{"slug": "iberian-peninsula", "label": "Iberian Peninsula", "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12837", "qid": "Q12837", "description": "peninsula located in the extreme southwest of Europe", "entries": 50, "years": 47, "span": [-323, 2002], "span_label": ["324 BCE", "2002 CE"], "topics": [{"title": "Conflict & Security", "count": 21}, {"title": "Exploration & Expansion", "count": 9}, {"title": "Deaths", "count": 7}, {"title": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "count": 6}, {"title": "Climate & Environment", "count": 2}, {"title": "Births", "count": 1}, {"title": "Religion & Belief", "count": 1}, {"title": "Technology & Infrastructure", "count": 1}, {"title": "Culture & Society", "count": 1}, {"title": "Disasters & Accidents", "count": 1}], "related": [{"slug": "spain", "label": "Spain", "shared": 10}, {"slug": "al-andalus", "label": "Al-Andalus", "shared": 9}, {"slug": "reconquista", "label": "Reconquista", "shared": 6}, {"slug": "umayyad-caliphate", "label": "Umayyad Caliphate", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "roman-republic", "label": "Roman Republic", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "seville", "label": "Seville", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "hamilcar-barca", "label": "Hamilcar Barca", "shared": 5}, {"slug": "carthage", "label": "Carthage", "shared": 4}, {"slug": "roman-empire", "label": "Roman Empire", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "vandals", "label": "Vandals", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "hispania-baetica", "label": "Hispania Baetica", "shared": 3}, {"slug": "visigothic-kingdom", "label": "Visigothic Kingdom", "shared": 3}], "items": [{"year": -323, "year_label": "324 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Greek colonists found the city of Akra Leuka (modern Alicante, Spain) on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1242939237#Greece", "title": "324 BC", "revid": 1242939237, "section": "Events › By place › Greece"}}, {"year": -236, "year_label": "237 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Hamilcar Barca's success in defeating the rebels results in a growth in his strength as leader of Carthage's popular party and support for his proposed invasion of the Iberian Peninsula. However, as spokesman for the landed nobility, Hanno opposes the policy of foreign conquest pursued by Hamilcar Barca.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332615643#Carthage", "title": "237 BC", "revid": 1332615643, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -236, "year_label": "237 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Istolatios, warlord of the Turdetani (Iberian Peninsula), crucified by Hamilcar Barca (father of Hannibal)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332615643#Deaths", "title": "237 BC", "revid": 1332615643, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -227, "year_label": "228 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca is killed in a battle in Hispania, ending his lengthy campaign to conquer the Iberian Peninsula for Carthage. In eight years, by force of arms and diplomacy, he has secured an extensive territory in the Iberian Peninsula, but his death in battle prevents him from completing the conquest. Command of his army in the Iberian Peninsula passes to his son-in-law Hasdrubal.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326026286#Carthage", "title": "228 BC", "revid": 1326026286, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -227, "year_label": "228 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian general who has assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome, helped Carthage win the Mercenary War and brought extensive territory in the Iberian Peninsula under Carthaginian control (b. c. 270 BC)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1326026286#Deaths", "title": "228 BC", "revid": 1326026286, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -201, "year_label": "202 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Hasdrubal Gisco, Carthaginian general who has fought against Rome in Iberia and North Africa during the Second Punic War, customarily identified as the son of Gisco (suicide)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1278127245#Deaths", "title": "202 BC", "revid": 1278127245, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": -200, "year_label": "201 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "On Hannibal's advice, Carthage sues for peace with the Romans, ending the Second Punic War. Carthage is reduced to a client state of Rome. In the peace treaty between Carthage and Rome, Carthage surrenders all her Mediterranean possessions to Rome, including her Iberian territories. The Carthaginians agree to pay Rome 200 talents per year for 50 years, allow Masinissa to rule Numidia as an independent kingdom, make no war without Rome's permission, and destroy all but 10 of the Carthaginian warships.