{"slug": "germany", "label": "Germany", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183", "qid": "Q183", "description": "country in Central Europe", "entries": 151, "years": 145, "span": [-574, 2025], "span_label": ["575 BCE", "2025 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 38}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 28}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 18}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 17}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 13}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 11}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 6}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 5}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 4}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 2}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "worms-germany", "label": "Worms, Germany", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "thuringia", "label": "Thuringia", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "francia", "label": "Francia", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "duchy-of-saxony", "label": "Duchy of Saxony", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "henry-iv-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "charlemagne", "label": "Charlemagne", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "netherlands", "label": "Netherlands", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "east-francia", "label": "East Francia", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "munich", "label": "Munich", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "rhine", "label": "Rhine", "shared": 4}], "items": [{"year": -574, "year_label": "575 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Ishtar Gate and throne room wall from Babylon, Iraq is made. The modified version for installation is now on display in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326571387#Events", "title": "575 BC", "revid": 1326571387, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -559, "year_label": "560 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Berlin Kore, begun in 570 BC, is finished. It is now displayed in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321464048#Events", "title": "560 BC", "revid": 1321464048, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": -479, "year_label": "480 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A sculpture of the Dying Warrior is made in the left corner of the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaea in Aegina (approximate date). Today, it is preserved at the Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek in Munich, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342344662#Arts", "title": "480 BC", "revid": 1342344662, "section": "Events › By topic › Arts"}}, {"year": -163, "year_label": "164 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Construction of the detail of the frieze from the east front of the altar in Pergamon, Athena Attacking the Giants, begins and is finished eight years later. It is now kept at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Antikensammlung, Pergamonmuseum in Berlin, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1288884961#Art", "title": "164 BC", "revid": 1288884961, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -54, "year_label": "55 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June", "text": "June – Julius Caesar crosses the Rhine River near modern-day Koblenz. He constructs a wooden bridge between Andernach and Neuwied (Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364737843#Roman_Republic", "title": "55 BC", "revid": 1364737843, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -12, "year_label": "13 BCE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus builds the stronghold of castrum Moguntiacum in the location of the modern-day city of Mainz, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852969#Roman_Empire", "title": "13 BC", "revid": 1372852969, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -9, "year_label": "10 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A Roman military camp is established at Speyer (Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852683#Roman_Empire", "title": "10 BC", "revid": 1372852683, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 14, "year_label": "14 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Germanicus is appointed commander of the forces in Germany, beginning a campaign that will end in 16.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371078816#Roman_Empire", "title": "10s", "revid": 1371078816, "section": "Events › 14 AD › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 39, "year_label": "39 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Legio XV Primigenia and XXII Primigenia are levied by Caligula for the German frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369986487#Germania", "title": "30s", "revid": 1369986487, "section": "Events › 39 AD › Germania"}}, {"year": 166, "year_label": "166 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius appoints his sons Commodus and Marcus Annius Verus as co-rulers (Caesar), while he and Lucius Verus travel to Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371302266#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 166", "revid": 1371302266, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 179, "year_label": "179 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The Roman fort Castra Regina (\"fortress by the Regen river\") is built at Regensburg, on the right bank of the Danube in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371305494#Roman_empire", "title": "AD 179", "revid": 1371305494, "section": "Events › By place › Roman empire"}}, {"year": 187, "year_label": "187 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Clodius Albinus defeats the Chatti, a highly organized German tribe that controlled the area that includes the Black Forest.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371308954#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 187", "revid": 1371308954, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 196, "year_label": "196 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In order to assure the support of the Roman legion in Germany on his march to Rome, Clodius Albinus is declared Augustus by his army while crossing Gaul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371314273#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 196", "revid": 1371314273, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 214, "year_label": "214 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Caracalla's victories in Germany ensure his popularity within the Roman army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187273#Roman_Empire", "title": "214", "revid": 1371187273, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 259, "year_label": "259 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Roman fort of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni (possibly 260).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331138913#Roman_Empire", "title": "259", "revid": 1331138913, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 260, "year_label": "260 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Roman fort of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187251#Roman_Empire", "title": "260", "revid": 1371187251, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 430, "year_label": "430 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Huns led by Octar attack the Burgundians, who occupied territory on the Rhine near the city of Worms (Germany). During the fighting Octar dies, and his army is destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370135052#Roman_Empire", "title": "430", "revid": 1370135052, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Attila gathers his vassals—Bastarnae, Gepids, Heruls, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians and Thuringians (among others), and smashes through Germany, causing widespread panic and destruction. He arrives in Belgica with an army (50,000 men) and crosses the Rhine.