{"slug": "huns", "label": "Huns", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45813", "qid": "Q45813", "description": "extinct nomadic people in Eurasia (14th BC–16th centuries)", "entries": 75, "years": 66, "span": [43, 697], "span_label": ["43 CE", "697 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 45}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 10}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 7}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 6}, {"title": "Births", "count": 2}, {"title": "Crime & Justice", "count": 2}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "attila", "label": "Attila", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "danube", "label": "Danube", "shared": 14}, {"slug": "alans", "label": "Alans", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "goths", "label": "Goths", "shared": 8}, {"slug": "flavius-aetius", "label": "Flavius Aetius", "shared": 7}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "valentinian-iii", "label": "Valentinian III", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "balkans", "label": "Balkans", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "visigoths", "label": "Visigoths", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "ostrogoths", "label": "Ostrogoths", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "rome", "label": "Rome", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "pannonia", "label": "Pannonia", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": 43, "year_label": "43 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Warfare begins between the northern and southern Huns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1373289291#AD_43", "title": "40s", "revid": 1373289291, "section": "Timeline › AD 43"}}, {"year": 118, "year_label": "118 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The north-south feud between the Hun Dynasty ends.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330326548#Asia", "title": "AD 118", "revid": 1330326548, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 350, "year_label": "350 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "About this time the Huns begin to invade the Sassanid Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501252#Asia", "title": "350", "revid": 1367501252, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 352, "year_label": "352 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "War begins between the Huns and the Alans.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1279672452#Asia", "title": "352", "revid": 1279672452, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 355, "year_label": "355 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Huns of Central Asia begin their great drive westwards with an advance into Scythia (modern Ukraine). They overcome and absorb the Alans, a nomadic and warlike horse breeding people from the steppes northeast of the Black Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331300399#Asia", "title": "355", "revid": 1331300399, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 360, "year_label": "360 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns invade the Pontic steppes by the thousands, spreading terror as they take over territories held for generations by Alans, Heruls, Ostrogoths and Visigoths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332419195#Europe", "title": "AD 360", "revid": 1332419195, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 363, "year_label": "363 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Huns first appear in Europe and reach the Caspian Sea.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367307501#Europe", "title": "363", "revid": 1367307501, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 366, "year_label": "366 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": null, "text": "Valens builds a pontoon bridge across the Danube, and drives the Visigoths further north, where they will come under pressure from the advancing Huns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370006797#Roman_Empire", "title": "366", "revid": 1370006797, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 370, "year_label": "370 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Germanic Invasions: Various Germanic tribes are forced against the northern borders of the Roman Empire as they flee the invading Huns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337457472#Roman_Empire", "title": "370", "revid": 1337457472, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 370, "year_label": "370 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns migrate westward from the Volga into Europe and subjugate the Alans and the Ostrogoths. With their arrival, a tradition of composite bows is introduced.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1337457472#Europe", "title": "370", "revid": 1337457472, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 372, "year_label": "372 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns attack the Tervingi on the Dniester, overwhelming them with light cavalry (horse archers), and devastating the settlements of the Goths. King Athanaric is defeated and seeks refuge in Caucaland in the Carpathian Mountains.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332743719#Europe", "title": "372", "revid": 1332743719, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 373, "year_label": "373 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Tanais River: The Huns defeat the Alans near the Don, sending the remnants fleeing westward.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364742164#Europe", "title": "373", "revid": 1364742164, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 376, "year_label": "376 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Greuthungi, led by Alatheus and Saphrax, displaced by the predations of the Huns and Alans, request asylum within the Roman Empire. They are refused. The Roman frontier forces stretched to the breaking point, they slip across the Danube and unite with Fritigern. With their situation critical and desperately short of food, discontent is rising amongst the Goths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1349204893#Roman_Empire", "title": "376", "revid": 1349204893, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 377, "year_label": "377 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "Gothic War: Famine in Lower Moesia (occupied by the Goths) takes a fearsome toll. Fritigern and his followers appeal for help, but the governors Lupicinus and Maximus regard them as second-class citizens. Little help is forthcoming, and thousands starve to death. The pressure on the Roman frontier is still severe, with the Taifali and other hostile bands of Goths on the Danube. In addition, groups of Huns and Alans have also moved up to the river.