{"slug": "guelphs-and-ghibellines", "label": "Guelphs and Ghibellines", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187742", "qid": "Q187742", "description": "rival political factions in medieval Italy", "entries": 11, "years": 11, "span": [889, 1323], "span_label": ["889 CE", "1323 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 4}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 2}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-italy-holy-roman-empire", "label": "Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "papal-states", "label": "Papal States", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "frederick-ii-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "house-of-welf", "label": "House of Welf", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "turin", "label": "Turin", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "piedmont", "label": "Piedmont", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "florence", "label": "Florence", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "pope-boniface-viii", "label": "Pope Boniface VIII", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "dante-alighieri", "label": "Dante Alighieri", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "philip-iii-of-france", "label": "Philip III of France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "charles-count-of-valois", "label": "Charles, Count of Valois", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 889, "year_label": "889 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "In Italy, Forlì becomes a republic for the first time. The city is allied with the Ghibelline faction, in the medieval struggles between the Guelphs and Ghibellines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341129924#Europe", "title": "889", "revid": 1341129924, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1138, "year_label": "1138 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – A civil war breaks out in the Holy Roman Empire, a struggle begins between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, while the family name Welf of Henry X will be corrupted into Guelph.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366421724#Europe", "title": "1138", "revid": 1366421724, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1212, "year_label": "1212 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 9", "text": "December 9 – The 18-year-old Frederick II is crowned King of the Germans at Mainz. Frederick's authority in Germany remains tenuous, and he is recognized only in southern Germany. In the region of northern Germany, the center of Guelph power, his rival Otto IV continues to hold the imperial power despite his excommunication.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354428304#Europe", "title": "1212", "revid": 1354428304, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Siege of Faenza: Frederick II lays siege to the town of Faenza during the war of the Guelphs and Ghibellines. Meanwhile, Frederick makes an alliance with Pisa to support his campaign against the Papal States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Europe", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 26", "text": "May 26 – Battle of Fossalta: King Enzo of Sardinia, an illegitimate son of Emperor Frederick II, is captured and imprisoned by Lombard forces, in a clash between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. Enzo is put in golden chains and paraded around Bologna on a horse. He becomes a prisoner in a palace, named Palazzo Re Enzo.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Europe", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1255, "year_label": "1255 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 25", "text": "February 25 – Battle of Montebruno: Guelph forces under Thomas II of Savoy invade the Ghibelline territory of Asti (located in the Piedmont region), but he is defeated by the Astigiani army, led by William VII, at Garzigliana (Northern Italy). Thomas retreats and takes refuge in Turin; however, he is later captured by the Ghibellines.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1315790496#Europe", "title": "1255", "revid": 1315790496, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1272, "year_label": "1272 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November", "text": "November – Charles I orders his officials to take all Genoese prisoner within his territories, except for the Guelphs and to seize their property. The Sicilian fleet occupies Ajaccio on Corsica. Pope Gregory X condemns the aggressive policy of Charles and proposes that the Genoese elect Guelph officials.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362176275#Europe", "title": "1272", "revid": 1362176275, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1282, "year_label": "1282 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 1", "text": "May 1 – Battle of Forlì: A French expeditionary army under Jean d'Eppe launches an assault on Forlì and breaches the outer wall. While they plunder the suburbs, Guido I da Montefeltro sends a small force out the gate on the opposite side of the city. In an ambush, forces of the Guelphs and Ghibellines defeat the main army of d'Eppe, who is forced to retreat to Faenza. He asks the Pope for reinforcements, but this is refused.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359685493#Europe", "title": "1282", "revid": 1359685493, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1286, "year_label": "1286 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Guelph Republic of Siena allows exiled Ghibelline rebels back into the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363071337#Europe", "title": "1286", "revid": 1363071337, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1301, "year_label": "1301 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 1", "text": "November 1 – Charles of Valois, son of the late King Philip III (\"Philip the Bold\"), is summoned to Italy by Pope Boniface VIII to restore peace between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. He enters Florence, and allows the Neri (\"Black Guelphs\") to return to the city. Charles installs a new government under Cante dei Gabrielli as Chief Magistrate (podestà), leading to the permanent exile of Dante Alighieri, Italian poet and philosopher, from the city.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361694592#October–_December", "title": "1301", "revid": 1361694592, "section": "Events › October– December"}}, {"year": 1323, "year_label": "1323 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Bertrand du Pouget, French papal legate, commanding a military campaign against the Ghibellines besieges Milan – but abandons the siege when Louis IV of Bavaria, King of the Romans, sends a relief army to Italy to aid the city and to protect his domains against the Kingdom of Naples, which is together with France the strongest ally of the Papal States.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332018212#April_–_June", "title": "1323", "revid": 1332018212, "section": "Events › April – June"}}]}