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Europe", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 477, "year_label": "477 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Basina, queen of Thuringia (Germany)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739274#Deaths", "title": "477", "revid": 1364739274, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 496, "year_label": "496 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Tolbiac: King Clovis I defeats the Alamanni at Zülpich (Germany). Gibuld, last king of the Alamanni, is killed in battle and the territory is incorporated into the Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740340#Europe", "title": "496", "revid": 1364740340, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 531, "year_label": "531 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hermanafrid, last king of the Thuringi, is defeated by the Franks near the Unstrut River. During negotiations he is pushed from the town walls of Zülpich (northern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351343342#Europe", "title": "531", "revid": 1351343342, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 556, "year_label": "556 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Chlothar I suppresses a revolt of the Saxons and Thuringi in Saxony (Germany). For some time he exacts a tribute of 500 cows every year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739824#Europe", "title": "556", "revid": 1364739824, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 562, "year_label": "562 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Sigebert I repels an attack on Austrasia by the Avars at Regensburg (Germany). He moves his capital from Reims to Metz (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749268#Europe", "title": "562", "revid": 1364749268, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 570, "year_label": "570 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Leutfred becomes duke of Alemannia (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800837#Europe", "title": "570", "revid": 1340800837, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 600, "year_label": "600 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Irish missionaries preach in Scotland and Germany (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364751689#Religion", "title": "600", "revid": 1364751689, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 603, "year_label": "603 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Schuttern Abbey (Germany) is founded by the wandering Irish monk Offo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364752956#Religion", "title": "603", "revid": 1364752956, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 620, "year_label": "620 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Weltenburg Abbey in Bavaria (Germany) is founded by Benedictine monks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749611#Religion", "title": "620", "revid": 1364749611, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 664, "year_label": "664 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "May 1", "text": "1 May – A solar eclipse affects areas along a line from Central America, through eastern North America, the North Atlantic, Ireland, Great Britain and Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636792#North_America_&_Europe", "title": "664", "revid": 1367636792, "section": "Events › By place › North America & Europe"}}, {"year": 695, "year_label": "695 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Saxons defeat the Bructeri between the Lippe and the Ruhr, and occupy Westphalia in Germany (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806239#Europe", "title": "695", "revid": 1340806239, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 714, "year_label": "714 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Civil War within the Pepinid clan: A revolt erupts between the Neustrian Franks and Frisians. King Radbod forces bishop Willibrord and his Benedictine monks to flee, and advances as far as Cologne (Germany). Frisia (modern-day Netherlands) once again becomes independent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468088#Europe", "title": "714", "revid": 1364468088, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 716, "year_label": "716 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Cologne: Charles Martel, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, is defeated by the Neustrians under King Chilperic II and his mayor Ragenfrid near Cologne (now part of Germany), who have invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing Frankish factions of Theudoald and Plectrude, the child grandson (and designated heir) and widow respectively of Pepin of Herstal. Simultaneously, Radbod, king (or duke) of the Frisians, attacks Austrasia and allies with the Neustrians. Charles is forced to flee into the mountains of the Eifel (Ardennes).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808331#Europe", "title": "716", "revid": 1340808331, "section": "Events › Byzantine Empire › Europe"}}, {"year": 732, "year_label": "732 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pope Gregory III confers on Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary, the pallium as archbishop, with jurisdiction over Bavaria (modern Germany). He orders him to forbid the consumption of horseflesh by his Christian converts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808703#Religion", "title": "732", "revid": 1340808703, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 742, "year_label": "742 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Sturm, disciple of Boniface, establishes the Benedictine Abbey of Fulda (present-day Hesse) in Germany (or 744).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809740#Religion", "title": "742", "revid": 1340809740, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 744, "year_label": "744 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pepin the Short, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy, invades the Swabian Jura (southwestern Germany), and chases Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia, from his mountain redoubt in Alsace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305046877#Europe", "title": "744", "revid": 1305046877, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 762, "year_label": "762 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Schäftlarn Abbey (Bavaria) is founded by Waltrich, a Benedictine monk of noble family, south of modern-day Munich, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847727#Religion", "title": "762", "revid": 1340847727, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 764, "year_label": "764 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Cancor, a Frankish count (possibly of Hesbaye), founds Lorsch Abbey (modern-day Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847738#Religion", "title": "764", "revid": 1340847738, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 769, "year_label": "769 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hersfeld Abbey (modern-day Hesse-Nassau), Germany, is founded by Lullus, archbishop of Mainz (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349074717#Religion", "title": "769", "revid": 1349074717, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 770, "year_label": "770 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Hedeby, an important trading settlement, in the Danish-northern German borderland is founded (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340847752#Europe", "title": "770", "revid": 1340847752, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 774, "year_label": "774 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Saxon Wars: Saxon raiders ravage