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367313593#Roman_Empire", "title": "377", "revid": 1367313593, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 378, "year_label": "378 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Goths, supported by the Huns, move on to Constantinople. Their progress is checked by the Saracens, recruited from Arab tribes who control the eastern fringes of the empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1309998773#Roman_Empire", "title": "378", "revid": 1309998773, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 380, "year_label": "380 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rome's enemies (the Germans, Sarmatians and Huns) are taken into Imperial service; as a consequence, barbarian leaders begin to play an increasingly active role in the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281452530#Roman_Empire", "title": "380", "revid": 1281452530, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 381, "year_label": "381 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Sciri together with the Huns attack along Rome's lower Danubian frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1281451732#Europe", "title": "381", "revid": 1281451732, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 388, "year_label": "388 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of the Save: Emperor Theodosius I defeats Magnus Maximus near Emona (modern Slovenia). Theodosius is in command of an army including Goths, Huns and Alans. Valentinian II, now 17, is restored as Roman Emperor.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1321355496#Roman_Empire", "title": "388", "revid": 1321355496, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 390, "year_label": "390 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths and Huns, led by Alaric, invade Thrace. Stilicho, high-ranking general (magister militum) of Vandal origin, raises an army and begins a campaign against the Goths.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355430318#Roman_Empire", "title": "390", "revid": 1355430318, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 390, "year_label": "390 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Bleda, king of the Huns (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355430318#Births", "title": "390", "revid": 1355430318, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 392, "year_label": "392 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Stilicho, Roman general (magister militum), defeats the Visigoths and Huns in Thrace. Emperor Theodosius I permits Alaric to go free on condition he provides, as foederati, military services to the Roman Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1331511439#Roman_Empire", "title": "392", "revid": 1331511439, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 394, "year_label": "394 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – The Huns cross the frozen Danube and destroy the villages built by the Goths. Theodosius I, six hundred miles away in Italy, sends no reinforcements to defend the northern frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1369162073#Roman_Empire", "title": "394", "revid": 1369162073, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 395, "year_label": "395 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns begin their large-scale attack on the Eastern Roman Empire. They invade Armenia, Cappadocia, and enter parts of Syria, threatening Antioch.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334185587#Asia", "title": "395", "revid": 1334185587, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 398, "year_label": "398 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Eutropius, Roman general (magister militum), celebrates his victory over the Huns (\"the wolves of the North\") in a parade through Constantinople (see 395).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364744112#Roman_Empire", "title": "398", "revid": 1364744112, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 400, "year_label": "400 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Gainas leads the remaining Goths back to their homeland across the Danube. They meet the Huns and are defeated; the Hunnic chieftain Uldin sends the head of Gainas to Constantinople, where Arcadius receives it as a diplomatic gift.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1347571639#Roman_Empire", "title": "400", "revid": 1347571639, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 401, "year_label": "401 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Arcadius sends many gifts to the Hunnic chieftain Uldin, in appreciation of his victory over the Goths and Gainas. Arcadius then allies himself with the Huns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1334186664#Roman_Empire", "title": "401", "revid": 1334186664, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 406, "year_label": "406 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Attila the Hun, ruler of the Hunnic Empire (approximate date) (d. 453)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1305888876#Births", "title": "406", "revid": 1305888876, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 408, "year_label": "408 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "August 22", "text": "August 22 – Stilicho is accused of treason against Honorius and is decapitated at Ravenna. His Hun bodyguard is killed; mass murders of Vandal soldiers follow.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367644906#Roman_Empire", "title": "408", "revid": 1367644906, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 409, "year_label": "409 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Honorius agrees that sons of prominent families at court in Ravenna be sent beyond the Danube as hostages; in return, later he calls up ten thousand Hun mercenaries.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641120#Roman_Empire", "title": "409", "revid": 1367641120, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 412, "year_label": "412 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The forts on the west bank of the Danube, which were destroyed by the Huns, are rebuilt, and a new Danubian fleet is launched.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346865702#Balkans", "title": "412", "revid": 1346865702, "section": "Events › By place › Balkans"}}, {"year": 412, "year_label": "412 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Olympiodorus, historical writer, is sent on an embassy by Honorius, and sails in stormy weather around Greece up the Black Sea, to meet the Huns who are located on the middle Danube (modern Bulgaria).