{"slug": "holy-see", "label": "Holy See", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159583", "qid": "Q159583", "description": "jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome and the sovereign entity presiding over Vatican City", "entries": 25, "years": 25, "span": [359, 1994], "span_label": ["359 CE", "1994 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 11}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 5}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 4}, {"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 2}, {"title": "Health & Medicine", "count": 1}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "vatican-city", "label": "Vatican City", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "italy", "label": "Italy", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "holy-roman-empire", "label": "Holy Roman Empire", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "israel", "label": "Israel", "shared": 2}, {"slug": "antioch", "label": "Antioch", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "church-building", "label": "Church (building)", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "byzantine-empire", "label": "Byzantine Empire", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "lombards", "label": "Lombards", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "duchy-of-spoleto", "label": "Duchy of Spoleto", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "exarchate-of-ravenna", "label": "Exarchate of Ravenna", "shared": 1}, {"slug": "kingdom-of-france", "label": "Kingdom of France", "shared": 1}], "items": [{"year": 359, "year_label": "359 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, in the Old St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican, is made (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332409759#Art", "title": "359", "revid": 1332409759, "section": "Events › By topic › Art"}}, {"year": 417, "year_label": "417 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "March 12", "text": "March 12 – Innocent I dies after a 16-year reign in which he has restored relations between the sees of Rome and Antioch, enforced celibacy of the clergy, and maintained the right of the bishop of Rome to judge appeals from other churches. Innocent is succeeded by Zosimus as the 41st pope.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367640866#Religion", "title": "417", "revid": 1367640866, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 574, "year_label": "574 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "July 13", "text": "July 13 – Pope John III dies at Rome after a 13-year tenure. The Holy See becomes sede vacante until June of the following year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204925#Religion", "title": "574", "revid": 1349204925, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 607, "year_label": "607 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "February 19", "text": "February 19 – The vacancy (sede vacante) that has existed on the papal throne, since the death last year of Sabinian, ends with the election of a Rome-born deacon of the Catholic Church. Pope Boniface III is appointed as the 66th pope, but dies the same year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340802681#Religion", "title": "607", "revid": 1340802681, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 703, "year_label": "703 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Faroald II, duke of Spoleto, attacks the Exarchate of Ravenna in Italy, after the death of his father Thrasimund I. King Aripert II of the Lombards, desiring good relations with the Byzantine Empire and papacy, refuses to assist him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807078#Europe", "title": "703", "revid": 1340807078, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1135, "year_label": "1135 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Pisans in the service of the Holy See (Diocese of Rome) sack the city of Amalfi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369184463#Europe", "title": "1135", "revid": 1369184463, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1233, "year_label": "1233 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "August 20", "text": "August 20 – Oath of Bereg: King Andrew II of Hungary vows to the Holy See that he will not employ Jews and Muslims to administer royal revenues, which causes diplomatic complaints and ecclesiastical censures.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367489040#Europe", "title": "1233", "revid": 1367489040, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1285, "year_label": "1285 CE", "section": "Health & Medicine", "date": null, "text": "Aragonese Crusade: French forces led by King Philip III (the Bold) entrench before Girona, in an attempt to besiege the city. Despite strong resistance, the city is eventually taken on September 7. Philip's son, the 15-year-old Charles of Valois, is crowned as king of Aragon (under the vassalage of the Holy See) but without an actual crown. Shortly after, the French camp is racked by an epidemic of dysentery and Philip is forced to retreat.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359686470#Europe", "title": "1285", "revid": 1359686470, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1296, "year_label": "1296 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 5", "text": "February 5 – Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull, Clericis laicos, stating that, without authority from the Holy See, Kings and other monarchs couldn't take income from the church. This bull was made in retaliation against King Philip IV raising taxes on the church", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368372269#January–December", "title": "1296", "revid": 1368372269, "section": "Events › January–December"}}, {"year": 1448, "year_label": "1448 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "February 17", "text": "February 17 – The Concordat of Vienna is signed between the Holy Roman Empire", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367832753#January–March", "title": "1448", "revid": 1367832753, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1457, "year_label": "1457 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December 23", "text": "December 23 – Pope Calixtus III declares Albanian hero Skanderbeg to be a Captain-General of the Holy See and gives him the title Athleta Christi (\"Champion of Christ\").", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359845780#October–December", "title": "1457", "revid": 1359845780, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1464, "year_label": "1464 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 18", "text": "June 18 – Pope Pius II himself shoulders the cross of the Crusades, and departs for Ancona to participate in person. He names Skanderbeg general captain of the Holy See, under the title Athleta Christi. This plan forces Skanderbeg to break his ten-year peace treaty with the Ottomans signed in 1463, by attacking their forces near Ohrid.