{"slug": "haiti", "label": "Haiti", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q790", "qid": "Q790", "description": "country in the Caribbean Sea", "entries": 37, "years": 31, "span": [1492, 2010], "span_label": ["1492 CE", "2010 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 10}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 9}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 5}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 3}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "dominican-republic", "label": "Dominican Republic", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "hispaniola", "label": "Hispaniola", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "united-nations", "label": "United Nations", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "americas", "label": "Americas", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "spanish-empire", "label": "Spanish Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "colombia", "label": "Colombia", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "south-america", "label": "South America", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "bogota", "label": "Bogotá", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "france", "label": "France", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "egypt", "label": "Egypt", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "soviet-union", "label": "Soviet Union", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 1492, "year_label": "1492 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Columbus' ship Santa María runs aground off Cap-Haïtien in present day Haiti, and is abandoned. The local chief, Guacanagaríx, allows 39 men of Columbus' crew to remain on the island after his departure.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366150846#October—December", "title": "1492", "revid": 1366150846, "section": "Events › October—December"}}, {"year": 1492, "year_label": "1492 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "December 5", "text": "December 5 – Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to set foot on the island of Hispaniola in present day northwestern Haiti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366150846#October—December", "title": "1492", "revid": 1366150846, "section": "Events › October—December"}}, {"year": 1502, "year_label": "1502 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first African slaves brought to the New World arrive at the island of Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and Dominican Republic).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367622674#Date_unknown", "title": "1502", "revid": 1367622674, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1635, "year_label": "1635 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – 1635 Capture of Tortuga: The Spanish Navy captures the Caribbean island of Tortuga off of the coast of Haiti after a three-day battle against the English and French Navy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360049087#January–March", "title": "1635", "revid": 1360049087, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1691, "year_label": "1691 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – A fleet of ships carrying 827 Spanish Navy sailors and marines arrives at Manzanillo Bay on the island of Hispaniola in what is now the Dominican Republic and joins 700 Spanish cavalry, then proceeds westward to invade the French side of the island in what is now Haiti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356137934#January–March", "title": "1691", "revid": 1356137934, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1758, "year_label": "1758 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – At Cap-Haïtien in Haiti, former slave turned rebel François Mackandal is executed by the French colonial government by being burned at the stake.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366206062#January–March", "title": "1758", "revid": 1366206062, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1794, "year_label": "1794 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 30", "text": "May 30–June 4 – Battle of Port-Républicain: British troops capture Port-au-Prince in Haiti from the French.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362801189#April–June", "title": "1794", "revid": 1362801189, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1800, "year_label": "1800 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Quasi-War: Action of 1 January 1800 – A naval battle off the coast of Haiti, between four United States merchant vessels escorted by naval schooner , and a squadron of armed barges manned by Haitian pirates (known as picaroons), under the command of general André Rigaud, ends indecisively.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370325498#January–March", "title": "1800", "revid": 1370325498, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1802, "year_label": "1802 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "January 29", "text": "January 29 – The French Saint-Domingue expedition (40,000 troops) led by General Charles Leclerc (Bonaparte's brother-in-law) lands in Saint-Domingue (modern Haiti) in an attempt to restore colonial rule following the Haitian Revolution in which Toussaint Louverture (a black former slave) has proclaimed himself Governor-General for Life and established control over Hispaniola.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341741915#January–March", "title": "1802", "revid": 1341741915, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1804, "year_label": "1804 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 1", "text": "January 1 – Haiti gains independence from France, becoming the first independent Black state in the New World.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369393739#January–March", "title": "1804", "revid": 1369393739, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1804, "year_label": "1804 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – Jean-Jacques Dessalines holds his coronation as Jean-Jacques I, Emperor of Haiti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369393739#October–December", "title": "1804", "revid": 1369393739, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1806, "year_label": "1806 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 17", "text": "October 17 – Emperor Jacques I of Haiti (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) is assassinated at the Pont-Rouge, Haiti, and Alexandre Pétion becomes first President of the Republic of Haiti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368311144#October–December", "title": "1806", "revid": 1368311144, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "July 20", "text": "July 20 – First Republic of New Granada: Patria Boba: A junta of seven patriots, led by José Acevedo y Gómez, assemble in Bogotá in the Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia), to declare its independence from the Spanish Empire, the first South American nation to break away from Spain as the third oldest independent republic state after Haiti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357106545#July–September", "title": "1810", "revid": 1357106545, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1810, "year_label": "1810 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "November 2", "text": "November 2 – A peace treaty in Haiti confirms its division between the northern State of Haiti, ruled autocratically by the gen de couleur Henri Christophe, and the southern Republic, ruled by mulatto Alexandre Pétion.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357106545#October–December", "title": "1810", "revid": 1357106545, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1820, "year_label": "1820 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Construction work is completed on the Citadelle Laferrière in Haiti, the largest fortification in the Americas, built on the orders of Henri Christophe to defend the country against potential French reoccupation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795492#Date_unknown", "title": "1820", "revid": 1368795492, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1822, "year_label": "1822 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 9", "text": "February 9 – The invading Haitian forces, led by Jean-Pierre Boyer, arrive in Santo Domingo, to overthrow the newly founded Dominican Republic.