{"slug": "hellenistic-period", "label": "Hellenistic period", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428995", "qid": "Q428995", "description": "period of Mediterranean history from 323 to 31 BC", "entries": 16, "years": 16, "span": [-434, 62], "span_label": ["435 BCE", "62 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Births", "count": 3}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 2}, {"title": "Science & Discovery", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}], "also_known_as": ["Hellenistic", "Hellenistic civilization"], "related": [{"slug": "seleucid-empire", "label": "Seleucid Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "alexander-the-great", "label": "Alexander the Great", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "judea", "label": "Judea", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "judas-maccabeus", "label": "Judas Maccabeus", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "turkey", "label": "Turkey", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "istanbul", "label": "Istanbul", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "han-dynasty", "label": "Han dynasty", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "li-guangli", "label": "Li Guangli", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "alexandria", "label": "Alexandria", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "rhodes", "label": "Rhodes", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "achaemenid-empire", "label": "Achaemenid Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "sidon", "label": "Sidon", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -434, "year_label": "435 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Philoxenus of Cythera, Greek dithyrambic poet (d. 380 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354172915#Births", "title": "435 BC", "revid": 1354172915, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -379, "year_label": "380 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Philoxenus of Cythera, Greek dithyrambic poet (b. 435 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372504979#Deaths", "title": "380 BC", "revid": 1372504979, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -348, "year_label": "349 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Sidon is besieged by Persian forces. The Persian Empire reasserted its dominance over Egypt after Nectanebo II was forced to flee following the Persian military campaign under Artaxerxes III. The native Egyptian rule briefly came to an end, and the Persians regained control. This was just a precursor to the later events that would lead to Alexander the Great's conquest of Egypt in the early 4th century BCE, ultimately ending Persian rule and ushering in the Hellenistic period.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347309456#Persian_Empire", "title": "349 BC", "revid": 1347309456, "section": "Events › By place › Persian Empire"}}, {"year": -324, "year_label": "325 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The fourth-century (Late Classical) period of sculpture ends in Ancient Greece and is succeeded by the Hellenistic period (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372590647#Art", "title": "325 BC", "revid": 1372590647, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -285, "year_label": "286 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Antiochus II Theos, king of the Hellenistic Seleucid Kingdom from 261 BC (d. 246 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1156902149#Births", "title": "286 BC", "revid": 1156902149, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -239, "year_label": "240 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The Hellenistic period Mathematician Eratosthenes estimates the Earth's circumference to be 252,000 stadia, a figure between 2%-20% off modern measurements.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1191165485#Astronomy", "title": "240 BC", "revid": 1191165485, "section": "Events › By topic › Astronomy"}}, {"year": -199, "year_label": "200 BCE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Alexander the Great, head from a Hellenistic copy of a statue, possibly after a 4th century BC original by Lysippos is made. It is now kept at the Archeological Museum in Istanbul, Turkey.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360771623#Art", "title": "200 BC", "revid": 1360771623, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": -169, "year_label": "170 BCE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Dionysios Thrax, a Hellenic grammarian who will live and work in Alexandria and later on Rhodes (d. 90 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1289094585#Births", "title": "170 BC", "revid": 1289094585, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": -168, "year_label": "169 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Perseus asks the Seleucid King Antiochus IV to join forces with him against the danger that Rome presents to all of the Hellenic monarchs. Antiochus IV does not respond.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360213483#Greece", "title": "169 BC", "revid": 1360213483, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -166, "year_label": "167 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Parthians capture the key central Asian city of Herat. This victory effectively chokes off the movement of trade along the Silk Road to China and means that the Hellenic kingdom of Bactria is doomed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340086150#Parthia", "title": "167 BC", "revid": 1340086150, "section": "Events › By place › Parthia"}}, {"year": -161, "year_label": "162 BCE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "The Maccabees, under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus, continue their struggle against the Seleucids and persecute the Hellenising faction in Judea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370480795#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "162 BC", "revid": 1370480795, "section": "Events › By place › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -160, "year_label": "161 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "With the restoration of peace in Judea, an internal struggle breaks out between the supporters of Judas Maccabeus and the Hellenic party. The influence of the Hellenic Party all but collapses in the wake of the Seleucid defeat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1311856799#Seleucid_Empire", "title": "161 BC", "revid": 1311856799, "section": "Events › by side › Seleucid Empire"}}, {"year": -101, "year_label": "102 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War of the Heavenly Horses: the Han expeditionary force under Li Guangli conquers the state of Luntai. Li Guangli then besieges Alexandria Eschate, the capital of Dayuan in the Hellenistic Ferghana Valley, despite having lost half his army to hunger, thirst and battle by the time he reached the city. The Dayuan are defeated in battle, and after losing their outer wall and their best general Jianmi in battle, the nobles kill King Wugua and offer terms of peace to Li Guangli, who accepts. The Han receive some of the prized horses of Dayuan and Li Guangli appoints Mocai as the new king.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325703607#Asia", "title": "102 BC", "revid": 1325703607, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": -30, "year_label": "31 BCE", "section": "Science & Discovery", "date": null, "text": "The Hellenistic period ends (or AD 14 by some scholars).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371049882#Art", "title": "31 BC", "revid": 1371049882, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 40, "year_label": "40 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Caligula reforms the principatus into a Hellenistic Autocracy. He distributes honors carelessly, declares himself a god and orders that all the heads of the Greek deity statues be replaced by his. He also appoints his horse, Incitatus, to the Senate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_40", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 40"}}, {"year": 62, "year_label": "62 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "After the death of Burrus and the disgrace of Seneca, Nero is free from their influence and becomes a megalomaniacal artist fascinated by Hellenism and the Orient. Tigellinus becomes Nero's counselor. His rule is highly abusive.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363561412#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 62", "revid": 1363561412, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}]}