{"slug": "henry-iii-of-england", "label": "Henry III of England", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160311", "qid": "Q160311", "description": "King of England from 1216 to 1272", "entries": 49, "years": 42, "span": [1216, 1296], "span_label": ["1216 CE", "1296 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 14}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 12}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 9}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 4}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 3}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "simon-de-montfort-6th-earl-of-leicester", "label": "Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "louis-ix-of-france", "label": "Louis IX of France", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "edward-i-of-england", "label": "Edward I of England", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "wales", "label": "Wales", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "eleanor-of-provence", "label": "Eleanor of Provence", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "westminster-abbey", "label": "Westminster Abbey", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "hubert-de-burgh-earl-of-kent", "label": "Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "duchy-of-gascony", "label": "Duchy of Gascony", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "london", "label": "London", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "portsmouth", "label": "Portsmouth", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "edward-the-confessor", "label": "Edward the Confessor", "shared": 2}], "items": [{"year": 1216, "year_label": "1216 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "October 19", "text": "October 19 – Nine-year-old Henry III succeeds his father, King John of England, when the latter dies of dysentery at Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire. William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, becomes regent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371079230#Europe", "title": "1216", "revid": 1371079230, "section": "Events › By continent › Europe"}}, {"year": 1217, "year_label": "1217 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – First Barons' War: English forces of King Henry III besiege the French-controlled Mountsorrel Castle in Leicestershire. Prince Louis sends reinforcements (some 20,000 men) to assist the Barons in the castle. The English army lifts the siege and withdraws to Nottingham. Louis makes the mistake of moving the French forces to Lincoln Castle – where the English garrison holds out against previous attacks. Meanwhile, Henry's forces return to Mountsorrel Castle. This time Louis fails to arrive in time to prevent the razing to the ground of the castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488093#Europe", "title": "1217", "revid": 1367488093, "section": "Events › Other events by place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1218, "year_label": "1218 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 11", "text": "March 11 – Treaty of Worcester: King Henry III writes to the Welsh ruler Llywelyn the Great and promises safe-conduct if they meet at Worcester. A peace treaty is signed, which confirms Llywelyn's ownership of Wales. In return, Llywelyn agrees to pay homage to Henry and to return those castles that he has captured during his recent conquests.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347207200#Britain", "title": "1218", "revid": 1347207200, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1220, "year_label": "1220 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Spring – King Henry III makes large alterations to the Tower of London including new curtain walls, an improved water-filled ditch, and a water gate, so that he can enter the castle directly from the Thames.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360552842#United_Kingdom", "title": "1220", "revid": 1360552842, "section": "Events › By place › United Kingdom"}}, {"year": 1223, "year_label": "1223 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 8", "text": "October 8 – At Montgomery in Wales, King Henry III of England reaches a peaceful settlement with Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, the powerful ruler of the semi-independent Principality of Gwynedd, following a mediation by Ranulf de Blondeville, the Earl of Chester.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1336497375#October–December", "title": "1223", "revid": 1336497375, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1224, "year_label": "1224 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 23", "text": "April 23 – William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, one of the enforcers of the Magna Carta, marries Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester, the nine-year-old daughter of the late King John of England and sister of King Henry III, in order to strengthen the Marshal family's connection with the House of Plantagenet.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561506#April_–_June", "title": "1224", "revid": 1369561506, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1224, "year_label": "1224 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 5", "text": "May 5 – King Louis VIII (the Lion) declares war on King Henry III of England. He allies himself with Hugh X of Lusignan and invades first Poitou and then Northern Gascony. The English forces in Poitou are under-strength and lack support from the Poitevin nobles; as a result, the province quickly falls into French hands by the end of June.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561506#April_–_June", "title": "1224", "revid": 1369561506, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1225, "year_label": "1225 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – The Charter of the Forest is restored to its traditional rights by King Henry III. 'Free men' are allowed to find pasture for their pigs, collect firewood, graze animals, or cut turf for fuel. At this time, however, only about 10 percent of the population is 'free', the rest are locked into service to a local landowner, some of them little more than slaves.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333322984#January_–_March", "title": "1225", "revid": 1333322984, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1225, "year_label": "1225 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 23", "text": "March 23 – Prince Richard of Cornwall, brother of King Henry III of England, and his uncle William Longsword, Earl of Salisbury, depart England on with 77 warriors on an expedition to fight in Aquitaine in France, and soon land at Bordeaux, then on to capture La Rochelle. As the expedition progresses, Richard's expedition captures La Réole and Bergerac by November.