{"slug": "hispania", "label": "Hispania", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186513", "qid": "Q186513", "description": "Roman province (218 BC - 472 AD)", "entries": 47, "years": 46, "span": [-227, 720], "span_label": ["228 BCE", "720 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 22}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 10}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 4}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 3}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "gaul", "label": "Gaul", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "visigothic-kingdom", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "roman-senate", "label": "Roman Senate", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "roman-britain", "label": "Roman Britain", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "roman-province", "label": "Roman province", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "iberian-peninsula", "label": "Iberian Peninsula", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "roman-legion", "label": "Roman legion", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "trier", "label": "Trier", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "augustus", "label": "Augustus", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -227, "year_label": "228 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca is killed in a battle in Hispania, ending his lengthy campaign to conquer the Iberian Peninsula for Carthage. In eight years, by force of arms and diplomacy, he has secured an extensive territory in the Iberian Peninsula, but his death in battle prevents him from completing the conquest. Command of his army in the Iberian Peninsula passes to his son-in-law Hasdrubal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326026286#Carthage", "title": "228 BC", "revid": 1326026286, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -205, "year_label": "206 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio secures Gades, thus making Roman control of Spain complete. With the effective withdrawal of the Carthaginians from Spain, Hispania becomes a Roman province.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361853494#Roman_Republic", "title": "206 BC", "revid": 1361853494, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -196, "year_label": "197 BCE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Hispania is divided into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698626#Hispania", "title": "197 BC", "revid": 1352698626, "section": "Events › By place › Hispania"}}, {"year": -178, "year_label": "179 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus goes to Hispania as Roman governor to deal with uprisings there.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1209269446#Roman_Republic", "title": "179 BC", "revid": 1209269446, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -170, "year_label": "171 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first Roman colony outside Italy is founded at Carteia in southern Hispania after Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers appear before the Roman Senate to request a town to live in and are given Carteia, which is named Colonia Libertinorum Carteia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698432#Roman_Republic", "title": "171 BC", "revid": 1352698432, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -153, "year_label": "154 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Lusitanians harry the inhabitants of the Roman provinces in Hispania. At the same time, the Celtiberians of Numantia on the Douro revolt against their Roman occupation.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344836272#Hispania", "title": "154 BC", "revid": 1344836272, "section": "Events › By place › Hispania"}}, {"year": -152, "year_label": "153 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The uprisings in Rome's Hispanic provinces oblige the year's consuls to take office earlier than the traditional date of 15 March, a change that becomes permanent. Some suggest that, as a consequence, January 1 becomes the first day of the Roman year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342803245#Roman_Republic", "title": "153 BC", "revid": 1342803245, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -149, "year_label": "150 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Romans, led by praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba, defeat the Lusitanians in a major battle in Hispania. He then breaks his promise to the defeated Lusitanian rebels by instituting a massacre of 9,000 of their number during the peace talks. Later 20,000 more Lusitanians are sold as slaves in Gaul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1210509839#Hispania", "title": "150 BC", "revid": 1210509839, "section": "Events › By place › Hispania"}}, {"year": -146, "year_label": "147 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "In Lusitania, Hispania, the Celtic king Viriathus, rallies Lusitanian resistance to Rome.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369561239#Roman_Republic", "title": "147 BC", "revid": 1369561239, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -60, "year_label": "61 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Julius Caesar becomes governor in Hispania and creates Legio X Gemina (3,500 men). He puts down the Callaici and Lusitani rebellions.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325702832#Roman_Republic", "title": "61 BC", "revid": 1325702832, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -45, "year_label": "46 BCE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": "November", "text": "November – Caesar leaves for Hispania to deal with a fresh outbreak of resistance.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361069033#Roman_Republic", "title": "46 BC", "revid": 1361069033, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -41, "year_label": "42 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "In Sicily, Sextus Pompeius leads the naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea against the triumvirs. He blockades the grain routes from Spain and Africa.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352172627#Roman_Republic", "title": "42 BC", "revid": 1352172627, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -39, "year_label": "40 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Treaty of Brundisium: The Triumvirs agrees to divide the Roman Republic into spheres of influence. Gaius Octavian styles himself \"Imperator Caesar\" and takes control of the Western provinces. Mark Antony is given the Eastern provinces; the River Drin, the boundary between the provinces Illyricum and Macedonia, is to serve as their frontier. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus controls Hispania and Africa. The treaty is cemented by the marriage of Antony and Octavia the Younger.