seven years earlier. The Congress lasts until December 14, and Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#October–December", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "Between June 4–July 18 – In Saint-Loup-de-Varennes, France, Nicéphore Niépce makes the first photograph, View from the Window at Le Gras.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362794712#April–June", "title": "1827", "revid": 1362794712, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1827, "year_label": "1827 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 – Zarafa, the first giraffe to be seen in Europe for over three centuries, arrives in Marseille as a gift from the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, Mehmet Ali Pasha, to King Charles X of France. The giraffe then begins a 50-day journey to Paris, walking with its handlers toward Paris where it will arrive on July 9.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362794712#April–June", "title": "1827", "revid": 1362794712, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1836, "year_label": "1836 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 30", "text": "October 30 – Louis Napoleon launches the unsuccessful Strasbourg Coup to overthrow the July Monarchy in France", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342504#October–December", "title": "1836", "revid": 1368342504, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 12", "text": "May 12 – Socialist activist Louis Auguste Blanqui and the Société des Saisons begin an uprising against the government of France. The insurrection is suppressed, but not before 50 people are killed and 190 wounded. Blanqui is imprisoned until 1848.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#April–June", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1839, "year_label": "1839 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 15", "text": "October 15 – Emir Abdelkader declares a jihad against the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360384794#October–December", "title": "1839", "revid": 1360384794, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Polynesian islands of Tahiti and Tahuata are declared a protectorate of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365455258#Date_unknown", "title": "1842", "revid": 1365455258, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1845, "year_label": "1845 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 19", "text": "August 19 – A tornado kills 75 in France at Montville while destroying two large factories.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364939346#July–September", "title": "1845", "revid": 1364939346, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1847, "year_label": "1847 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Cartier, a luxury brand in France, is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362575777#Date_unknown", "title": "1847", "revid": 1362575777, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1864, "year_label": "1864 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – Société Générale, a major financial group in France, is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369213895#May", "title": "1864", "revid": 1369213895, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1875, "year_label": "1875 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – Bizet's Carmen is first performed at the Opéra-Comique, Paris, France, three months before the composer's death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371928758#March", "title": "1875", "revid": 1371928758, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1884, "year_label": "1884 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 28", "text": "March 28 – Prince Leopold, the youngest son and eighth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, dies, aged 30 in Cannes (France) following a fall complicated by his haemophilia. His son, Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, is born nearly 4 months later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364372487#March", "title": "1884", "revid": 1364372487, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1889, "year_label": "1889 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "May 28", "text": "May 28 – Rubber tire company Michelin is registered by Édouard and André Michelin in Clermont-Ferrand, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367594292#May", "title": "1889", "revid": 1367594292, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1891, "year_label": "1891 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – In France, the Irish Nationalist leaders hold a conference at Boulogne. The French government promptly takes loan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369994059#January", "title": "1891", "revid": 1369994059, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1893, "year_label": "1893 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – The first car number plates appear in Paris, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369946190#October", "title": "1893", "revid": 1369946190, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1893, "year_label": "1893 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1893 is signed, as the Kingdom of Siam cedes all of its territories east of the Mekong River to France, creating the territory of Laos.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369946190#October", "title": "1893", "revid": 1369946190, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Giros-Loucheur Group, predecessor of Vinci, a worldwide construction and infrastructure industry, founded in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#Date_unknown", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 19", "text": "April 19 – France adds the Kingdom of Laos, a protectorate since 1893, to the existing colony of French Indochina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#April", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – The Olympique de Marseille association football club is founded in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#August", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – The Kingdom of Siam (modern-day Thailand) cedes its province of Luang Prabang (now Laos) to France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#May", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1906, "year_label": "1906 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – The United Kingdom, France and Italy sign an agreement to preserve, in Ethiopia, the integrity of the ancient empire of Abyssinia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373343237#November–December", "title": "1906", "revid": 1373343237, "section": "Events › November–December"}}, {"year": 1910, "year_label": "1910 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "March 8", "text": "March 8 – In France, Raymonde de Laroche is awarded Pilot's license No. 36 by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale, becoming the first woman authorized to fly an airplane.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373495790#March", "title": "1910", "revid": 1373495790, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1914, "year_label": "1914 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1–November 1 – The Exposition Internationale is held at Lyon, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373518346#May", "title": "1914", "revid": 1373518346, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1918, "year_label": "1918 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Soviet Russia, Sweden, Germany and France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373520023#January", "title": "1918", "revid": 1373520023, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 18", "text": "January 18 – The Paris Peace Conference opens in France, with delegates from 27 nations attending for meetings at the Palace of Versailles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#January", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1919, "year_label": "1919 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – The League of Nations is founded in Paris, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373508849#January", "title": "1919", "revid": 1373508849, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1926, "year_label": "1926 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 14", "text": "March 14 – El Virilla train accident in Costa Rica: 385 people are killed and 93 injured when an overloaded pilgrim special derails on a bridge. The SS Ile de france Was Launched at Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyards in Saint Nazaire, France As one of the first ships to embrace the Art Deco style", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373503199#March", "title": "1926", "revid": 1373503199, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1934, "year_label": "1934 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – Gaston Doumergue forms a new government in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372993239#January–February", "title": "1934", "revid": 1372993239, "section": "Events › January–February"}}, {"year": 1937, "year_label": "1937 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – The coalition government of Léon Blum resigns in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371759714#June", "title": "1937", "revid": 1371759714, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Leading Korean dancer Choi Seung-hee arrives in Le Havre, France after her tour in the United States. This is to begin her European tour in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. She is the first Korean Wave entertainer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#December", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – State-owned railway networks are created by merger, in France (SNCF) and the Netherlands (Nederlandse Spoorwegen – NS).