{"slug": "greater-khorasan", "label": "Greater Khorasan", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan", "wikidata": null, "qid": null, "description": null, "entries": 29, "years": 29, "span": [252, 1748], "span_label": ["252 CE", "1748 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 11}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 7}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "iran", "label": "Iran", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "afghanistan", "label": "Afghanistan", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "transoxiana", "label": "Transoxiana", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "balkh", "label": "Balkh", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "sassanid-empire", "label": "Sassanid Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "abbasid-caliphate", "label": "Abbasid Caliphate", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "sasanian-empire", "label": "Sasanian Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "china", "label": "China", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "amu-darya", "label": "Amu Darya", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "silk-road", "label": "Silk Road", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 252, "year_label": "252 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Shapur I puts down the revolt in Khorasan (Iran and Turkmenistan), and rejoins his army.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372042709#Persia", "title": "252", "revid": 1372042709, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 274, "year_label": "274 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 2", "text": "March 2 – Mani, a sage of Persia, dies at Gundeshapur after 30 years of preaching his \"heresy\" at the court of the late Sassanian King Shapur I and on long journeys to Khorasan, India and China. He is executed or allowed to die in prison, and claims to be a prophet of God. Mani combines Zoroastrian dualism with Christian theology, and his disciples gain wide support for Manichaeism, despite opposition from Roman Emperors.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1271086341#Religion", "title": "274", "revid": 1271086341, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 379, "year_label": "379 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Shapur II, ruler of the Persian Empire, age 70, dies after a 69-year reign in which he conquered Armenia and transferred multitudes of people from the western lands to Susiana (Khuzistan). The great town Nishapur in Khorasan (eastern Parthia) is also founded by him. His brother Ardashir II, governor-king of Adiabene, is placed by the nobles on the throne.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367645183#Persia", "title": "379", "revid": 1367645183, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 427, "year_label": "427 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Ephthalites (White Huns) invade Western Asia and reduce the Sasanian Empire threat to the Eastern Roman Empire. King Bahram V sends an expeditionary force into Khorasan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364738726#Asia", "title": "427", "revid": 1364738726, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 440, "year_label": "440 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Hephthalites (White Huns) move south from the Altai Mountains region into Transoxiana, Bactria, Khorasan and eastern Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748079#Persia", "title": "440", "revid": 1364748079, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 579, "year_label": "579 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Hormizd IV refuses to give up territories, and breaks off negotiations with the Byzantine Empire. The Türks invade Khorasan and reach Hyrcania on the Caspian Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267073496#Persia", "title": "579", "revid": 1267073496, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 622, "year_label": "622 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Western Turks conquer the Oxus valley and cooperate with Heraclius against Persia, taking Khorasan (modern Afghanistan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368342469#Asia", "title": "622", "revid": 1368342469, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 651, "year_label": "651 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Rashidun army under Abdullah ibn Aamir invades Afghanistan, and captures the main forts in Khorasan (modern Iran). The Muslim Arabs occupy the cities of Balkh and Herat, which surrender peacefully.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340804418#Arabian_Caliphate", "title": "651", "revid": 1340804418, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Caliphate"}}, {"year": 655, "year_label": "655 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Arab armies conquer Khurasan (Iran), and the Silk Road along Transoxiana (Central Asia).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367636681#Asia", "title": "655", "revid": 1367636681, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 662, "year_label": "662 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Muslim Conquest: Arab forces of the Umayyad Caliphate resume the push to capture Persian lands, and begin to move towards the lands east and north of the plateau, towards Greater Khorasan (Iran) and the Silk Road along Transoxiana.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340805159#Arab_Empire", "title": "662", "revid": 1340805159, "section": "Events › By place › Arab Empire"}}, {"year": 705, "year_label": "705 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Arab forces gain power in Central Asia, as Qutayba ibn Muslim becomes governor of Khorasan. The region has grown rich from trade with China and Eastern Europe, its merchants dealing in silk, furs, amber, honey, and walrus ivory. During his rule, Qutayba subjugates the mercantile cities of Bukhara and Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), as well as the Oxus delta area of Khwarezm, south of the Aral Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807090#Arabian_Empire", "title": "705", "revid": 1340807090, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 747, "year_label": "747 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 9", "text": "June 9 – Abbasid Revolution: Abu Muslim Khorasani, Persian military leader from Khorasan, begins an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which is carried out under the sign of the Black Standard. Close to 10,000 Muslims, primarily Khorasani Persians are under his command, when the hostilities officially begin in Merv (modern Turkmenistan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468436#Islamic_Empire", "title": "AD 747", "revid": 1364468436, "section": "Events › By place › Islamic Empire"}}, {"year": 748, "year_label": "748 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 14", "text": "February 14 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan (modern Iran), marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i takes the cities Nishapur and Rey, defeating an Umayyad army (10,000 men) at Gorgan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340809772#Arabian_Empire", "title": "748", "revid": 1340809772, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 806, "year_label": "806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rafi ibn al-Layth, an