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333322984#January_–_March", "title": "1225", "revid": 1333322984, "section": "Events › January – March"}}, {"year": 1226, "year_label": "1226 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "May 17", "text": "May 17 – Ralph Neville is appointed as the new Lord Chancellor of England by the Great Council of Regency, regent for the Kingdom of England during the reign of King Henry III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372695704#April_–_June", "title": "1226", "revid": 1372695704, "section": "Events › April – June"}}, {"year": 1227, "year_label": "1227 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The 19-year-old Henry III assumes control of the government. He appoints Hubert de Burgh as Governor of Rochester Castle and rewards him with the title Earl of Kent.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488499#England", "title": "1227", "revid": 1367488499, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1227, "year_label": "1227 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Northleach in the Cotswolds, U.K. is granted a charter by King Henry III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488499#Cities_and_Towns", "title": "1227", "revid": 1367488499, "section": "Events › By topic › Cities and Towns"}}, {"year": 1228, "year_label": "1228 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first evidence is uncovered of the use of the Knights Templar as cashiers by King Henry III of England, to safely transfer important sums to the continent, using letters of exchange. This shows that large transfers could take place across Europe, even before the emergence of important networks of Italian merchant-bankers.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360747311#Markets", "title": "1228", "revid": 1360747311, "section": "Events › By topic › Markets"}}, {"year": 1229, "year_label": "1229 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – King Henry III calls for an army to be assembled at Portsmouth to be transported to Normandy to regain lost territories from the French. A large army of knights turns up ready to go but not enough ships have been provided. Henry blames Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent for the fiasco and in his rage will have killed him if Ranulf of Chester has not intervened. This marks the beginning of the rift between Henry and Hubert de Burgh. Meanwhile, the expedition is postponed until mid-1230.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488290#England", "title": "1229", "revid": 1367488290, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1230, "year_label": "1230 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 – English invasion of France: King Henry III embarks from Portsmouth with a large expeditionary force. On May 2, he arrives on the island of Guernsey, and the next day the English army lands at Saint-Malo, where Peter I (de Dreux), duke of Brittany, meets Henry to pay him homage. The English forces march through the County of Anjou, taking the castle of Mirebeau in late July.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333053721#England", "title": "1230", "revid": 1333053721, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1231, "year_label": "1231 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "August 13", "text": "August 13 – King Henry III orders the sheriffs of Hampshire, Dorsetshire and Wiltshire to give Simon de Montfort the possession of the lands of his father, Simon de Montfort the elder.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367488978#Britain", "title": "1231", "revid": 1367488978, "section": "Events › By place › Britain"}}, {"year": 1232, "year_label": "1232 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 29", "text": "July 29 – King Henry III dismisses his justiciar (chief justice minister) and regent Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, and replaces him with the Frenchmen Peter des Roches and Peter de Rivaux, thereby irritating his barons.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489153#England", "title": "1232", "revid": 1367489153, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1233, "year_label": "1233 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August", "text": "August – Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, signs an alliance with Llywelyn the Great, to join forces to revolt against King Henry III. Richard is faced by demands from royal bailiffs in September – where the garrison of Usk Castle is forced to surrender.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489040#England", "title": "1233", "revid": 1367489040, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1236, "year_label": "1236 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 14", "text": "January 14 – King Henry III marries the 14-year-old Eleanor of Provence, one of the four daughters of Raimond Berenguer, count of Provence. The ceremony takes place at Canterbury Cathedral, with Simon de Montfort, as Lord High Steward, takes care of the banquet and kitchen arrangements. Eleanor is crowned queen at Westminster Abbey shortly afterward.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428601#England", "title": "1236", "revid": 1361428601, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1237, "year_label": "1237 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 25", "text": "September 25 – Treaty of York: King Henry III signs an agreement with Alexander II of Scotland at York. Alexander subjects to Henry's sovereignty and renounces the Scottish claims to Northumberland, Westmorland and Cumberland. This establishes the Anglo-Scottish border in a form with the future status of several feudal properties and marks the end of Scotland's attempts to extend its frontier southward.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300110077#England", "title": "1237", "revid": 1300110077, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1238, "year_label": "1238 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Nizari Imam Muhammad III and the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustansir send a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England to forge a Muslim–Christian alliance against the Mongols, but this is unsuccessful.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337076438#Middle_East", "title": "1238", "revid": 1337076438, "section": "Events › By place › Middle East"}}, {"year": 1238, "year_label": "1238 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January", "text": "January – Simon de Montfort marries the 23-year-old Eleanor, sister of King Henry III. While the marriage takes place with the king's approval, the act itself is performed secretly and without consulting the barons. Eleanor has previously been married to William Marshal and has sworn a vow of perpetual chastity upon his death, which she breaks by marrying Montfort. Archbishop Edmund of Abingdon condemns the marriage for this reason.