{"slug": "great-northern-war", "label": "Great Northern War", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151616", "qid": "Q151616", "description": "conflict between anti-Swedish coalition Led by Russia and Swedish empires in 1700–1721", "entries": 34, "years": 19, "span": [1700, 1721], "span_label": ["1700 CE", "1721 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 26}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "sweden", "label": "Sweden", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "charles-xii-of-sweden", "label": "Charles XII of Sweden", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "peter-the-great", "label": "Peter the Great", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "electorate-of-saxony", "label": "Electorate of Saxony", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "old-style", "label": "Old Style", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "polishlithuanian-commonwealth", "label": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "baltic-sea", "label": "Baltic Sea", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "swedish-empire", "label": "Swedish Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "old-style-and-new-style-dates", "label": "Old Style and New Style dates", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "denmark-norway", "label": "Denmark-Norway", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "latvia", "label": "Latvia", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "saxony", "label": "Saxony", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1700, "year_label": "1700 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 22", "text": "February 22 (Gregorian), February 12 (Julian) – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia, by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the \"Swedish Meteor\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366570351#January–March", "title": "1700", "revid": 1366570351, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1701, "year_label": "1701 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 – Crossing of the Düna: Following his victories over Denmark-Norway and Russia in 1700, Charles XII of Sweden escalates the conflict in the Great Northern War by an invasion of Poland. The Swedish defeat the army of Saxony (then in personal union with Poland) at the River Dvina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366683505#July–September", "title": "1701", "revid": 1366683505, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 11", "text": "August 11 – Great Northern War: Częstochowa, Poland, is captured by the Swedish army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#July–September", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 19", "text": "July 19 (July 8 O.S.; July 9 Swedish calendar) – Great Northern War: Battle of Klissow – Charles XII of Sweden decisively defeats the Polish–Lithuanian-Saxon army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#July–September", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 30", "text": "July 30 (July 19 O.S.; July 20 Swedish calendar) – Great Northern War: Battle of Hummelshof – Russia defeats Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#July–September", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1702, "year_label": "1702 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 24", "text": "March 24 – Great Northern War: Battle of Darsūniškis – The Swedish army of about 240 men under the command of Alexander Hummerhielm is defeated by the Polish–Saxon army of 6,000 men under Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362986314#January–March", "title": "1702", "revid": 1362986314, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1703, "year_label": "1703 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 27", "text": "May 27 (May 16 OS) – The city of Saint Petersburg, Russia is founded, following Peter the Great's reconquest of Ingria from Sweden during the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369923832#April–June", "title": "1703", "revid": 1369923832, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Great Northern War: Russian troops under Tsar Peter the Great capture Tartu and Narva.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#Date_unknown", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 12", "text": "July 12 – Great Northern War – King Charles XII of Sweden forces the election of his ally Stanisław Leszczyński as King of Poland, in place of Augustus II the Strong.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#July–September", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1704, "year_label": "1704 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Great Northern War: The Battle of Poniec takes place as King Charles XII leads Swedish troops in pursuit of the Saxon Army commanded by General Johann von der Schulenburg. The Swedes are forced to retreat despite surrounding the Saxons, and Schulenburg's troops escape.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358992532#October–December", "title": "1704", "revid": 1358992532, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 26", "text": "July 26 – Great Northern War: At the Battle of Gemauerthof, fought in modern-day Latvia, Swedish forces under the command of General Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt overwhelm a much larger force of Russian troops commanded by Count Boris Sheremetev, killing 2,000 Russians and wounding as many as 3,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355353320#July–September", "title": "1705", "revid": 1355353320, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 31", "text": "July 31 – The Battle of Warsaw is fought near Warsaw, Poland, in the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355353320#July–September", "title": "1705", "revid": 1355353320, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1705, "year_label": "1705 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 28", "text": "November 28 – The Treaty of Warsaw is concluded between the Swedish Empire and the faction of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth loyal to Stanisław Leszczyński during the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355353320#October–December", "title": "1705", "revid": 1355353320, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 13", "text": "February 13 – Great Northern War – Battle of Fraustadt: Outnumbered more than 4 to 1 in infantry troops, and more than 2 to 1 overall, Swedish troops under the command of General Carl Gustaf Rehnskiöld defeat a larger force of 20,000 Russian and Saxon infantry and cavalry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351890964#January–March", "title": "1706", "revid": 1351890964, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 26", "text": "January 26 – Great Northern War – Battle of Grodno: A coalition of 34,000 Swedish and Polish troops besieges the then-Lithuanian city in the winter time, and clashes with 41,000 Russian and Saxon troops. After almost three months of fighting that lasts to April 10, Sweden takes control of the city, which is now located in Belarus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351890964#January–March", "title": "1706", "revid": 1351890964, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1706, "year_label": "1706 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – Augustus II, known as August der Starke (Augustus the Strong), Elector of Saxony, having ruled as King of Poland since 1706, signs the Treaty of Altranstädt (1706), renouncing all claims to the throne to settle his fight with Sweden during the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351890964#October–December", "title": "1706", "revid": 1351890964, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1707, "year_label": "1707 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 4", "text": "February 4 – Great Northern War: Eighteen months after losing the Battle of Warsaw, while leading a cavalry charge for Saxony against the army of Sweden, General Otto von Paykull of Swedish Livonia is beheaded outside of Stockholm, following his conviction for treason.