much of northern Hesse (modern Germany), and burn the abbey at Fritzlar, putting the abbot and monks to the sword. Charlemagne hurriedly returns to Austrasia, assembles local troops, and recaptures Eresburg, before the approach of winter halts further operations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848019#Europe", "title": "774", "revid": 1340848019, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 783, "year_label": "783 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October", "text": "October – Charlemagne marries Fastrada, the 18-year-old daughter of a Frankish count named Rudolph, and makes her his queen at Worms. The probable reason behind the marriage is to solidify a Frankish alliance east of the Rhine, against the Saxons in Lower Saxony (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351342197#Europe", "title": "783", "revid": 1351342197, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 788, "year_label": "788 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Avars, who are allied with Tassilo III, invade East Francia (modern Germany). This begins the Frankish-Avar conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364753395#Europe", "title": "788", "revid": 1364753395, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 789, "year_label": "789 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne founds the town of Herford (modern Germany), in order to guard a ford crossing the narrow Werre River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848283#Europe", "title": "789", "revid": 1340848283, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 794, "year_label": "794 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Queen Fastrada, third wife of Charlemagne, dies in Frankfurt after 11 years of marriage. Charlemagne consoles himself with Luitgard, an Alemannian noblewoman, whom he marries and moves into his new palace at Aachen (Germany). Luitgard shares Charlemagne's interest in the liberal arts.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848638#Europe", "title": "794", "revid": 1340848638, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 797, "year_label": "797 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Charlemagne issues the Capitulare Saxonicum, making Westphalian, Angrian and Eastphalian Saxons equal to other peoples in the Frankish Kingdom. The Nordalbian Saxons revolt; a Frankish fleet is sent to the North Sea coast of Germany. It lands in Hadeln, a marshy coastal region between the Weser and Elbe estuaries, near modern-day Cuxhaven. Charlemagne invades northern Saxony, and again accepts the submission of the Saxons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358611998#Europe", "title": "797", "revid": 1358611998, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 799, "year_label": "799 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – Pope Leo III is physically attacked by a band of aristocratic conspirators, under the leadership of a public official who is a nephew of the late Pope Adrian I. After mistreatment and attempted disfigurement by the citizens of Rome, Leo flees to the court of King Charlemagne at Paderborn (modern Germany) to seek protection. He sends him back with Frankish agents, and restores him to the papal throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848772#Religion", "title": "799", "revid": 1340848772, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 804, "year_label": "804 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück is founded by Charlemagne (the oldest school in Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076299#Europe", "title": "804", "revid": 1267076299, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 805, "year_label": "805 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Palatine Chapel in Aachen (modern Germany) is consecrated by Pope Leo III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361734873#Religion", "title": "805", "revid": 1361734873, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 829, "year_label": "829 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The city of Wiesbaden (Germany) is first mentioned by Einhard, biographer of former emperor Charlemagne (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941503#Religion", "title": "829", "revid": 1340941503, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 830, "year_label": "830 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hirsau Abbey (modern Germany) is founded by the Rhenish Franconian count Erlafried of Calw (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359310799#Religion", "title": "830", "revid": 1359310799, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 831, "year_label": "831 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Nominoe, duke of Brittany, is designated missus imperatoris (imperial emissary) by Louis the Pious, at Ingelheim (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941627#Europe", "title": "831", "revid": 1340941627, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 838, "year_label": "838 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The oldest known mention is made of the city of Rheine, on the Ems River (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941885#Europe", "title": "838", "revid": 1340941885, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 839, "year_label": "839 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 20", "text": "May 20 — Thirteen months before his death, Louis the Pious, successor to his father Charlemagne, consents to the division of Charlemagne's empire among his sons in a declaration at Worms. Upon Louis I's death in 840, Lothair (age 45) is devised Middle Francia that includes Switzerland and northern Italy; Louis the German (Louis II), age 36, receives Eastern Francia that includes much of Germany; and Charles the Bald (17) gets West Francia that incorporates most of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073737#Europe", "title": "839", "revid": 1267073737, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 850, "year_label": "850 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 22", "text": "April 22 – Gunther becomes archbishop of Cologne (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129147#Religion", "title": "850", "revid": 1341129147, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 852, "year_label": "852 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Gandersheim Abbey in Lower Saxony (modern Germany) is founded by Duke Liudolf of Saxony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1287194271#Religion", "title": "852", "revid": 1287194271, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 885, "year_label": "885 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Charles the Fat designates his illegitimate son Bernard as his heir, ignoring the claims of his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia (illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria), and Charles the Simple (5-year-old son of King Louis the Stammerer). The Frankish bishops protest, so Charles summons Pope Adrian III to an assembly in Worms, to resolve the issue. Adrian leaves Rome in the hands of Bishop John of Pavia and heads to Germany, but dies on the way, just after crossing the River Po.