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#January", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The United Nations is founded by ratification of its Charter, by 29 nations including the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Canada, Egypt, Brazil, Haiti, Luxembourg, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and others.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#October", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 25", "text": "March 25 – First issue of weekly magazine Paris Match published in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#March", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1968, "year_label": "1968 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January 28", "text": "January 28 – French submarine Minerve sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 52.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371310387#January–February", "title": "1968", "revid": 1371310387, "section": "Events › January–February"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – Charles de Gaulle steps down as president of France after suffering defeat in a referendum the day before.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#April", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1970, "year_label": "1970 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – Creation of the International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts in Confolens, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370420699#August", "title": "1970", "revid": 1370420699, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1971, "year_label": "1971 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 3", "text": "July 3 – Jim Morrison, lead singer of The Doors, dies of a heart failure at the age of 27 in the bathtub of his apartment on the 3rd floor of the Rue Beautreillis 17 in Paris, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369905382#July", "title": "1971", "revid": 1369905382, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1975, "year_label": "1975 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – The \"Group of 6\" industrialized nations (G-6) is formed and holds its 1st summit at the Château de Rambouillet in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369955775#November", "title": "1975", "revid": 1369955775, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1979, "year_label": "1979 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Following a deal agreed during 1978, French carmaker Peugeot completes a takeover of American manufacturer Chrysler's European operations, which are based in Britain's former Rootes Group factories, as well as the former Simca factories in France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371786119#January", "title": "1979", "revid": 1371786119, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1981, "year_label": "1981 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May", "text": "Aer Lingus flight 164 is hijacked just before landing at London Heathrow airport. The flight continues on to France before the hijacker who reportedly demanded for the releasing of the third secret of Fatima, is subdued.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369107326#May", "title": "1981", "revid": 1369107326, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1989, "year_label": "1989 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – Eurosport, a multiple-language sports broadcasting station in Europe, begins broadcasting, from Issy-les-Moulineaux, Île-de-France, France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369557705#February", "title": "1989", "revid": 1369557705, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the U.K., the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.) relinquish all remaining rights to the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#March", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 30", "text": "March 30 – French woman and supercentenarian Jeanne Calment surpasses the final age achieved by Easter Wiggins (1874–1990) of 116 years, 36 days and becomes the oldest verified person in history.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#March", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – The iPhone, the first modern smartphone, is released in the United States. It is later released in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, and Austria, in November 2007.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#June", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Leaders from Russian Federation, Ukraine, Germany and French Republic reach an agreement on the war in eastern Ukraine that includes a ceasefire and withdrawal of heavy weapons. However, several days later, the Ukrainian government and pro-Russian rebels claim that, within its first day, the ceasefire was broken 139 times, as both sides failed to withdraw their heavy weapons and fighting had continued.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#February", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2016, "year_label": "2016 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 10", "text": "June 10–July 10 – France hosts the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament, which is won by Portugal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373421880#June", "title": "2016", "revid": 1373421880, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 14", "text": "April 14 – Syrian Civil War: The United States, the United Kingdom and France order the bombing of Syrian military bases in response to the sarin attack allegedly by the Bashar al-Assad regime on civilians in Ghouta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#April", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 1", "text": "December 1–8 – France experiences its worst civil unrest since the protests of 1968 due to the yellow vests movement. Protests in Paris morph into riots, with hundreds of people injured and thousands arrested; over 100 cars are burned, the Arc de Triomphe is vandalized and numerous other tourist sites are closed, both in the capital and elsewhere in the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#December", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2018, "year_label": "2018 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – An Islamic terrorist attack in Carcassonne and Trèbes, France, kills five people, including the perpetrator.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373090883#March", "title": "2018", "revid": 1373090883, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2019, "year_label": "2019 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 7", "text": "June 7–July 7 – The 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup is held in France and is won by the United States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373255188#June", "title": "2019", "revid": 1373255188, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "May 16", "text": "May 16 – Félicien Kabuga, a Rwandan businessman responsible for supporting the Rwandan genocide, is arrested in Asnières-sur-Seine, France, after 26 years as a fugitive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#May", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2022, "year_label": "2022 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – France takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Slovenian presidency.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371998228#January", "title": "2022", "revid": 1371998228, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "April 28", "text": "April 28 – A widespread power outage affects Spain and Portugal for hours. Andorra is affected for a few seconds while southern France is lightly affected.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#April", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 13", "text": "December 13 – The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2025 is held in Tbilisi, Georgia. French contestant Lou Deleuze wins with the song \"Ce monde\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#December", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 21", "text": "September 21 – The UK, Canada, and Australia announce their formal recognition of Palestine as a sovereign state, with France also doing so the next day.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#September", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › September"}}]}