{"slug": "gibraltar", "label": "Gibraltar", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1410", "qid": "Q1410", "description": "British overseas territory on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula", "entries": 30, "years": 29, "span": [-154, 2002], "span_label": ["155 BCE", "2002 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 9}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 8}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 5}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 4}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Economy & Finance", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "menorca", "label": "Menorca", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "henry-iv-of-castile", "label": "Henry IV of Castile", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "portugal", "label": "Portugal", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "iberian-peninsula", "label": "Iberian Peninsula", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "visigothic-kingdom", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "early-muslim-conquests", "label": "Early Muslim conquests", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "great-britain", "label": "Great Britain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "soissons", "label": "Soissons", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "ottoman-empire", "label": "Ottoman Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "morocco", "label": "Morocco", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -154, "year_label": "155 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Under the command of Punicus and then Caesarus, the Lusitani, a Hispanic tribe, reach a point near modern day Gibraltar. Here they are defeated by the Roman praetor Lucius Mummius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370594154#Hispania", "title": "155 BC", "revid": 1370594154, "section": "Events › By place › Hispania"}}, {"year": 480, "year_label": "480 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths under King Euric extend their rule from the Loire to Gibraltar (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739995#Europe", "title": "480", "revid": 1364739995, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim troops (7,000 men) led by Tariq ibn Ziyad land at Gibraltar, and begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (now Spain and Portugal). Tariq begins his Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom, which during the decade he occupies and brings under Umayyad sovereignty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Arabian_Empire", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1278, "year_label": "1278 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 5", "text": "August 5 – Reconquista: Siege of Algeciras – Castilian forces (some 30,000 men) led by King Alfonso X (\"the Wise\") besiege Algeciras (at this time under control of the Marinids). A fleet of 24 ships and some 80 galleys is placed in the Bay of Gibraltar to prevent the supply of the city from nearby Gibraltar. The fleet is made up of most of the members of the Order of Saint Mary of Spain, a military-religious order which is concentrated in naval warfare.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334774897#Europe", "title": "1278", "revid": 1334774897, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1309, "year_label": "1309 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 12", "text": "September 12 – Siege of Gibraltar: Castilian forces under Juan Núñez II de Lara and Alonso Pérez de Guzmán besiege and conquer the Saracen fortress at Gibraltar, which had been held by them for nearly 600 years (since the year 711). During the siege, the port is blockaded. Ferdinand IV of Castile orders repairs of the damaged city walls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359759809#July_–_September", "title": "1309", "revid": 1359759809, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1436, "year_label": "1436 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – An attempt by Spain to recapture Gibraltar from the Moors fails as the expedition leader Enrique Pérez de Guzmán drowns along with 40 of his men after reaching the shore.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320639#July–September", "title": "1436", "revid": 1351320639, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1462, "year_label": "1462 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – On the Saint Bernard's Day, the Spanish army of the Kingdom of Castile, led by Enrique Pérez de Guzmán y Fonseca, captures Gibraltar, which has been under the rule of the Sultanate of Morocco for almost 130 years since its capture in 1333 AD. King Enrique IV declares himself \"King of Gibraltar\" in addition to his other titles.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359849875#July–September", "title": "1462", "revid": 1359849875, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1469, "year_label": "1469 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 3", "text": "June 3 – King Henry IV of Castile makes a gift of Gibraltar to Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Duke of Medina Sidonia, as a reward for Guzman's work in capturing Gibraltar from the Moors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365666063#April–June", "title": "1469", "revid": 1365666063, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1540, "year_label": "1540 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 – Gibraltar is sacked by the fleet of Barbary pirate Ali Hamet, a Sardinian renegade in the service of the Ottoman Empire, and many of its leading citizens are taken as captives to Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera in Morocco. This leads to construction of the defensive Charles V Wall, at this time known as the Muralla de San Benito.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494590#July–September", "title": "1540", "revid": 1366494590, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1622, "year_label": "1622 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Dutch ships under Jochem Swartenhont, while escorting a convoy, repel a Spanish squadron near Gibraltar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366857889#Date_unknown", "title": "1622", "revid": 1366857889, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1664, "year_label": "1664 CE", "section": "Economy & Finance", "date": "December 3", "text": "December 3 – The English warships HMS Nonsuch and HMS Phoenix are wrecked in a storm at Gibraltar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372648278#October–December", "title": "1664", "revid": 1372648278, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1694, "year_label": "1694 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – British flagship (carrying gold coin) and twelve other ships are wrecked in a storm in the Mediterranean off Gibraltar with the loss of approximately 1,200 lives.