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655145#Europe", "title": "885", "revid": 1366655145, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 892, "year_label": "892 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Poppo II, duke of Thuringia (Central Germany), is deposed by King Arnulf of Carinthia. East Frankish forces and their Magyar (Hungarian) allies invade Great Moravia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093317#Europe", "title": "892", "revid": 1346093317, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 894, "year_label": "894 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Arnulf of Carinthia returns to Germany through the Alps, harried by militias dispatched by Rudolph I of Burgundy and margrave Anscar I of Ivrea. Only with much difficulty is Arnulf able to get his army through the Aosta Valley and through St. Moritz, back into Germany. Guy III descends from the Apennines, and re-seizes the Italian kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130298#Europe", "title": "894", "revid": 1341130298, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 895, "year_label": "895 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Odo (or Eudes) takes a large army against Rheims, and forces anti-king Charles the Simple to flee to Germany. King Arnulf of Carinthia, throwing off his agreements with Odo, charges his illegitimate son Zwentibold to invade the West Frankish Kingdom, and re-install Charles on the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346093921#Europe", "title": "895", "revid": 1346093921, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 913, "year_label": "913 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Inn: The Hungarians invade Bavaria, Swabia and Northern Burgundy. At their return they face the combined armies of Arnulf (duke of Bavaria), Erchanger and Burchard II (dukes of Swabia), who defeat them at Aschbach near the Inn River (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070619#Europe", "title": "913", "revid": 1267070619, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 918, "year_label": "918 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – King Conrad I, injured at one of his battles with Arnulf I (the Bad), dies at his residence in Weilburg Castle after a 7-year reign. On his deathbed Conrad persuades his younger brother Eberhard III to offer the East Frankish crown to Henry the Fowler, the duke of Saxony. Conrad is buried in Fulda Cathedral (also the burial place of Boniface) in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509557#Europe", "title": "918", "revid": 1341509557, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 921, "year_label": "921 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – King Henry I (the Fowler) defeats his rival Arnulf I (the Bad), duke of Bavaria, in two campaigns. Arnulf is besieged at Regensburg and forced to accept peace negotiations, recognising Henry as sole sovereign of the East Frankish Kingdom (Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341509617#Europe", "title": "921", "revid": 1341509617, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 929, "year_label": "929 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 4", "text": "September 4 – Battle of Lenzen: Slavic forces (the Redarii and the Obotrites) are defeated by a Saxon army near the fortified stronghold of Lenzen (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367671440#Europe", "title": "929", "revid": 1367671440, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 955, "year_label": "955 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 10", "text": "August 10 – Battle of Lechfeld: King Otto I (\"the Great\") defeats the Hungarians (also known as Magyars) near Augsburg (Germany). Otto's army (7,000 men), mainly composed of heavy cavalry, overwhelms the Hungarians along the Lech River. The German losses are heavy, among them Conrad (\"the Red\") and many other nobles. The commanders of the Hungarian army, Bulcsú, Lehel and Súr, are captured and executed. This victory puts an end to the Hungarian campaigns into western Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512718#Europe", "title": "955", "revid": 1341512718, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 960, "year_label": "960 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – Oberto I, margrave of the Obertenghi family, takes refuge in Germany. He travels with influential Italian leaders to the Saxon court of Otto I to intervene in Italy to protect him from Berengar II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272128#Europe", "title": "960", "revid": 1365272128, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 973, "year_label": "973 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – Emperor Otto I (the Great) dies at Memleben in Thuringia (modern Germany) after a 37-year reign. He is succeeded by his 18-year-old son Otto II (the Red), who becomes absolute ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. His mother Adelaide will exert great influence on Otto, although her lavish philanthropies will be a source of contention. Otto's succession leads to conflicts in the south German duchies and in Lotharingia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354273404#Europe", "title": "973", "revid": 1354273404, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 974, "year_label": "974 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Danevirke: Emperor Otto II defeats the rebel forces of King Harald I, who has invaded Nordalbingia (modern-day Holstein), to shake off imperial overlordship. Otto's armies swiftly subdue the Danes, consolidating the frontier between Scandinavia and Northern Germany. Meanwhile, Henry II begins a rebellion against his cousin Otto. He forges alliances with Bavarian and Saxon nobles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341513416#Europe", "title": "974", "revid": 1341513416, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 978, "year_label": "978 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Otto II has the three insurrectionists punished at Magdeburg. Henry II is stripped of all his possessions and imprisoned in the custody of Bishop Folcmar of Utrecht. The other two: Henry III (the Younger) loses his duchy to Otto I and Henry I, bishop of Augsburg, is arrested and imprisoned in Werden Abbey (Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272344#Europe", "title": "978", "revid": 1365272344, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 985, "year_label": "985 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Rikdag, margrave of Meissen (Germany)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468346#Deaths", "title": "985", "revid": 1364468346, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1002, "year_label": "1002 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Fall – A revolt organized by Bohemian nobles of the rivalling Vršovci clan, forces Duke Boleslaus III (\"the Red\") to flee to Germany. He is succeeded by Vladivoj (until 1003).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371270947#Europe", "title": "1002", "revid": 1371270947, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1003, "year_label": "1003 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 – Herman II, duke of Swabia (Germany)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369535158#Deaths", "title": "1003", "revid": 1369535158, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 1008, "year_label": "1008 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The oldest known mention is made of the city of Gundelfingen (Southern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341910052#Europe", "title": "1008", "revid": 1341910052, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1013, "year_label": "1013 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Henry II of Germany signs a peace treaty at Merseburg with Duke Bolesław I the Brave) of Poland. As part of the treaty, Bolesław pays homage and recognizes Henry as his overlord in exchange for receiving the March of Lusatia (including the town of Bautzen) and the March of Meissen as fiefs. To seal their peace, Bolesław's son Mieszko II marries Richeza of Lotharingia (granddaughter of the late Emperor Otto II).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342212600#Europe", "title": "1013", "revid": 1342212600, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Emperor Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor dies in his imperial palace at Göttingen in Germany. Henry leaves no heirs. He has deliberately made no provision for a successor, \"leaving that regulation in the hands of God\", and his death ends the Ottonian dynasty, and plans are made to elect a new Emperor in September.