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367154222#January–March", "title": "1822", "revid": 1367154222, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1825, "year_label": "1825 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 17", "text": "April 17 – Charles X of France recognizes Haiti, 21 years after it expelled the French following the successful Haitian Revolution, and demands the payment of 150 million gold francs, 30 million of which Haiti must finance through France itself, as down payment.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1341744335#April–June", "title": "1825", "revid": 1341744335, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1844, "year_label": "1844 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 27", "text": "February 27 – The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372570203#January–March", "title": "1844", "revid": 1372570203, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1847, "year_label": "1847 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 1", "text": "March 1 – Faustin Soulouque is elected President of Haiti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362575777#January–March", "title": "1847", "revid": 1362575777, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1874, "year_label": "1874 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – Michel Domingue becomes head of state of Haiti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371979117#June", "title": "1874", "revid": 1371979117, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1911, "year_label": "1911 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – The revolution in Haiti is suppressed after the leader, General Montreuil Guillaume, is captured by government troops and shot. General Millionard is executed two days later.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373497014#February", "title": "1911", "revid": 1373497014, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1934, "year_label": "1934 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 15", "text": "August 15 – The United States Marine Corps leaves Haiti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372993239#July–August", "title": "1934", "revid": 1372993239, "section": "Events › July–August"}}, {"year": 1945, "year_label": "1945 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 24", "text": "October 24 – The United Nations is founded by ratification of its Charter, by 29 nations including the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Canada, Egypt, Brazil, Haiti, Luxembourg, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and others.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371513862#October", "title": "1945", "revid": 1371513862, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1954, "year_label": "1954 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11 – Hurricane Hazel crosses over Haiti, killing 1,000.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369212684#October", "title": "1954", "revid": 1369212684, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "In or about this year, one person returning to Haiti from the Congo is thought to have first brought HIV to the Americas.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#Date_unknown", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Hurricane Inez strikes Hispaniola, leaving thousands dead and tens of thousands homeless in the Dominican Republic and Haiti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#September", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 1980, "year_label": "1980 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "August 4", "text": "August 4 – Hurricane Allen (category 5) pounds Haiti, where it kills more than 200 people.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363797378#August", "title": "1980", "revid": 1363797378, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": "August 31", "text": "August 31 – The cargo ship Khian Sea departs from the docks of Philadelphia, carrying 14,000 tons of toxic waste. It wanders the seas for the next 16 months trying to find a place to dump its cargo. The waste is later dumped in Haiti.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#August", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › August"}}, {"year": 1986, "year_label": "1986 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – Anti-Duvalier protest movement: President Jean-Claude Duvalier (\"Baby Doc\") flees Haiti, ending 28 years of family rule.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373510075#February", "title": "1986", "revid": 1373510075, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1988, "year_label": "1988 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "January", "text": "January – The cargo ship Khian Sea deposits 4,000 tons of toxic waste in Haiti after wandering around the Atlantic for sixteen months.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373532411#January", "title": "1988", "revid": 1373532411, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1990, "year_label": "1990 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – The government of Haiti declares a state of emergency, under which it suspends civil liberties, imposes censorship and arrests political opponents. The state of siege is lifted on January 29.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366571855#January", "title": "1990", "revid": 1366571855, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1991, "year_label": "1991 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 7", "text": "February 7 – 1991 Haitian coup d'état: Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in. He is ousted on September 30 and later reinstated in 1994. In response to the coup and in an effort to encourage the coup leaders to restore democracy, the U.S. expands trade sanctions on Haiti to include all goods except food and medicine on October 29.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371487470#February", "title": "1991", "revid": 1371487470, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 11", "text": "October 11–28 – The UNMIH is prevented from entering Haiti by its military-led regime. On October 18, United Nations economic sanctions (abolished in August) are reinstated. U.S. President Bill Clinton sends 6 American warships to enforce them.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#October", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › October"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "November 8", "text": "November 8 – Hurricane Gordon hits Central America, Jamaica, Cuba, the Bahamas, Haiti and the Southeastern United States, causing $594 million in damages and 1,152 fatalities.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#November", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › November"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "September 19", "text": "September 19 – Operation Uphold Democracy: U.S. troops stage a bloodless invasion of Haiti to restore the legitimately elected leader, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, to power.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#September", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › September"}}, {"year": 2004, "year_label": "2004 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 29", "text": "February 29 – Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide is overthrown in a coup d'état.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373088592#February", "title": "2004", "revid": 1373088592, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 2010, "year_label": "2010 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "January 12", "text": "January 12 – A 7.0-magnitude earthquake occurs in Haiti, devastating the nation's capital, Port-au-Prince.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372829682#January", "title": "2010", "revid": 1372829682, "section": "Events › January"}}]}