{"slug": "grand-duchy-of-finland", "label": "Grand Duchy of Finland", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62633", "qid": "Q62633", "description": "predecessor state of modern Finland", "entries": 11, "years": 7, "span": [1809, 1917], "span_label": ["1809 CE", "1917 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 2}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "russian-empire", "label": "Russian Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "riksdag-of-the-estates", "label": "Riksdag of the Estates", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "alexander-i-of-russia", "label": "Alexander I of Russia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "helsinki", "label": "Helsinki", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "turku", "label": "Turku", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "alexander-ii-of-russia", "label": "Alexander II of Russia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "vladimir-lenin", "label": "Vladimir Lenin", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "leon-trotsky", "label": "Leon Trotsky", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the future Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden. The Emperor, in return, promises to retain and uphold former laws and privileges, as well as the dominant Lutheran religion. His pledge is later interpreted by the Finns as a confirmation of constitutional laws, which had, effectively, established Finland as a separate state in real union with Russia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#January–March", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1809, "year_label": "1809 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 17", "text": "September 17 – Finnish War: The Peace of Hamina is signed between Russia and Sweden. The future Grand Duchy of Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349276571#July–September", "title": "1809", "revid": 1349276571, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1812, "year_label": "1812 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – The capital of Finland is moved from Turku to Helsinki, when Russia's Tsar Alexander I signs an edict moving the Government Council of the Grand Duchy of Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364673712#April–June", "title": "1812", "revid": 1364673712, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1852, "year_label": "1852 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 15", "text": "February 15 – The Helsinki Cathedral (known as St. Nicholas' Church at time) is officially inaugurated in Helsinki, Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354165010#January–March", "title": "1852", "revid": 1354165010, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1863, "year_label": "1863 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 1", "text": "August 1 – At the suggestion of Senator J. V. Snellman and the order of Emperor Alexander II, full rights are promised to the Finnish language by a language regulation in the Grand Duchy of Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363782030#August", "title": "1863", "revid": 1363782030, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 6", "text": "February 6 – Eliel Soisalon-Soininen, the Chancellor of Justice of the Grand Duchy of Finland (at this time part of the Russian Empire) is assassinated at Helsingfors (Helsinki).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#February", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1905, "year_label": "1905 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – Russification of Finland: The application of the February Manifesto, removing the veto of the Diet of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland over matters considered by the Emperor to concern Russian imperial interests, is interrupted by the new November Manifesto. The Senate of Finland is ordered to put forward a proposal for parliamentary reform, based on unicameralism and universal and equal suffrage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373341358#November", "title": "1905", "revid": 1373341358, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1906, "year_label": "1906 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – In the Grand Duchy of Finland, a new electoral law is ratified, guaranteeing full women's suffrage, the first in modern Europe. Women can also stand in national elections.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373343237#July–August", "title": "1906", "revid": 1373343237, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1906, "year_label": "1906 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 1", "text": "October 1 – The Grand Duchy of Finland becomes the first nation to include the right of women to stand as candidates when it adopts universal suffrage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373343237#September–October", "title": "1906", "revid": 1373343237, "section": "Events › September–October"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "July 16", "text": "July 16–18 – July Days: Serious clashes occur in Petrograd; Vladimir Lenin escapes to Finland; Leon Trotsky is arrested.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#July", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › July"}}, {"year": 1917, "year_label": "1917 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – The Parliament of Finland, with a Social Democratic majority, passes a \"Sovereignty Act\", declaring itself, as the representative of the Finnish people, sovereign over the Grand Duchy of Finland. The Russian Provisional Government does not recognize the act, as it would have devolved Russian sovereignty over Finland, formerly exercised by the Russian Emperor as Grand Duke of Finland, and alter the relationship between Finland and Russia into a real union, with Russia solely responsible for the defence and foreign relations of an independent Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373519608#July", "title": "1917", "revid": 1373519608, "section": "Events › July"}}]}