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#July–September", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1030, "year_label": "1030 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) leads an invasion into Hungary. He plunders the lands west of the River Rába but suffers from the consequences of the scorched earth tactics used by the Hungarians. Conrad, threatened by starvation, is forced to retreat to Germany. King Stephen I (St. Stephen) pursued his forces, which were defeated and captured by the Hungarians at Vienna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365590959#Europe", "title": "1030", "revid": 1365590959, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1040, "year_label": "1040 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Weihenstephan Abbey (Kloster Weihenstephan) in Germany, founds the oldest operating brewery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365593173#Religion", "title": "1040", "revid": 1365593173, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1046, "year_label": "1046 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hildesheim Cathedral (Germany) is largely destroyed by fire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350130059#Religion", "title": "1046", "revid": 1350130059, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1050, "year_label": "1050 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The brewery of Weltenburg Abbey (modern Germany) is first mentioned, thus making it one of the oldest still operating breweries in the world (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368550668#Religion", "title": "1050", "revid": 1368550668, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1061, "year_label": "1061 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Speyer Cathedral is consecrated in Speyer (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371210530#Religion", "title": "1061", "revid": 1371210530, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1064, "year_label": "1064 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Michaelsberg Abbey at Siegburg (modern Germany) is founded by Anno II, archbishop of Cologne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369558075#Religion", "title": "1064", "revid": 1369558075, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1067, "year_label": "1067 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Wartburg Castle (near Eisenach) is founded by Louis the Springer, count of Thuringia (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365260536#Europe", "title": "1067", "revid": 1365260536, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1074, "year_label": "1074 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 2", "text": "February 2 – Treaty of Gerstungen: King Henry IV is forced to restore the peace with Duke Otto of Nordheim (one of the Saxon leaders of the Saxon Rebellion). He signs a treaty in Gerstungen Castle, on the River Werra in Thuringia (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339713038#Europe", "title": "1074", "revid": 1339713038, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1075, "year_label": "1075 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – First Battle of Langensalza: Emperor Henry IV defeats the Saxon nobles on the River Unstrut near Langensalza in Thuringia (modern Germany). He subjugates Saxony, and immediately tries to reassert his rights as the sovereign of northern Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265849#Europe", "title": "1075", "revid": 1365265849, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1076, "year_label": "1076 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 24", "text": "January 24 – Synod of Worms: Emperor Henry IV, holds a synod in Worms (modern Germany). The assembly declares Pope Gregory VII deposed, and the bishops abandon their allegiance to him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362789427#Europe", "title": "1076", "revid": 1362789427, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1078, "year_label": "1078 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 7", "text": "August 7 – Battle of Mellrichstadt: Emperor Henry IV defeats the German anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia, near Mellrichstadt (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329585949#Europe", "title": "1078", "revid": 1329585949, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1080, "year_label": "1080 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Benno II, bishop of Osnabrück, founds the Benedictine abby of Iburg Castle (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363303187#Religion", "title": "1080", "revid": 1363303187, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1080, "year_label": "1080 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 27", "text": "January 27 – Battle of Flarchheim: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, defeats the forces led by the German anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia, near the town of Flarchheim (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363303187#Europe", "title": "1080", "revid": 1363303187, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1082, "year_label": "1082 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The first mention of the town of Hofgeismar (modern Germany) is recorded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267070113#Europe", "title": "1082", "revid": 1267070113, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Peter the Hermit begins his preaching of the First Crusade, traveling from Berry (in central France) across Champagne, and down the Meuse Valley to Cologne (modern Germany). He gathers the People's Crusade (some 40,000 supporters), which departs about April 20. Peter's speeches appeal not only to nobles and knights, but also laborers, tradesmen and peasants (among them are former brigands and criminals).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1100, "year_label": "1100 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Intense urban activity in north and central Europe: Kalmar (Kungälv) and Varberg (Sweden) are chartered; The cities of Aach (southern Germany) and Nakléřov in Bohemia are created. The castle of Burg Eppstein is built in central Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365265768#Europe", "title": "1100", "revid": 1365265768, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1101, "year_label": "1101 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The county of Berg in Germany is established.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268186#Europe", "title": "1101", "revid": 1365268186, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1112, "year_label": "1112 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Salzwedel in the Altmark (modern Germany) is founded.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268836#Europe", "title": "1112", "revid": 1365268836, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1114, "year_label": "1114 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 7", "text": "January 7 – Emperor Henry V marries Matilda (or Maude), 11-year-old daughter of King Henry I of England, at Worms (modern Germany). A political conflict breaks out across the Holy Roman Empire after the marriage, triggered when Henry arrests Chancellor Adalbert and various other German princes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184492#Europe", "title": "1114", "revid": 1369184492, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1115, "year_label": "1115 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – Battle of Welfesholz: Duke Lothair of Supplinburg joins the rebellious Saxon forces, and defeats the German Imperial Army of Emperor Henry V at Welfesholz, in Saxony-Anhalt (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369310142#Europe", "title": "1115", "revid": 1369310142, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1117, "year_label": "1117 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – 1117 Verona earthquake. The earthquake is rated at VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and strikes northern Italy and Germany. The epicentre of the first shock is near Verona, the city which suffers the most damage. The outer wall of the amphitheatre is partially felled, and the standing portion is damaged in a later earthquake of 1183. Many other churches, monasteries, and ancient monuments are destroyed or seriously damaged, eliminating much of Verona's early medieval architecture and providing space for a massive Romanesque rebuilding.