Arab nobleman, leads a large-scale rebellion against oppressive taxation by the Abbasid governor Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan. He launches a revolt in Samarkand, which spreads quickly across Khorasan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1292643508#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "806", "revid": 1292643508, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 811, "year_label": "811 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Fourth Fitna: Abbasid caliph al-Amin appoints Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan as governor of Khurasan, in northeast Persia, and sends an army of 40,000 men with him against his half-brother al-Ma'mun. Ibn Mahan's army is defeated by a smaller army under Tahir ibn Husayn, at Rayy. During the fighting Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan is killed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366655051#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "811", "revid": 1366655051, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 821, "year_label": "821 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Tahir ibn Husayn, an Iranian general, is appointed as governor of Khurasan, as a reward for supporting the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun in the Fourth Fitna.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340941313#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "821", "revid": 1340941313, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 873, "year_label": "873 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Muhammad ibn Tahir, Muslim governor of Khorasan, is overthrown by the Saffarids, led by Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, who conquer the capital, Nishapur. Khorasan is annexed to their own empire in eastern Persia. The Tahirid Dynasty falls.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267072669#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "873", "revid": 1267072669, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 900, "year_label": "900 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Forces under the Transoxianian emir Isma'il ibn Ahmad are victorious at Balkh (Northern Afghanistan) over Amr ibn al-Layth; the latter is captured and sent to Caliph Al-Mu'tadid in Baghdad. The Samanid Dynasty rules over Khorasan, as well as Transoxiana. A few months later, the Samanids conquer the Zaydid emirate of Tabaristan. This victory marks the beginning of the dispersion of the local Shi'ites by the new Sunni power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364042634#Abbasid_Caliphate", "title": "900", "revid": 1364042634, "section": "Events › By place › Abbasid Caliphate"}}, {"year": 907, "year_label": "907 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Emir Isma'il ibn Ahmad dies after a 15-year reign in which he has extended his borders to Tabaristan and Khorasan. He establishes independence throughout the eastern part of his empire from his capital at Bukhara. Isma'il is succeeded by his son Ahmad Samani as ruler of the Samanid Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341130849#Arabian_Empire", "title": "907", "revid": 1341130849, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 961, "year_label": "961 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The \"Shroud of Saint Josse\", a rich silk Samite camel cloth from Khurasan, is made. It is preserved in the Abbey of Saint-Josse-sur-Mer, near Caen (Normandy) (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341512994#Art", "title": "961", "revid": 1341512994, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 4", "text": "May 4 (20 Safar 415) – The Ambassador from Khorasan to Egypt is received at Cairo by the Caliph al-Zahir.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#April–June", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1043, "year_label": "1043 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Seljuqs under Tughril Beg expel the Oghuz Turks from Khorasan and conquer Qazvin (modern Iran). They become the new masters of the Ziyarid dynasty (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365591040#Arabian_Empire", "title": "1043", "revid": 1365591040, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 1059, "year_label": "1059 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Alp Arslan succeeds his father Chaghri Beg as governor of Khorasan. He crosses with a Seljuk expeditionary force the upper Halys River and plunders the Theme of Sebasteia (modern Turkey).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1271111243#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1059", "revid": 1271111243, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1085, "year_label": "1085 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Ahmad Sanjar, Seljuk ruler of Khorasan (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362159073#Births", "title": "1085", "revid": 1362159073, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1105, "year_label": "1105 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Sultan Barkiyaruq dies in Borujerd (modern Iran) after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Malik-Shah II, but is deposed and killed by his uncle Muhammad I. Muhammad becomes ruler of the Seljuk Empire, but his brother Ahmad Sanjar (Seljuk ruler of Khorasan) holds more power as co-ruler.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365268232#Seljuk_Empire", "title": "1105", "revid": 1365268232, "section": "Events › By place › Seljuk Empire"}}, {"year": 1220, "year_label": "1220 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "November", "text": "November – Genghis Khan dispatches his youngest son Tolui, at the head of an army (around 50,000 men), into the Khwarazmian province of Khorasan. His forces also include 300 catapults, 700 mangonels to discharge pots filled with naphtha, 4,000 storming-ladders, and 2,500 sacks of earth for filling up moats. Among the first cities to fall is Termez (captured after a two-day siege) and later Balkh.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552842#Mongol_Empire", "title": "1220", "revid": 1360552842, "section": "Events › By place › Mongol Empire"}}, {"year": 1275, "year_label": "1275 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Rabban Bar Sauma, Chinese Nestorian monk, embarks on a pilgrimage from China to Jerusalem. He travels to Hotan, Kashgar, Taraz and Khorasan (modern Afghanistan).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270169#Religion", "title": "1275", "revid": 1365270169, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1510, "year_label": "1510 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "December 2", "text": "December 2 – Battle of Merv: Shah Ismail I's defeats the Uzbek forces of Shaybani Khan, in Khorasan. Shaybani flees the battle only to be captured and killed by Ismail I troops, his head is turned into a skull cup used as a drinking goblet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366972051#October–December", "title": "1510", "revid": 1366972051, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1748, "year_label": "1748 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "September 24", "text": "September 24 – Shah Rukh becomes ruler of Greater Khorasan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361284371#July–September", "title": "1748", "revid": 1361284371, "section": "Events › July–September"}}]}