{"slug": "holy-land", "label": "Holy Land", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48175", "qid": "Q48175", "description": "Denotes areas of the Southern Levant that hold great significance in the Abrahamic religions, primarily because of their association with people and events featured in the Bible.", "entries": 29, "years": 29, "span": [-30, 1890], "span_label": ["31 BCE", "1890 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 13}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 2}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "kingdom-of-england", "label": "Kingdom of England", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "france-in-the-middle-ages", "label": "France in the Middle Ages", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "palestine-region", "label": "Palestine (region)", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "county-of-flanders", "label": "County of Flanders", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "jerusalem", "label": "Jerusalem", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "november", "label": "November", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "constantinople", "label": "Constantinople", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "edirne", "label": "Edirne", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "frederick-i-holy-roman-emperor", "label": "Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "isaac-ii-angelos", "label": "Isaac II Angelos", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-galicia", "label": "Kingdom of Galicia", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": -30, "year_label": "31 BCE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "31 BC Judea earthquake, earthquake mentioned in catalogues of historical earthquakes. It affected the Herodian Kingdom of Judea in the Holy Land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371049882#Roman_Palestine", "title": "31 BC", "revid": 1371049882, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Palestine"}}, {"year": 327, "year_label": "327 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Approximate traditional date – Helena, mother of Constantine, returning from her pilgrimage to the Holy Land, founds Stavrovouni Monastery on Cyprus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367622496#Religion", "title": "327", "revid": 1367622496, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 384, "year_label": "384 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Gallaeci or Gallic woman Egeria concludes her Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land at about this date; her narrative of it, the Itinerarium Egeriae, may be the earliest surviving formal writing by a woman in western European culture.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741473#Religion", "title": "384", "revid": 1364741473, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 441, "year_label": "441 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Pulcheria leaves for the seaport Hebdomon (Turkey), and becomes a nun to support Nestorianism in the Holy Land (Palestine).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339010572#Byzantium", "title": "441", "revid": 1339010572, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 565, "year_label": "565 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Madaba Map is made in the Byzantine church of Saint George. The floor mosaic contains the depiction of the Holy Land (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749296#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "565", "revid": 1364749296, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1095, "year_label": "1095 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 18", "text": "November 18 – The Council of Clermont begins. The synod is called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365264485#Religion", "title": "1095", "revid": 1365264485, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1096, "year_label": "1096 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 25", "text": "December 25 – Godfrey of Bouillon is appointed the primary leader of the First Crusade, making it a largely French war in practice and causing the inhabitants of the Holy Land to refer to Europeans generally as \"Franks\". Godfrey and the other leaders agree to take an oath of loyalty to Alexios I.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266324#First_Crusade", "title": "1096", "revid": 1365266324, "section": "Events › By place › First Crusade"}}, {"year": 1107, "year_label": "1107 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Autumn – King Sigurd I sails for the Holy Land with 60 ships (with some 5,000 men) on the first stage of the Norwegian Crusade to Palestine. Now 17, he is the first European king to support the Crusaders in the Levant. Sigurd leaves his older brother Eystein I to rule the kingdom in his absence – and visits England, France, Galicia and Sicily en route.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365266728#Europe", "title": "1107", "revid": 1365266728, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1113, "year_label": "1113 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "January 15", "text": "January 15 – The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Knights Hospitaller), founded to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land, is formally recognized by the papal bull (proclamation) Pie Postulatio Voluntatis issued by Pope Paschal II.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1267067505#Levant", "title": "1113", "revid": 1267067505, "section": "Events › By place › Levant"}}, {"year": 1125, "year_label": "1125 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Henry I of England arranges a marriage between his nephew Stephen of Blois and the 20-year-old Matilda, daughter and heiress of Eustace III, count of Boulogne. This gives Stephen control of the County of Boulogne and also lands in England that have belonged to Eustace (who dies on his return from the Holy Land).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365270881#England", "title": "1125", "revid": 1365270881, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1147, "year_label": "1147 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Late spring – An expedition of Crusaders and Englishmen, together with forces from Flanders, Frisia, Scotland and some German polities, leaves from Dartmouth in England for the Holy Land. Leadership is provided by Hervey de Glanvill, a Norman nobleman and constable of Suffolk, who leads a fleet of some 200 ships. Bad weather forces them to take refuge at the mouth of the Douro River, on the Portuguese coast, on June 16.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362163362#Second_Crusade", "title": "1147", "revid": 1362163362, "section": "Events › By place › Second Crusade"}}, {"year": 1148, "year_label": "1148 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "February 1", "text": "February 1 – A small Crusader fleet of Genoese and English ships sets sail from Lisbon for the Holy Land. The Anglo-Flemish Crusader fleet takes Oran.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362156256#Europe", "title": "1148", "revid": 1362156256, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1187, "year_label": "1187 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Genoa takes Bonifacio (in Corsica) from Pisa. Pope Gregory VIII reconciles the differences between the states so that both may be used to expedite shipments to the Holy Land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187098#Europe", "title": "1187", "revid": 1369187098, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1190, "year_label": "1190 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – A German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) led by Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) marches towards Constantinople, on the way to the Holy Land. Emperor Isaac II (Angelos), suspicious that Frederick is planning to conquer Constantinople, attempts to stop him by attacking the Crusaders. The German forces are too strong and they capture Adrianople. A peace treaty is signed by both Isaac and Frederick, that ensures the Germans are given supplies, and free passage through to Palestina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368650742#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "1190", "revid": 1368650742, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 1202, "year_label": "1202 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April", "text": "April–May – The bulk of the Crusader army gathers at Venice, although with far smaller numbers than expected: about 12,000 men (4–5,000 knights and 8,000 soldiers) instead of 33,500 men. Several contingents decide to make their own way to the Holy Land by different routes. A Crusader fleet, sailing from Flanders, carrying supplies for the Counts Baldwin IX and his brother Henry of Flanders, winters in Marseille, but is slowed by adverse weather. Later it sails on to the Middle East, along with other contingents from southern France.