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337076438#England", "title": "1238", "revid": 1337076438, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1239, "year_label": "1239 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "June 17", "text": "June 17 or June 18 – Edward I (\"Longshanks\"), first son of King Henry III of England and Queen Eleanor of Provence, is born at the Palace of Westminster. Henry names him after Edward the Confessor and chooses Simon de Montfort as his godfather.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650554#England", "title": "1239", "revid": 1368650554, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1240, "year_label": "1240 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "October 10", "text": "October 10 – Richard of Cornwall, brother of King Henry III of England, arrives at Acre for a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. His pilgrimage has the approval of Emperor Frederick II, who is married to his younger sister, Isabella of England, and gives him the task to make arrangements with the Military Orders. On his arrival, Richard travels to Ascalon, where he is met by ambassadors from As-Salih Ayyub. As a negotiator, he is successful in the release of prisoners captured in the Battle at Gaza (1239), and he also assists with the building of the citadel in Ascalon.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428406#Levant", "title": "1240", "revid": 1361428406, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1241, "year_label": "1241 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 29", "text": "August 29 – After Henry III of England's invasion of Wales, the Treaty of Gwerneigron is signed by him and Dafydd ap Llywelyn, curbing the latter's authority and denying him royal title.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362486166#Events", "title": "1241", "revid": 1362486166, "section": "Events"}}, {"year": 1242, "year_label": "1242 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 21", "text": "July 21–22 – Battle of Taillebourg: French forces (some 25,000 men) under King Louis IX (the Saint) defeat King Henry III at the bridge over the Charente River near Taillebourg. After the battle, Louis continues to pursue the English troops, capturing many prisoners. Henry retreats with the remnants of his army to Bordeaux, where he spends the winter.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360512210#Europe", "title": "1242", "revid": 1360512210, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1243, "year_label": "1243 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Treaty of Bordeaux: King Louis IX (the Saint) and King Henry III agree to a truce that ends the Saintonge War. The truce does not stop the on-going clashes (and further tensions) between France and England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489265#Europe", "title": "1243", "revid": 1367489265, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1245, "year_label": "1245 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Henry III starts the work of rebuilding Westminster Abbey, as a tribute to Edward the Confessor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355852673#England", "title": "1245", "revid": 1355852673, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1245, "year_label": "1245 CE", "section": "Births", "date": "January 16", "text": "January 16 – Edmund Crouchback, son of Henry III (d. 1296)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355852673#Births", "title": "1245", "revid": 1355852673, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 1246, "year_label": "1246 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Beaulieu Abbey in England, founded earlier by King John, is dedicated in the presence of King Henry III, Queen Eleanor and 7-year-old Prince Edward.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356775338#Religion", "title": "1246", "revid": 1356775338, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1247, "year_label": "1247 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "The Bethlem Royal Hospital is founded in London during the reign of King Henry III.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362480331#British_Isles", "title": "1247", "revid": 1362480331, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1248, "year_label": "1248 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "August 25", "text": "August 25 – Louis IX departs from Aigues-Mortes and Marseilles with a French expeditionary force (some 10,000 men) transported by 100 ships. An English detachment (some 5,000 men) under William Longespée the Younger, grandson of King Henry III, and his mistress Ida de Tosny follows close behind with 36 transport ships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305121866#Seventh_Crusade", "title": "1248", "revid": 1305121866, "section": "Events › By place › Seventh Crusade"}}, {"year": 1251, "year_label": "1251 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "December 26", "text": "December 26 – King Alexander III of Scotland marries Margaret, daughter of King Henry III of England, precipitating a power struggle between the two monarchs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362481176#Europe", "title": "1251", "revid": 1362481176, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1253, "year_label": "1253 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "August 6", "text": "August 6 – King Henry III leads an expedition to Gascony, to repel a rumoured invasion from Castile. Meanwhile, Simon de Montfort returns from Gascony where he allies himself with the barons who oppose Henry.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362664638#England", "title": "1253", "revid": 1362664638, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1254, "year_label": "1254 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Henry III of England grants his eldest son the Lord Edward areas of land including crown lands in Wales, Ireland, the Channel Islands and Gascony. He is also given the cities of Bristol, Stamford and Grantham. The reason for these concessions is to give Edward experience of governing lands of his own before becoming a king. Edward is granted the Three Castles in Wales, Skenfrith Castle, White Castle and Grosmont Castle.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296887805#England", "title": "1254", "revid": 1296887805, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1256, "year_label": "1256 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd invades the northern coastal areas of Wales that agreed to English rule in 1254. The Lord Edward, who has been given the areas to govern himself by his father, King Henry III of England, asks him for support but Henry refuses.