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353084901#January–March", "title": "1694", "revid": 1353084901, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 24", "text": "December 24 – The first British Governor of Gibraltar, directly appointed by Queen Anne, Roger Elliott, takes up his residence in the Convent of the Franciscan Friars.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#October–_December", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › October– December"}}, {"year": 1713, "year_label": "1713 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – First Treaty of Utrecht between Great Britain and Spain: Philip V is accepted by Britain and Austria as king of Spain; Spain cedes Gibraltar and Menorca to Britain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271134#January–March", "title": "1713", "revid": 1360271134, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1727, "year_label": "1727 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – (December 21, 1726 O.S.) Spain's ambassador to Great Britain demands that the British return Gibraltar after accusing Britain of violating the terms of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht. Britain refuses and the Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar begins on February 22.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360176234#January–March", "title": "1727", "revid": 1360176234, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1728, "year_label": "1728 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – The Congress of Soissons opens at the French town of Soissons to negotiate a treaty between Great Britain and Spain. The treaty, which is concluded on November 9, 1729, recognizes the Spanish royal family's rule of parts of Italy, and Britain's possession of Gibraltar and Menorca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363462071#April–June", "title": "1728", "revid": 1363462071, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1779, "year_label": "1779 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16 – The Great Siege of Gibraltar begins. This is an action by French and Spanish forces to wrest control of Gibraltar from the established British garrison. The garrison, led by George Augustus Eliott (later 1st Baron Heathfield of Gibraltar), survives all attacks and a blockade of supplies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370567590#July–September", "title": "1779", "revid": 1370567590, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1891, "year_label": "1891 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – The British steamship , carrying Italian migrants to New York, sinks in the inner harbor of Gibraltar after collision with the battleship HMS Anson, killing 564.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369994059#March", "title": "1891", "revid": 1369994059, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1908, "year_label": "1908 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 27", "text": "March 27 – The first Scout troop outside the U.K. is formed in Gibraltar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373410903#March", "title": "1908", "revid": 1373410903, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1941, "year_label": "1941 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 14", "text": "November 14 – WWII: British aircraft carrier sinks under tow off Gibraltar, after being torpedoed the previous day by .", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372706275#November", "title": "1941", "revid": 1372706275, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1942, "year_label": "1942 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12–15 – WWII: Operation Harpoon – An Allied convoy under Admiral Alban Curteis leaves from Gibraltar with 6 merchant ships escorted by the British battleship HMS Malaya, aircraft carriers HMS Argus and HMS Eagle, 4 cruisers and 17 destroyers to Malta. Two of the six merchant ships completes the journey, at the cost of several Allied warships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372873908#June", "title": "1942", "revid": 1372873908, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1943, "year_label": "1943 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 – WWII: Royal Canadian Navy corvette HMCS Weyburn sinks east of Gibraltar, after being mined.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373526844#February", "title": "1943", "revid": 1373526844, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 5", "text": "October 5 – Spain closes its Gibraltar border to vehicular traffic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#October", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 8", "text": "June 8 – Francisco Franco orders the closing of the Gibraltar–Spain border and communications between Gibraltar and Spain in response to the 1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum. The border remains closed until a partial reopening on December 15, 1982.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#June", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1969, "year_label": "1969 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "March 20", "text": "March 20 – John Lennon and Yoko Ono are married at Gibraltar, and proceed to their honeymoon \"Bed-in\" for peace in Amsterdam.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373164180#March", "title": "1969", "revid": 1373164180, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 10", "text": "April 10 – In Lisbon, Portugal, the governments of Spain and the United Kingdom agree to reopen the border between Gibraltar and Spain (closed since 1969) in 1985.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#April", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › April"}}, {"year": 1982, "year_label": "1982 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – Falklands War: The British nuclear submarine sinks the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano, killing 323 sailors. Operation Algeciras, an attempt to destroy a Royal Navy warship in Gibraltar, fails.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373279023#May", "title": "1982", "revid": 1373279023, "section": "Events › May"}}, {"year": 1985, "year_label": "1985 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – The border between Gibraltar and Spain reopens for the first time since Francisco Franco closed it in 1969.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369963057#February", "title": "1985", "revid": 1369963057, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 6", "text": "March 6 – Operation Flavius: A Special Air Service team of the British Army shoots dead 3 unarmed members of a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) Active service unit in Gibraltar.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#March", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2002, "year_label": "2002 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 7", "text": "November 7 – A sovereignty referendum is held in Gibraltar. The people reject Spanish sovereignty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372652846#November", "title": "2002", "revid": 1372652846, "section": "Events › November"}}]}