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369187490#Fourth_Crusade", "title": "1202", "revid": 1369187490, "section": "Events › By place › Fourth Crusade"}}, {"year": 1212, "year_label": "1212 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Children's Crusade is organized. There are probably two separate movements of young people, both led by shepherd boys, neither of which embark for the Holy Land – but both of which suffer considerable hardship.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1354428304#Europe", "title": "1212", "revid": 1354428304, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1225, "year_label": "1225 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "July 25", "text": "July 25 – The Agreement of San Germano is signed between the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Honorius III, with the Emperor Frederick agreeing to lead the Sixth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem and the rest of the Christian Holy Land in the Middle East from the Muslims. In return for the financing and the provision of soldiers by the Catholis Church in Syria, Frederick agrees to launch the Crusade on or before August 15, 1227.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333322984#July_–_September", "title": "1225", "revid": 1333322984, "section": "Events › July – September"}}, {"year": 1234, "year_label": "1234 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November", "text": "November – Pope Gregory IX proclaims war on the city of Rome after a local revolt forces him into exile. He issues the papal bull Rachel suum videns, calling for a new crusade to the Holy Land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364989988#Religion", "title": "1234", "revid": 1364989988, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 1249, "year_label": "1249 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Nicaean–Latin Wars: Latin forces led by William of Villehardouin, arrive on the island of Rhodes on their way to join the Seventh Crusade. This causes the Nicaeans to raise the siege of Rhodes. William concludes an agreement with the Genoese and leaves behind some 100 knights before departing for the Holy Land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362150898#Europe", "title": "1249", "revid": 1362150898, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1269, "year_label": "1269 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "September", "text": "September – An Aragonese contingent under King James I (\"the Conqueror\") sails from Barcelona to the Holy Land but is caught in a storm and badly damaged. One squadron reaches Acre, but later returns to Catalonia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1343645386#Europe", "title": "1269", "revid": 1343645386, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1272, "year_label": "1272 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "November 16", "text": "November 16 – King Henry III of England dies at the Palace of Westminster after a 56-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Edward I, who slowly returns from the Holy Land via Gascony.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362176275#England", "title": "1272", "revid": 1362176275, "section": "Events › By place › England"}}, {"year": 1276, "year_label": "1276 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "King Edward I of England (\"Longshanks\") orders the people of Bayonne in Gascony (as part of the only English possessions in France) to provide Castile with warships \"to resist the Saracens by sea\", but excuses himself from personal participation against the Marinid invasion in Spain because of his wars in Wales and his plan to lead a Crusade to the Holy Land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1344445633#Europe", "title": "1276", "revid": 1344445633, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1295, "year_label": "1295 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 20", "text": "June 20 – Treaty of Anagni: Pope Boniface VIII arranges a peace treaty between King Philip IV of France (\"the Fair\"), Charles II of Naples (\"the Lame\"), and James II of Majorca. James returns Sicily to the Papal States, seeking to bring peace between the Capetian House of Anjou and the Kingdom of Sicily; the effort is in vain. Boniface is determined to put an end to the War of the Sicilian Vespers, because he wants to declare a new Crusade for the reconquest of the Holy Land.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368220335#Europe", "title": "1295", "revid": 1368220335, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1309, "year_label": "1309 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 4", "text": "November 4 – Pope Clement V declares that Knights Hospitaller will not be sent to the Holy Land and Jerusalem, and that they will be limited to defending the Mediterranean Sea including Cyprus and Rhodes.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359759809#October_–_December", "title": "1309", "revid": 1359759809, "section": "Events › October – December"}}, {"year": 1372, "year_label": "1372 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – Saint Bridget sets out on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, staying in Cyprus until May 12. In August, she is in Bethlehem where she sees a vision of Jesus' birth. In September, she sets sail for Naples, where she arrives in December.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370079239#January–March", "title": "1372", "revid": 1370079239, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1446, "year_label": "1446 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – On their way back to England after a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, the 37 pilgrims on the ship Cog Anne are killed when the vessel strikes a rock near the port of Modon in Greece.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360566332#October–December", "title": "1446", "revid": 1360566332, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1485, "year_label": "1485 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 3", "text": "February 3 – Three days after returning to Germany following his pilgrimage to the Holy Land, John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen founds the Franciscan monastery at his capital in Siegen.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364736343#January–March", "title": "1485", "revid": 1364736343, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1539, "year_label": "1539 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "July 18", "text": "July 18 – The siege of Castelnuovo (now the town of Herceg Novi in Montenegro) is started by General Hayreddin Barbarossa, leader of the Ottoman Empire's Army, after the Spanish commanding officer, Francisco de Sarmiento, rejects an offer of honorable surrender with safe passage. Spain had taken the city in war from the Ottomans in 1538, giving the Christian Europeans control of the eastern Mediterranean sea and access to the Holy Land. With 50,000 Ottomans against less than 4,000 Spanish defenders, Castelnuovo falls in less than three weeks.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366494992#July–September", "title": "1539", "revid": 1366494992, "section": "Events › July–September"}}, {"year": 1890, "year_label": "1890 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "English archaeologist Flinders Petrie excavates at Tell el-Hesi, Palestine (mistakenly identified as Tel Lachish), the first scientific excavation of an archaeological site in the Holy Land, during which he discovers how tells are formed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364071388#Date_unknown", "title": "1890", "revid": 1364071388, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}]}