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694426#Europe", "title": "1117", "revid": 1361694426, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1129, "year_label": "1129 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Burgsteinfurt Castle is built in what is now Steinfurt (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1329978071#Europe", "title": "1129", "revid": 1329978071, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1150, "year_label": "1150 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The city of Rinteln is founded on the northern bank of the Weser River in Lower Saxony (modern Germany).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362164290#Europe", "title": "1150", "revid": 1362164290, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1157, "year_label": "1157 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Albert the Bear (Ger: Albrecht der Bär), becomes the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, Germany and the first Margrave.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366532578#Events", "title": "1157", "revid": 1366532578, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1166, "year_label": "1166 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, has the Brunswick Lion created at Dankwarderode Castle in Braunschweig (modern Germany). (Mentioned by Albert of Stade, a German abbot and chronicler, as the year of origin.)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303964516#Europe", "title": "1166", "revid": 1303964516, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1168, "year_label": "1168 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Valdemar I (\"the Great\") of Denmark conquers the Wendish capital at Arkona on the island of Rügen (modern Germany). The Wends become Christians and subject to Danish suzerainty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165077#Europe", "title": "1168", "revid": 1362165077, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1178, "year_label": "1178 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 30", "text": "June 30 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) is crowned King of Burgundy at Arles. He will repeat the ceremony in 1186. Returning to Germany, he begins proceedings against Henry III (the Lion), duke of Saxony, who has been charged by Saxon noblemen with breaking the king's peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362170417#Europe", "title": "1178", "revid": 1362170417, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1179, "year_label": "1179 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Mieszko III (the Old), duke of Poland, travels to Germany to ask Frederick I to offer help in his restoration of the Polish throne, but Frederick demands a payment of 10,000 silver.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363299926#Europe", "title": "1179", "revid": 1363299926, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1218, "year_label": "1218 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The city of Rheims emits the first recorded public life annuity in Medieval Europe. This type of instrument had been mostly issued by religious institutions. The emission by Rheims is the first evidence of a consolidation of public debt that is to become common in the Langue d'Oïl, the Low Countries and Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347207200#Markets", "title": "1218", "revid": 1347207200, "section": "Events › By topic › Markets"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "The consequences of the volcanic 1257 Samalas eruption in Indonesia include the following anecdotal accounts: very dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a harsh spring in Iceland; famine in England, Germany, France and Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and southeast Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#Global", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By topic › Global"}}, {"year": 1367, "year_label": "1367 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – Otto I, \"the Evil\", becomes Duke of the independent city of Göttingen (in modern-day Germany) on the death of his father, Ernst I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373413377#April–June", "title": "1367", "revid": 1373413377, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1386, "year_label": "1386 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "October 18", "text": "October 18 – Heidelberg University (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg), the oldest in Germany, is founded at the behest of Rupert I, Elector Palatine, by charter of Pope Urban VI.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359789728#October–December", "title": "1386", "revid": 1359789728, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1412, "year_label": "1412 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "April 12", "text": "April 12 – Albert V, son of the former King of Sweden, Duke Albert IV, becomes the Duke of Mecklenburg (part of modern-day Germany) upon the death of his father.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357537157#April–June", "title": "1412", "revid": 1357537157, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1419, "year_label": "1419 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – The University of Rostock is established in Germany by Albert V, Duke of Mecklenburg following approval in a papal bull from Pope Martin V.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358545199#January–March", "title": "1419", "revid": 1358545199, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1438, "year_label": "1438 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – Albert II of Germany is approved by the electors in the Holy Roman Empire as the King of the Romans, the ruler of Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365935905#January–March", "title": "1438", "revid": 1365935905, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 21", "text": "March 21 – In the Holy Roman Empire in Germany, the Electors of Cologne, Trier, Mainz, and the Palatinate, along with representatives of the Electors of Saxony and Brandenburg, assemble at Frankfurt-am-Main and create a mutual defense alliance to resist Pope Eugene IV.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#January–March", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1459, "year_label": "1459 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 25", "text": "April 25 – The Treaty of Eger is signed by representatives of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Electorate of Saxony, setting a border that remains more than 500 years later as the border between the Czech Republic and Germany as running along the main ridge of the Ore Mountains from Eger to the River Elbe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366548241#April–June", "title": "1459", "revid": 1366548241, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1462, "year_label": "1462 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Jews are expelled from Mainz, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359849875#Date_unknown", "title": "1462", "revid": 1359849875, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1486, "year_label": "1486 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 10", "text": "March 10 – The government of the Free Imperial City of Köln (Cologne), now part of Germany, begins the removal of all prostitutes from the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369024065#January–March", "title": "1486", "revid": 1369024065, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1518, "year_label": "1518 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 26", "text": "April 26 – Martin Luther makes the first public defense of his views at a gathering of the Roman Catholic order of Augustinians, at what becomes known as the Heidelberg Disputation at a lecture hall at Heidelberg in the Electoral Palatinate in Germany. While there, he is challenged to a theological debate by Johann Eck, the German leader of the anti-Reformation movement.