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1346865702#Roman_Empire", "title": "412", "revid": 1346865702, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 421, "year_label": "421 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rugila, chieftain of the Huns, attacks the dioceses of Dacia and Thrace (Balkans). Theodosius II allows Pannonian Ostrogoths to settle in Thrace, to defend the Danube frontier.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364903948#Europe", "title": "421", "revid": 1364903948, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 422, "year_label": "422 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "March 3", "text": "March 3 – Theodosius II issues a law to form provisions in peacetime. He instructs landowners leasing towers in the Theodosian Walls to assist with the build-up of emergency goods. Theodosius pays an annual tribute of 350 pounds of gold to the Huns in order to buy peace.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364741789#Roman_Empire", "title": "422", "revid": 1364741789, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 424, "year_label": "424 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roman usurper Joannes sends Flavius Aetius, governor of the Palace (cura palatii), to the Huns to ask for their assistance. After negotiating, he returns to Italy with a large force.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367765710#Roman_Empire", "title": "424", "revid": 1367765710, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 425, "year_label": "425 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Flavius Aetius leads a force of Huns (60,000 men) into Northern Italy. He reaches a compromise with Placidia, in return for obtaining the rank commander-in-chief (magister militum) in Gaul.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367645280#Roman_Empire", "title": "425", "revid": 1367645280, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 427, "year_label": "427 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The Roman province of Pannonia Prima is finally assimilated into the Hunnic Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364738726#Europe", "title": "427", "revid": 1364738726, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 430, "year_label": "430 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Octar, Hunnic ruler (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370135052#Deaths", "title": "430", "revid": 1370135052, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 430, "year_label": "430 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Huns led by Octar attack the Burgundians, who occupied territory on the Rhine near the city of Worms (Germany). During the fighting Octar dies, and his army is destroyed.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370135052#Roman_Empire", "title": "430", "revid": 1370135052, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 432, "year_label": "432 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Roman civil war: Roman forces under command of Flavius Aetius are defeated near Rimini (Italy) in battle. His rival comes Bonifacius is mortally wounded and dies several days later. Aetius flees to Dalmatia and seeks refuge with the Huns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361576950#Roman_Empire", "title": "432", "revid": 1361576950, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 433, "year_label": "433 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Flavius Aetius returns to Italy with the support of the Huns. He gains control over the young emperor Valentinian III, and becomes his \"protector\".", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1274814907#Roman_Empire", "title": "433", "revid": 1274814907, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 434, "year_label": "434 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum) in the service of Emperor Valentinian III, begins to hold power in Rome (this will continue for 20 years). He allows the Huns to settle in Pannonia, along the Sava River.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747706#Roman_Empire", "title": "434", "revid": 1364747706, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 434, "year_label": "434 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Rugila, king of the Huns (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747706#Deaths", "title": "434", "revid": 1364747706, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 436, "year_label": "436 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "End of the Burgundian Revolt of Gunther: Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), attempts to put an end to Burgundian raids in Gaul. He calls in Hun mercenaries under the command of Attila and his brother Bleda, which plunder Augusta Vangionum, killing some 20,000 Burgundians. The Kingdom of the Burgundians is destroyed; King Gunther and his family are killed (this epic disaster will later provide the source for the Nibelungenlied).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1303045181#Europe", "title": "436", "revid": 1303045181, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 439, "year_label": "439 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Winter – Hun and Roman envoys meet at Margum (modern Bosnia and Herzegovina), an important market town on the Sava River. After negotiations, Attila and his brother Bleda, who are present, accept a four-point peace plan. Trading rights between the two states are confirmed and emperor Theodosius II pays an annual tribute of 700 pounds of gold.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1307025237#Byzantium", "title": "439", "revid": 1307025237, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 440, "year_label": "440 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns under Attila reappear in force, along the frontier of the Western Roman Empire. They attack merchants on the north bank of the Danube and cities in Illyricum, including (according to Priscus) Viminacium, city of Moesia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748079#Europe", "title": "440", "revid": 1364748079, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 441, "year_label": "441 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns, led by Attila, attack Constanţa (modern Romania), one of the few remaining Roman forts on the northern bank of the Danube, and designated as a secure trading post. On a crowded market day, the Huns take the town by surprise and slaughter the garrison.