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267076849#Roman_Republic", "title": "40 BC", "revid": 1267076849, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -31, "year_label": "32 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July", "text": "July – The Roman Senate declares war upon Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian Caesar is proclaimed dux and the West - Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia - swear an oath (sacramentum) of loyalty to him. In order to assure this oath, Octavian forces the high priest of the Vestal Virgins in Rome to hand over Antony's will, which contains information about the Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms and plans to build a tomb in Alexandria for him and Cleopatra.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325920749#Roman_Republic", "title": "32 BC", "revid": 1325920749, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -28, "year_label": "29 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Start of the Cantabrian Wars against Roman occupation in Hispania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349908551#Roman_Republic", "title": "29 BC", "revid": 1349908551, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -25, "year_label": "26 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Augustus starts a campaign against the Cantabrians in northern Hispania. He leads an army (8 legions) and consolidates the north-eastern region.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369286058#Roman_Empire", "title": "26 BC", "revid": 1369286058, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": -12, "year_label": "13 BCE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Ara Pacis Augustae (\"Altar of Augustan Peace\") is commissioned by the Roman Senate to honor the triumphal return of Emperor Augustus from Hispania and Gaul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372852969#Roman_Empire", "title": "13 BC", "revid": 1372852969, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 63, "year_label": "63 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Apostle Paul possibly visits Spain.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330182489#Religion", "title": "AD 63", "revid": 1330182489, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 104, "year_label": "104 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Trajan gives the order to have the Alcántara Bridge, constructed by the architect Lacer, built over the Tagus River at Alcántara (Hispania).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371186542#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 104", "revid": 1371186542, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 250, "year_label": "250 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187135#Roman_Empire", "title": "250", "revid": 1371187135, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 259, "year_label": "259 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Franks, who invaded the Roman Empire near Cologne in 257, reach Tarraco in Hispania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331138913#Roman_Empire", "title": "259", "revid": 1331138913, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 260, "year_label": "260 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Postumus wins over all the Roman provinces west of the Alps, including Gaul, Britain and Hispania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371187251#Roman_Empire", "title": "260", "revid": 1371187251, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 268, "year_label": "268 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "Victorinus is declared emperor of the Gallic Empire by the legions at Augusta Treverorum (Trier), following the murders of his predecessors. He is recognized by the provinces of Gaul and Britain, but Hispania might have reunited with the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1325890231#Europe", "title": "268", "revid": 1325890231, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 276, "year_label": "276 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Florianus becomes Roman Emperor with the support of the Senate, but a general in the east, Marcus Aurelius Probus, usurps power against him. Florianus breaks off his campaign against the Goths and marches east from the Bosporus with support from the Roman legions in Britain, Gaul, Spain and Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267074469#Roman_Empire", "title": "276", "revid": 1267074469, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 300, "year_label": "300 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Approximate date of the Synod of Elvira in Elvira, Spain, which prohibits interaction with Jews, pagans, and heretics.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361492719#Religion", "title": "300", "revid": 1361492719, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 350, "year_label": "350 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January", "text": "January – Constans I flees towards Spain, where he is subsequently assassinated at Castrum Helenae. Magnentius rules the Western portion of the Roman Empire and is far more tolerant towards Christians and Pagans alike.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501252#Roman_Empire", "title": "350", "revid": 1367501252, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 375, "year_label": "375 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Gratian, age 16, takes over the government at Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier), but ministers wishing to retain the loyalty of the Illyrian army fear a usurper. They proclaim Valentinian's 4-year-old son Valentinian II co-emperor with his mother, Justina, as regent. Gratian reserves for himself the administration of the Gallic provinces, and hands over Italy, Illyrium, Hispania and Africa to his stepmother, who makes Mediolanum (Milan) her residence.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205031#Roman_Empire", "title": "375", "revid": 1349205031, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 383, "year_label": "383 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Roman troops in Britannia proclaim Magnus Maximus as their Emperor. He crosses over to the continent and makes Trier his capital. Gaul, the Italian provinces and Hispania proclaim loyalty to him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349205021#Roman_Empire", "title": "AD 383", "revid": 1349205021, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 408, "year_label": "408 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Roman usurper Constantine III establishes his headquarters at Arles (Southern Gaul) and elevates his eldest son, Constans, to the rank of Caesar. He sends him with an expeditionary force under Gerontius to Hispania, in order to suppress the revolt of some members of the Theodosian dynasty, who are loyal to Honorius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367644906#Roman_Empire", "title": "408", "revid": 1367644906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 409, "year_label": "409 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Gerontius, Roman general (magister militum), who had been a partisan of Constantine III, revolts in Hispania. He elevates Maximus, his domesticus, as emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641120#Roman_Empire", "title": "409", "revid": 1367641120, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 409, "year_label": "409 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Following the invasions by the Vandals, Alans, and Suebi in 409, chroniclers report severe disruption to food supplies in Hispania and nearby regions, leading to famine and hardship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641120#Roman_Empire", "title": "409", "revid": 1367641120, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 416, "year_label": "416 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths continue their invasion of Hispania, and take control of Tarraconensis. King Wallia occupies the gold mines at Las Médulas, and forces Jewish citizens to convert to Christianity.