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367795127#April–June", "title": "1464", "revid": 1367795127, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1508, "year_label": "1508 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "December", "text": "December – Michelangelo begins painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling in the Holy See of Rome, on a commission by Pope Julius II (signed May 10).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1351320572#October–December", "title": "1508", "revid": 1351320572, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1521, "year_label": "1521 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "November 23", "text": "November 23 – Spanish–German–Papal forces under Prospero Colonna force French Marshal Odet de Lautrec to abandon Milan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369246997#October–December", "title": "1521", "revid": 1369246997, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1613, "year_label": "1613 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – Keichō embassy: Hasekura Tsunenaga departs Japan in the Date Maru with a Japanese diplomatic mission to the Holy See, scheduled to first travel to Acapulco in New Spain, with a goal of concluding an agreement between Tokugawa Ieyasu and the East India Company, permitting English merchants to live and trade in Japan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366649732#October–December", "title": "1613", "revid": 1366649732, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1628, "year_label": "1628 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "April 8", "text": "April 8 – A decree of the Sacred Congregation of Rites of the Roman Catholic Church is made to prohibit the veneration of saints whose sanctity has not been declared by the Holy See.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352890088#April–June", "title": "1628", "revid": 1352890088, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1867, "year_label": "1867 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 – The United States Congress forbids taxpayer funding of diplomatic envoys to the Holy See (Vatican), begun in 1848, and breaks off relations. Funding resumes, along with relations, in 1984.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365231456#February", "title": "1867", "revid": 1365231456, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1896, "year_label": "1896 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "March 29", "text": "March 29 – The Royal College of St Patrick, Maynooth in Ireland is granted the status of pontifical university by charter of the Holy See.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364785538#March", "title": "1896", "revid": 1364785538, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 1929, "year_label": "1929 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "February 11", "text": "February 11 – The Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See of the Catholic Church sign the Lateran Treaty, to establish the Vatican City as an independent sovereign enclave within Rome, resolving the \"Roman Question\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372436446#February", "title": "1929", "revid": 1372436446, "section": "Events › February"}}, {"year": 1948, "year_label": "1948 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": null, "text": "The last edition of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum is published in the Vatican.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371784888#Date_unknown", "title": "1948", "revid": 1371784888, "section": "Events › Date unknown"}}, {"year": 1966, "year_label": "1966 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": "June 14", "text": "June 14 – The Vatican abolishes the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370246126#June", "title": "1966", "revid": 1370246126, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1983, "year_label": "1983 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 22", "text": "June 22 – Emanuela Orlandi, a 15-year-old Vatican girl, mysteriously disappears in Rome while returning home from a music lesson. The disappearance of the girl led to many speculations involving international terrorism, Italian organized crime, and even a plot inside the Vatican to cover a sexual scandal inside the Holy See. Because of all these theories, the Orlandi case would later become Italy's most famous mystery.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366392977#June", "title": "1983", "revid": 1366392977, "section": "Events › June"}}, {"year": 1984, "year_label": "1984 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "January 10", "text": "January 10 – The United States and the Vatican (Holy See) restore full diplomatic relations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371242779#January", "title": "1984", "revid": 1371242779, "section": "Events › January"}}, {"year": 1993, "year_label": "1993 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "December 30", "text": "December 30 – Representatives of Israel and the Holy See sign the Fundamental Agreement Between the Holy See and the State of Israel, preparing for the establishment of diplomatic relations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366430372#December", "title": "1993", "revid": 1366430372, "section": "Events › December"}}, {"year": 1994, "year_label": "1994 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "June 15", "text": "June 15 – Israel and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369917016#June", "title": "1994", "revid": 1369917016, "section": "Events › June"}}]}