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1243551551#Carthage", "title": "201 BC", "revid": 1243551551, "section": "Events › By place › Carthage"}}, {"year": -170, "year_label": "171 BCE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The first Roman colony outside Italy is founded at Carteia in southern Hispania after Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers appear before the Roman Senate to request a town to live in and are given Carteia, which is named Colonia Libertinorum Carteia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1352698432#Roman_Republic", "title": "171 BC", "revid": 1352698432, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -112, "year_label": "113 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Germanic tribes attack Gaul and northern Iberia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1259352573#Roman_Republic", "title": "113 BC", "revid": 1259352573, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -76, "year_label": "77 BCE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "Lepidus, with some 21,000 troops, manages to escape to Sardinia. Soon afterwards he becomes ill and dies, his battered army, now under command by Marcus Perperna Vento, sails on to the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364740529#Roman_Republic", "title": "77 BC", "revid": 1364740529, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -75, "year_label": "76 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "On the Iberian Peninsula, in the Roman province of Hispania Citerior, the rebel forces of Quintus Sertorius defeat the republican army of Pompey the Great at the Battle of Lauron.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1363027478#Roman_Republic", "title": "76 BC", "revid": 1363027478, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": -74, "year_label": "75 BCE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "At the Battle of Saguntum the republican forces on the Iberian Peninsula and the Sertorian rebels fight each other to a draw. Quintus Sertorius is forced to withdraw leaving the battlefield to Pompey and Metellus (the republican commanders).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371365862#Roman_Republic", "title": "75 BC", "revid": 1371365862, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Republic"}}, {"year": 409, "year_label": "409 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "October 13", "text": "October 13 – The Vandals, led by King Gunderic, cross the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula. They receive land from the Romans, as foederati, in Baetica (Southern Spain). The Alans occupy lands in Lusitania and the Suebi control parts of Gallaecia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367641120#Roman_Empire", "title": "409", "revid": 1367641120, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 415, "year_label": "415 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": null, "text": "The Visigoths invade the Iberian Peninsula and begin to conquer territory taken previously by the Vandals. King Athaulf and his pregnant wife Galla Placidia leave Gallia Narbonensis; they relocate at Barcelona. Their infant son, Theodosius, dies in infancy, eliminating an opportunity for a Roman-Visigothic line. Athaulf is assassinated in the palace while taking a bath. Sigeric succeeds him, but after a reign of seven days he is also murdered.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367501934#Roman_Empire", "title": "415", "revid": 1367501934, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 429, "year_label": "429 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Spring – The Vandals, led by Genseric (\"Caesar King\"), invade North Africa. They land with a force of 80,000 men including Alans, and Germanic tribesmen with their families from the Iberian Peninsula, across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Vandal fleet raids the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and blockades the grain and oil supply to Italy.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1333669155#Roman_Empire", "title": "429", "revid": 1333669155, "section": "Events › By place › Roman Empire"}}, {"year": 441, "year_label": "441 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Rechila invades Baetica and conquers the capital Seville. The Romans are driven from the Iberian Peninsula with the exception of the Levante.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1339010572#Europe", "title": "441", "revid": 1339010572, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 472, "year_label": "472 CE", "section": "Births", "date": null, "text": "Emilian of Cogolla, Iberic abbot and saint (approximate date)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350806015#Births", "title": "472", "revid": 1350806015, "section": "Births"}}, {"year": 534, "year_label": "534 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Toledo becomes the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom that controls the Iberian Peninsula. King Theudis expands Visigoth rule in the southern regions (Hispania Baetica).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1353013996#Europe", "title": "534", "revid": 1353013996, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 573, "year_label": "573 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "June 11", "text": "June 11 – Emilian of Cogolla, Iberic saint (b. 472)", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1332331069#Deaths", "title": "573", "revid": 1332331069, "section": "Deaths"}}, {"year": 710, "year_label": "710 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Roderick becomes king of the Visigoths, but the Visigothic nobles in Septimania rebel, and proclaim the previous ruler's son Akhila king. The Visigothic Kingdom is divided into two sub-kingdoms, suffering the first Muslim raid expedition against the southern Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340807117#Europe", "title": "710", "revid": 1340807117, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 711, "year_label": "711 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "April 27", "text": "April 27 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim troops (7,000 men) led by Tariq ibn Ziyad land at Gibraltar, and begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (now Spain and Portugal). Tariq begins his Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom, which during the decade he occupies and brings under Umayyad sovereignty.