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339010572#Byzantium", "title": "441", "revid": 1339010572, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 441, "year_label": "441 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The second Revolt of Bagaudae in Armorica under leading of Eudoxius is knocked down by the Alans. Eudoxius fled to the Huns.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339010572#Europe", "title": "441", "revid": 1339010572, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 442, "year_label": "442 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns, on a military campaign along the Danube and the Great Morava, destroy the city of Naissus (modern Serbia). They have mastered siege technology and are able to capture fortified cities. The Roman Senate agrees to pay Attila a tribute of 700 pounds of gold per year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333113526#Europe", "title": "AD 442", "revid": 1333113526, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 445, "year_label": "445 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "King Bleda of the Huns (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338118826#Deaths", "title": "445", "revid": 1338118826, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 445, "year_label": "445 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Bleda, co-ruler of the Huns, dies in a hunting accident. He is possibly murdered at the instigation of his younger brother Attila, with whom he has ruled since 434. Now about 39, Attila takes the throne for himself, and becomes king of the Hunnic Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1338118826#Europe", "title": "445", "revid": 1338118826, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 447, "year_label": "447 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns, led by Attila, cross the Danube, and invade the Balkans as far as Thermopylae (Greece). During the invasion, Serdica (modern Sofia) is destroyed. For disobeying the terms of the treaty made in 442, Attila triples his demand for tribute to 2,100 pounds (ca. 700 kg) of gold per year; and the ransom for each Roman prisoner to 12 solidi.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367502819#Byzantium", "title": "447", "revid": 1367502819, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 448, "year_label": "448 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Theodosius II sends an embassy to Attila the Hun; Anatolius, an Eastern Roman general (magister militum) responsible for the security of the Eastern frontier, achieves a peace treaty with the Huns, in exchange for an annual tribute of 2100 lb kg of gold per year.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1330678266#Byzantium", "title": "448", "revid": 1330678266, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantium"}}, {"year": 452, "year_label": "452 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Huns under Attila invade Northern Italy. Emperor Valentinian III flees from Ravenna to Rome, and sends Pope Leo I to persuade Attila to return to the Hungarian Plain. The cities of Aquileia, Padua and Verona are destroyed by the Huns. Milan is saved because Attila is offered a huge amount of gold. Flavius Aetius (magister militum) is unable to raise a new army against him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342662685#Europe", "title": "452", "revid": 1342662685, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 453, "year_label": "453 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "c. March – Attila the Hun is found dead in bed, after a wedding feast with the Goth princess Ildico. He dies of a nosebleed at his Hungarian stronghold, drowning in his own blood, aged about 47. The Huns celebrate a strava (lamentation) over his burial place with great feasting. Attila's son Ellac is appointed successor, but his brothers Dengizich and Ernakh divide the Hunnic Empire by establishing their own kingdoms north of the Black Sea (Ukraine), supported by vassal states.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348812409#Europe", "title": "453", "revid": 1348812409, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 453, "year_label": "453 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "c. March – Attila, ruler of the Huns (b. 406)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1348812409#Deaths", "title": "453", "revid": 1348812409, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 454, "year_label": "454 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Battle of Nedao: Allied forces of subjected peoples (Gepids, Heruli, Ostrogoths, Rugii, Sciri and Suebi), under the leadership of King Ardaric, defeat the Huns under Ellac, eldest son of Attila the Hun, in Pannonia. Ellac is killed during the battle and succeeded by his brother Dengizich.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364747737#Europe", "title": "454", "revid": 1364747737, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 455, "year_label": "455 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Skandagupta succeeds Kumaragupta I as ruler of the Gupta Empire (India). During his reign he crushes the Hun invasion; however, the expense of the wars drains the empire's resources and contributes to its decline.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739434#Asia", "title": "455", "revid": 1364739434, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 455, "year_label": "455 CE", "section": "Crime & Justice", "date": "March 16", "text": "March 16 – Emperor Valentinian III, age 35, is assassinated by two Hunnic retainers of the late Flavius Aetius, while training with the bow on the Campus Martius (Rome), ending the Theodosian dynasty. His primicerius sacri cubiculi, Heraclius, is also murdered.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739434#Roman_Empire", "title": "455", "revid": 1364739434, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 458, "year_label": "458 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Majorian builds a Roman fleet at Miseno and Ravenna. He strengthens the army, by recruiting a large number of barbarian mercenaries (Bastarnae, Burgundians, Huns, Ostrogoths, Rugii, Scythians and Suebi).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748114#Roman_Empire", "title": "458", "revid": 1364748114, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 466, "year_label": "466 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Leo I repels the Hun invasion of Dacia (modern Romania). They ravage the Balkans but are unable to take Constantinople thanks to the city walls, which are rebuilt and reinforced.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739705#Roman_Empire", "title": "466", "revid": 1364739705, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 467, "year_label": "467 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Emperor Skandagupta dies after a 12-year reign, as the Huns consolidate their conquests in western India. He is succeeded by his half-brother Purugupta.