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641805#Europe", "title": "416", "revid": 1367641805, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 418, "year_label": "418 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Honorius bribes Wallia, king of the Visigoths, into regaining Hispania for the Roman Empire. His victory over the Vandals in 416 forces them to retire to Baetica. The Visigothic territory in Gaul now extends from the Garonne to the Loire, and becomes known as the Visigothic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353837472#Roman_Empire", "title": "418", "revid": 1353837472, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 426, "year_label": "426 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Rex Flavius Gundericus of the Vandals accepts the request of the Alans in Hispania to become their ruler (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1300994457#Europe", "title": "426", "revid": 1300994457, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 451, "year_label": "451 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Thorismund succeeds his father Theodoric I as king of the Visigoths. He is crowned in the capital at Toulouse, and extends the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361438720#Europe", "title": "451", "revid": 1361438720, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 460, "year_label": "460 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Majorian invades Hispania; his generals Nepotianus and Sunieric lead a Visigoth army into Gallaecia. The Suebi are defeated and Lusitania (modern Portugal) is conquered.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360598361#Roman_Empire", "title": "460", "revid": 1360598361, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 461, "year_label": "461 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths under king Theodoric II recapture Septimania (Southern Gaul) after the assassination of Majorian, and invade Hispania again.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204937#Europe", "title": "461", "revid": 1349204937, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 466, "year_label": "466 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": null, "text": "King Theodoric II is killed by his younger brother Euric, who succeeds him on the throne. He conquers Hispania and the harbor city of Marseille (Southern Gaul), adding them to the existing Visigothic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739705#Europe", "title": "466", "revid": 1364739705, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 552, "year_label": "552 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Justinian I dispatches a small Byzantine force (2,000 men) under Liberius to Hispania, according to the historian Jordanes. He conquers Cartagena and other cities on the southeastern coast.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800166#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "552", "revid": 1340800166, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 577, "year_label": "577 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "Reccopolis (modern Zorita de los Canes) in Hispania is founded by King Liuvigild, in honour of his son Reccared.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369170756#Europe", "title": "577", "revid": 1369170756, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 602, "year_label": "602 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – Witteric is appointed commander-in-chief of the Visigoth army, and receives orders from King Liuva II to expel the Byzantines from Hispania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364904263#Europe", "title": "602", "revid": 1364904263, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 610, "year_label": "610 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Witteric is assassinated during a banquet at Toledo, by a faction of Catholic nobles. He is succeeded by Gundemar, duke of Narbonne, who becomes king of the Visigoths in Hispania.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368795500#Europe", "title": "610", "revid": 1368795500, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 640, "year_label": "640 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Chintila dies of natural causes after a 3-year reign, in which he permitted the bishops wide authority in Hispania, Septimania and Galicia. He is succeeded by his son Tulga, who becomes ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364750340#Europe", "title": "640", "revid": 1364750340, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 654, "year_label": "654 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "King Recceswinth draws up the Liber Judiciorum at Toledo, a Visigothic code based on Roman law, that establishes equality between Goths and Hispano-Romans without regard to racial or cultural differences.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362652029#Europe", "title": "654", "revid": 1362652029, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 698, "year_label": "698 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Wittiza, son of King Ergica, becomes co-ruler of the Visigoth Kingdom in Hispania (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340806584#Europe", "title": "698", "revid": 1340806584, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 715, "year_label": "715 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 23", "text": "February 23 – Caliph Al-Walid I dies at Damascus after a 10-year reign, and is succeeded by his brother Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik. During his rule the Umayyad Caliphate reaches its greatest height, with successful campaigns undertaken in Transoxiana (Central Asia), Sindh (Pakistan), Hispania and against the Byzantine Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661130#Arabian_Empire", "title": "715", "revid": 1367661130, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 720, "year_label": "720 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Governor Al-Samh continues his campaign; he makes Narbonne the capital city of Muslim Septimania (Southern France), and uses it as a base for razzias. King Ardo is killed, and becomes the last ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania. Some Visigoths refuse to adopt the Muslim faith, and flee north to Aquitaine. This marks the end of the Visigothic Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349994139#Europe", "title": "720", "revid": 1349994139, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}]}