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362000593#April–June", "title": "1518", "revid": 1362000593, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1520, "year_label": "1520 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 7", "text": "May 7 – The semi-independent Duchy of Mecklenburg, in what is now Germany, is partitioned into two duchies, Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307705#April–June", "title": "1520", "revid": 1367307705, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1530, "year_label": "1530 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "The ducal palace of Celle is constructed in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366794362#Date_unknown", "title": "1530", "revid": 1366794362, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1651, "year_label": "1651 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – St. Peter's Flood: A first storm tide in the North Sea strikes the coast of Germany, drowning thousands. The island of Juist is split in half, and the western half of Buise is probably washed away.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365975166#January–March", "title": "1651", "revid": 1365975166, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1666, "year_label": "1666 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – The Holy Roman Empire, ruled by Leopold I, repurchases the territory of the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (Oppeln und Ratibor), which it had ceded to Poland in 1645, for the sum of 120,000 guldens and consolidates it with Upper Silesia. The territory will be ceded from Germany to Poland in 1945 at the end of World War II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365988943#April–June", "title": "1666", "revid": 1365988943, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1683, "year_label": "1683 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – Battle of Vienna: The Ottoman siege of the city is broken with the arrival of a force of 70,000 Poles, Austrians and Germans under Polish–Lithuanian king Jan III Sobieski, whose cavalry turns their flank. The victory marks a turning point in the Ottoman Empire's fortunes and the end of the Turkish attempt to expand its control into Western Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366000368#July–September", "title": "1683", "revid": 1366000368, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1714, "year_label": "1714 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – The city of Kassel in Germany inaugurates the summer tradition of the \"water stairs\" or \"great cascades\" (Grossen Kaskaden) emptying from the base of the Hercules monument down to the Wilhelmshöhe castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366497107#April–June", "title": "1714", "revid": 1366497107, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1782, "year_label": "1782 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16–August 29 – The Masonic Congress of Wilhelmsbad, Germany, one of the most important secret society congresses in history, takes place. High-degree Freemasons from the whole of Europe spend the time deliberating the fate of the rite of Strict Observance, and hierarchy of the governing bodies of world Freemasonry, at the Hanau-Wilhelmsbad spa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370562345#July–September", "title": "1782", "revid": 1370562345, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1805, "year_label": "1805 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 27", "text": "August 27 – Napoleon orders the Grande Armée (\"The Great Army\") of some 165,000 men to march to the Rhine River to deal with the Austrian and Russian threats on the frontier. The French army is organized into seven corps and is supported by 36–40 cannons each. Napoleon orders Marshal Joachim Murat with his I Cavalry Corps (some 20,000 men), to make feint attacks through the Black Forest in south-west Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357161554#July–September", "title": "1805", "revid": 1357161554, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – The pharmaceutical brand Bayer is founded by Friedrich Bayer in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#August", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "January 2", "text": "January 2 – Master Lucius Tar Paint Company (Teerfarbenfabrik Meister Lucius), predecessor of Hoechst as a worldwide chemical manufacturing brand, is founded in a suburb of Frankfurt am Main, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#January", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1866, "year_label": "1866 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": null, "text": "Magirus, as predecessor of a major worldwide commercial vehicles manufacturing brand, Iveco, is founded in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368829327#Date_unknown", "title": "1866", "revid": 1368829327, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1876, "year_label": "1876 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – Global consumer goods and personal care company Henkel is founded by Friedrich Karl Henkel in Aachen, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363589433#September", "title": "1876", "revid": 1363589433, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1886, "year_label": "1886 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "November 15", "text": "November 15 – The Werkstätte für Feinmechanik und Elektrotechnik (Workshop for Fine Mechanics and Electronics) is founded in Baden-Württemberg, Germany by Robert Bosch. The company will later become the home appliance and power tool brand, Robert Bosch GmbH.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372679431#November", "title": "1886", "revid": 1372679431, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1895, "year_label": "1895 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – In Munich, Germany, bicyclists have to pass a test and display license plates.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364324653#March", "title": "1895", "revid": 1364324653, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1899, "year_label": "1899 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 24", "text": "June 24 – Spain cedes its last Pacific Ocean colonies, the Caroline Islands (later part of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Ladrone islands of Ladrone (later part of the Mariana Islands), and Palau, to Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371393177#June", "title": "1899", "revid": 1371393177, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1907, "year_label": "1907 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – The Deutscher Werkbund is founded in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373349351#October", "title": "1907", "revid": 1373349351, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – Leading Korean dancer Choi Seung-hee arrives in Le Havre, France after her tour in the United States. This is to begin her European tour in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. She is the first Korean Wave entertainer.