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138919#Asia", "title": "467", "revid": 1360138919, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 468, "year_label": "468 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Dengizich, son of Attila the Hun, sends an embassy to Constantinople to demand money. Leo I offers the Huns settlement in Thrace in exchange for recognition of his authority. Dengizich refuses and crosses the Danube.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138410#Roman_Empire", "title": "468", "revid": 1360138410, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 469, "year_label": "469 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Dengizich, king of the Huns (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360138926#Deaths", "title": "469", "revid": 1360138926, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 480, "year_label": "480 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Budhagupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire, establishes diplomatic relations with the Kannauj Kingdom and drives the Huns out of the fertile plains of northern India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364739995#Asia", "title": "480", "revid": 1364739995, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 484, "year_label": "484 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Hephthalites (White Huns) invade Persia. King Peroz I gathers an army of 50,000-100,000 men, and places his brother Balash at the head of the government in Ctesiphon. At the Battle of Herat, the Persians are ambushed and defeated. Peroz I is killed, whose body is not found. Balash is crowned and becomes king of Persia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364749511#Asia", "title": "484", "revid": 1364749511, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 498, "year_label": "498 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Kavadh I returns from exile with support of 30,000 Hephthalites (White Huns), and again assumes the Sassanid throne. He punishes his opponents and probably his brother Djamasp, who usurped the throne from him.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365508717#Persia", "title": "498", "revid": 1365508717, "section": "Events › By place › Persia"}}, {"year": 502, "year_label": "502 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Bulgars ravage Thrace. A semi-nomadic people, they have absorbed the surviving Huns and meet no opposition from Byzantine forces.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364748175#Europe", "title": "AD 502", "revid": 1364748175, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 505, "year_label": "505 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The white Huns (Hephthalites) from the Caucasus invade the Persian Empire.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364907851#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "505", "revid": 1364907851, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 528, "year_label": "528 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Yasodharman, Maharaja (\"great king\") of Malwa, defeats the Hun invaders under Mihirakula in central India.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793729#Asia", "title": "528", "revid": 1340793729, "section": "Events › By place › Asia"}}, {"year": 533, "year_label": "533 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "June 21", "text": "June 21 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails in 500 transports, escorted by 92 war vessels (dromons), manned by 20,000 seamen from Constantinople, to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily. The fleet carries 10,000 infantry, about half Byzantine and half foederati, and 5,000 cavalry, consisting of 3,000 Byzantine horsemen, 1,000 foreign allies (Huns and Heruli) and 1,500 of Belisarius' retainers (bucellarii). On the flagship Belisarius is accompanied by his military secretary Procopius, and his wife Antonina.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340793764#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "533", "revid": 1340793764, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 537, "year_label": "537 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 9", "text": "April 9 – Belisarius receives his promised reinforcements: 1,600 cavalry, mostly of Hunnic or Slavic origin and expert bowmen. Despite shortages, he starts raids against the Gothic camps and Vitiges is forced into a stalemate.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370992976#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "537", "revid": 1370992976, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 557, "year_label": "557 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Avars arrive in the northern region of the Caucasus, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. They send envoys to the Byzantines in Lazica (modern Georgia). Like the Huns, the Avars are the former elite of a central Asian federation, which has been forced to flee westwards.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340800259#Europe", "title": "557", "revid": 1340800259, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 559, "year_label": "559 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Winter – The Kutrigurs and Huns under Zabergan cross the frozen Danube River, and invade the Balkans. They raid Thracia and Macedonia, but are driven back near Constantinople by a Byzantine force under Belisarius.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350439939#Byzantine_Empire", "title": "559", "revid": 1350439939, "section": "Events › By place › Byzantine Empire"}}, {"year": 585, "year_label": "585 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "The Armenian bishop Kardutsat goes with 7 priests, on a missionary trip to the steppes north of the Caucasus. He succeeds in baptizing many Huns and in translating books into their language.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365938601#Religion", "title": "585", "revid": 1365938601, "section": "Events › By topic › Religion"}}, {"year": 697, "year_label": "697 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Paolo Lucio Anafesto is elected the first Doge of Venice, which begins its rise as a major power in the Mediterranean Sea. Built up from fishing villages settled by fugitives from the Huns (see 452), the city of Venice occupies some 60 marshy islands (Venetian Lagoon).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361010652#Europe", "title": "697", "revid": 1361010652, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}]}