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346936133#January–March", "title": "1707", "revid": 1346936133, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1708, "year_label": "1708 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 28", "text": "September 28 (O.S.); September 29 (Swedish calendar); October 9 (N.S.) – Great Northern War: Battle of Lesnaya – Peter the Great of Russia defeats the forces of the Swedish Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360122845#July–December", "title": "1708", "revid": 1360122845, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1709, "year_label": "1709 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 8", "text": "July 8 (June 27 Old Style; June 28 in the Swedish calendar) – Great Northern War: Battle of Poltava in the Cossack Hetmanate (Ukraine) – Peter the Great leads forces of the Tsardom of Russia to a decisive victory over Swedish forces under Charles XII, ending the Swedish invasion of Russia and effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361817608#July–December", "title": "1709", "revid": 1361817608, "section": "Events › July–December"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Great Northern War – Capitulation of Estonia: the Swedish garrison in Reval (Tallinn) surrenders, ending Swedish rule in Estonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#October–December", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 4", "text": "October 4 – Great Northern War – the Battle of Køge Bay between Denmark and Norway has an indecisive outcome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#October–December", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1710, "year_label": "1710 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 26", "text": "September 26 – Great Northern War – Capitulation of Livonia: the Swedish garrison in Riga surrenders, ending Swedish rule in modern Latvia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358049105#July–September", "title": "1710", "revid": 1358049105, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1711, "year_label": "1711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 5", "text": "December 5 – Great Northern War: the Battle of Wismar results in a Danish victory over Swedish forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364260988#October–December", "title": "1711", "revid": 1364260988, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 11", "text": "April 11 – Great Northern War: the Battle of Fladstrand takes place at sea near Fladstrand, Jylland, between Swedish and Danish forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964331#April_–June", "title": "1712", "revid": 1367964331, "section": "Events › April –June"}}, {"year": 1712, "year_label": "1712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 20", "text": "December 20 – Great Northern War: the Battle of Gadebusch is Sweden's final great victory in the war, preventing the loss of the city of Stralsund to Danish and Saxon forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367964331#October–December", "title": "1712", "revid": 1367964331, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1713, "year_label": "1713 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – In the Great Northern War, a fleet of the Russian Navy, transporting 12,000 soldiers, sails from Kronstadt to attack the Swedish Army at Helsinki.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271134#April–June", "title": "1713", "revid": 1360271134, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1713, "year_label": "1713 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 21", "text": "May 21 – Great Northern War: The Russian fleet lands a force of 10,000 men at Pernå on the southern coast of Finland.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271134#April–June", "title": "1713", "revid": 1360271134, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1713, "year_label": "1713 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 6", "text": "October 6 – The Treaty of Schwedt is signed between Russia and Brandenburg-Prussia, with the latter accepting the annexation of Baltic territories and paying Russia expenses in return for the southern part of Pomerania, recently taken from Sweden in the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360271134#October–December", "title": "1713", "revid": 1360271134, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1715, "year_label": "1715 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 24", "text": "April 24 – The Battle of Fehmarn takes place in the Baltic Sea as part of the Great Northern War. Ten warships of Denmark, under the command of Christian Gabel, overwhelm a force of Swedish Navy ships led by Carl Wachtmeister. By the time the battle ends the next day, five Swedish ships and 1,626 crewmen have been captured, and another 353 killed. The Danish navy suffers 65 deaths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355668843#April–June", "title": "1715", "revid": 1355668843, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1718, "year_label": "1718 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 11", "text": "December 11 (November 30 Old Style) – King Charles XII of Sweden is killed at the Siege of Fredriksten in the Great Northern War, the last European monarch to die on a battlefield. His death ends the first era of absolute monarchy in Sweden. Five days later, when the news reaches Stockholm, his sister Princess Ulrika Eleonora proclaims herself Queen regnant of Sweden.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350255401#October_–December", "title": "1718", "revid": 1350255401, "section": "Events › October –December"}}, {"year": 1719, "year_label": "1719 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "July 11", "text": "July 11 – Russia's Baltic Sea fleet is first spotted from the Swedish coast, starting the Russian Pillage of 1719–21 as part of the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365415998#July–September", "title": "1719", "revid": 1365415998, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1719, "year_label": "1719 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Sweden and Denmark-Norway sign an armistice, halting combat in the Great Northern War between them, with final terms agreed to in the Treaty of Frederiksborg on July 3, 1720.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365415998#October–December", "title": "1719", "revid": 1365415998, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1720, "year_label": "1720 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 14", "text": "July 14 (July 3 O.S.) – The Treaty of Frederiksborg is signed between Denmark–Norway and Sweden, restoring the occupied portion of Swedish Pomerania to Sweden and ending the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358044251#July–September", "title": "1720", "revid": 1358044251, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1721, "year_label": "1721 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 10", "text": "September 10 (August 23 Old Style) – The Treaty of Nystad is signed, ending the Great Northern War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367153403#July_–September", "title": "1721", "revid": 1367153403, "section": "Events › July –September"}}]}