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#December", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1938, "year_label": "1938 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 23", "text": "May 23 – No evidence of German troop movements against Czechoslovakia is found, and the May Crisis subsides. Germany is, nevertheless, perceived to have backed down in the face of Czechoslovak mobilization and international diplomatic unity, but the issue of the future of the Sudetenland is far from resolved.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368818751#May", "title": "1938", "revid": 1368818751, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January", "text": "January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Euthanasia Centre in Germany, in the first phase of mass killings under the Aktion T4 program here.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#January", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 3", "text": "January 3 – A decree (Normalschrifterlass) promulgated in Germany by Martin Bormann, on behalf of Adolf Hitler, requires replacement of blackletter typefaces by Antiqua.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#January", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1947, "year_label": "1947 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "January 4", "text": "January 4 – First issue of weekly magazine Der Spiegel published in Hanover, Germany, edited by Rudolf Augstein.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371901060#January", "title": "1947", "revid": 1371901060, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1949, "year_label": "1949 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "November 12", "text": "November 12 – The Volkswagen Type 2 panel van is unveiled in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370167995#November", "title": "1949", "revid": 1370167995, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1951, "year_label": "1951 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 10", "text": "July 10 – A formal peace agreement between Canada and Germany is signed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368856437#July", "title": "1951", "revid": 1368856437, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1961, "year_label": "1961 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – Berlin Crisis of 1961: Construction of the Berlin Wall begins, restricting movement between East Berlin and West Berlin, and forming a clear boundary between West Germany and East Germany, Western Europe and Eastern Europe (until 1989, when Berlin and Germany both reunified in 1990, following the Fall of the Berlin Wall). On August 22 Ida Siekmann jumps from a window in her tenement building trying to flee to the West, becoming the first of at least 138 deaths at the Wall.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372676854#August", "title": "1961", "revid": 1372676854, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 15", "text": "March 15 – Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the U.K., the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.) relinquish all remaining rights to the country.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#March", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1992, "year_label": "1992 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – The 5.3 Roermond earthquake affects the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368521010#April", "title": "1992", "revid": 1368521010, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – Tennis player Monica Seles – at this time the top-ranked player in women's tennis – is stabbed during a match at the 1993 Citizen Cup in Hamburg, Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#April", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1996, "year_label": "1996 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Birgenair Flight 301, on a charter flight from the Caribbean to Germany, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of the Dominican Republic, killing all 189 passengers and crew.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371596794#February", "title": "1996", "revid": 1371596794, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2007, "year_label": "2007 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – The iPhone, the first modern smartphone, is released in the United States. It is later released in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, and Austria, in November 2007.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370930640#June", "title": "2007", "revid": 1370930640, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 3", "text": "October 3 – Germany makes final reparation payment for World War I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372829682#October", "title": "2010", "revid": 1372829682, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 26", "text": "June 26–July 17 – The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup takes place in Germany, and is won by Japan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372940525#June", "title": "2011", "revid": 1372940525, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2011, "year_label": "2011 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 10", "text": "May 10–14 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2011 takes place in Düsseldorf, Germany, and is won by Azeri entrants Ell & Nikki with the song \"Running Scared\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372940525#May", "title": "2011", "revid": 1372940525, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2012, "year_label": "2012 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "May 19", "text": "May 19 – Chelsea wins the 2011-12 UEFA Champions League held in Munich, Germany by beating the home side Bayern Munich in the final.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373434549#May", "title": "2012", "revid": 1373434549, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 2015, "year_label": "2015 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 12", "text": "February 12 – Leaders from Russian Federation, Ukraine, Germany and French Republic reach an agreement on the war in eastern Ukraine that includes a ceasefire and withdrawal of heavy weapons. However, several days later, the Ukrainian government and pro-Russian rebels claim that, within its first day, the ceasefire was broken 139 times, as both sides failed to withdraw their heavy weapons and fighting had continued.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373300271#February", "title": "2015", "revid": 1373300271, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2020, "year_label": "2020 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – Syrian Civil War: Two former high-ranking members of the Syrian Army go on trial in Koblenz, Germany, for alleged war crimes committed during the civil war. It is the first time that Syrian military officials are prosecuted for their roles in the conflict.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371633312#April", "title": "2020", "revid": 1371633312, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 23", "text": "August 23 – In Solingen, Germany, a Syrian immigrant stabs three people to death, which leads to the intensification of the debate on migration in Germany.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#August", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 2024, "year_label": "2024 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – July 14 – UEFA Euro 2024 is held in Germany, and is won by Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371869228#June", "title": "2024", "revid": 1371869228, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 2025, "year_label": "2025 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "November 26", "text": "November 26 – December 14 – The 2025 World Women's Handball Championship is held in Germany and the Netherlands, and is won by Norway.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372865033#November", "title": "2025", "revid": 1372865033, "section": "Events › November"}}]}