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350995211#British_Isles", "title": "1256", "revid": 1350995211, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Henry III of England relents to the demands of his son The Lord Edward for assistance to fight the Welsh, originally made in 1256). He joins him on a campaign to retake the territories lost to the Welsh forces led by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#British_Isles", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1257, "year_label": "1257 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 13", "text": "January 13 – At the first recorded meeting of the college of the seven Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, the 48-year-old Richard of Cornwall (the brother of King Henry III of England) is elected King of the Romans. He is crowned at Aachen, on May 17. His candidacy is opposed by King Alfonso X of Castile (\"the Wise\"), Pope Alexander IV and King Louis IX of France (\"the Saint\") who favour Alfonso, but both are ultimately convinced by Richard's sister-in-law, Queen Eleanor of Provence, to support Richard.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011805#Europe", "title": "1257", "revid": 1350011805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1258, "year_label": "1258 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "May 2", "text": "May 2 – King Henry III of England accepts the demand of Simon de Montfort and his baronial supporters that the government is reformed with a committee of 22 barons, including the king. As an act of faith, Simon de Montfort hands over his estates at Odiham and Kenilworth as part of the proposals. The Provisions of Oxford establish baronial control of the government, also known as the Oxford Parliament, on June 11.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1318120479#British_Isles", "title": "1258", "revid": 1318120479, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1259, "year_label": "1259 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 4", "text": "December 4 – Kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy), in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362482647#Europe", "title": "1259", "revid": 1362482647, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1261, "year_label": "1261 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 12", "text": "June 12 – King Henry III of England obtains a papal bull to absolve himself from his oath to maintain the Provisions of Oxford. He hires an army of 300 French knights as a bodyguard and takes up position in the Tower of London. He dismisses the baronial officials (led by Simon de Montfort) who wish the royal power to be modified by the principle of representation. This sets the stage for the Second Barons' War.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350011180#British_Isles", "title": "1261", "revid": 1350011180, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1263, "year_label": "1263 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "October 2", "text": "October 2 – King Henry III of England travels to Boulogne for an attempt to broker peace with his barons by King Louis IX of France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1296179530#England", "title": "1263", "revid": 1296179530, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1264, "year_label": "1264 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 23", "text": "January 23 – King Louis IX of France (\"the Saint\") issues the Mise of Amiens, a settlement between King Henry III of England and his rebellious barons under Simon de Montfort, heavily favouring the former – which leads to the Second Barons' War. At Amiens, Henry accuses the barons of destroying his castles and laying waste to royal lands. For this he demands a compensation of some £300,000 and 200,000 marks, which is defended by Louis.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334426011#British_Isles", "title": "1264", "revid": 1334426011, "section": "Events › By place › British Isles"}}, {"year": 1266, "year_label": "1266 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May 15", "text": "May 15 – Second Barons' War: Battle of Chesterfield: English forces led by Henry of Almain, son of Richard of Cornwall, defeat rebels under Robert de Ferrers in a minor skirmish at Chesterfield. Robert is taken as a prisoner to London, and at the Parliament of England disinherits. In July, he is forced to surrender land and Liverpool Castle to Edmund Crouchback, second son of King Henry III of England.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320651#England", "title": "1266", "revid": 1351320651, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1267, "year_label": "1267 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "by Summer – The Second Barons' War in England ends as the rebels and King Henry III of England accept the peace terms laid out in the Dictum of Kenilworth (1266).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629010#Europe", "title": "1267", "revid": 1359629010, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1267, "year_label": "1267 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "September 29", "text": "September 29 – Treaty of Montgomery: King Henry III of England acknowledges Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's title of Prince of Wales.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359629010#Europe", "title": "1267", "revid": 1359629010, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1272, "year_label": "1272 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 – King Henry III of England dies at the Palace of Westminster after a 56-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Edward I, who slowly returns from the Holy Land via Gascony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362176275#England", "title": "1272", "revid": 1362176275, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1274, "year_label": "1274 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 2", "text": "August 2 – Edward I of England finally returns from the Holy Land to be crowned king of England on August 19 at Westminster Abbey two years after his father King Henry III's death.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1356688810#England", "title": "1274", "revid": 1356688810, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1296, "year_label": "1296 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 5", "text": "June 5 – Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry III of England (b. 1245)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368372269#Deaths", "title": "1296", "revid": 1368372269, "section": "Deaths"}}]}