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358403455#Arabian_Empire", "title": "AD 711", "revid": 1358403455, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 712, "year_label": "712 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: From North Africa, Musa ibn Nusayr lands in Iberia (Al-Andalus), with an army of 18,000 Arabs and Berbers. He joins the Islamic conquest and captures the city of Seville (Andalusia), where he meets stiff resistance after 3-months of siege.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1357552155#Arabian_Empire", "title": "712", "revid": 1357552155, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 714, "year_label": "714 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Continuing campaigns of Muslim domination of the Iberian Peninsula. Arab forces raid the valley of the Ebro River, and capture the fortress city of Zaragoza. Musa ibn Nusayr is made protector (wali) of Al-Andalus, with his capital at Seville (approximate date).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364468088#Arabian_Empire", "title": "714", "revid": 1364468088, "section": "Events › By place › Arabian Empire"}}, {"year": 718, "year_label": "718 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Covadonga: Pelagius (Don Pelayo) is proclaimed king (caudillo), and defeats the Umayyad forces under Munuza, provincial governor of Asturias, at Picos de Europa (near Covadonga). This marks the beginning of the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. He founds the Kingdom of Asturias, and establishes a military base at Cangas de Onís (northwest of Spain) (or 722).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1367661186#Western_Europe", "title": "718", "revid": 1367661186, "section": "Events › By place › Western Europe"}}, {"year": 722, "year_label": "722 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer – Battle of Covadonga: Visigothic nobleman Pelagius (Don Pelayo) defeats the Umayyad forces under Munuza, provincial governor of Asturias, at Picos de Europa (near Covadonga). This marks the beginning of the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. He founds the Kingdom of Asturias, and establishes a military base at Cangas de Onís (northwest of Spain) (or 718).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340808641#Europe", "title": "722", "revid": 1340808641, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 750, "year_label": "750 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "King Alfonso I of Asturias establishes the Kingdom of Galicia, in roughly the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. The exact time this happened is contested.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358128937#Europe", "title": "750", "revid": 1358128937, "section": "Events › Europe"}}, {"year": 750, "year_label": "750 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "January 25", "text": "January 25 – Battle of the Zab: Abbasid forces under Abdallah ibn Ali defeat the Umayyads near the Great Zab River. Members of the Umayyad house are hunted down and killed. Defeated by his rivals, Caliph Marwan II flees westward to Egypt, perhaps attempting to reach Al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), where there are still significant Umayyad armies.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1358128937#Arab_Caliphate", "title": "750", "revid": 1358128937, "section": "Events › Arab Caliphate"}}, {"year": 756, "year_label": "756 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "May", "text": "May – Prince Abd al-Rahman I and his followers capture the city of Seville without violence. He defeats Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri in a battle for control of the Muslim-ruled parts of the Iberian Peninsula (al-Andalus). Abd al-Rahman establishes the Emirate of Córdoba. During his reign trade and culture flourish, along with the construction of Islamic architecture (including the Great Mosque of Córdoba).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366654675#Europe", "title": "756", "revid": 1366654675, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 795, "year_label": "795 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Charlemagne creates the Hispanic Marches, a buffer zone beyond the former province of Septimania. A group of Iberian lordships form a defensive barrier between the Umayyad Moors of Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and the Frankish Kingdom.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1340848647#Europe", "title": "795", "revid": 1340848647, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 836, "year_label": "836 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Egyptian military commander Abdel Wahid bin Yazid el-Iskandarani is appointed vizier of the Emirate of Córdoba in the Iberian Peninsula, rules until 851.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1350026626#Egypt", "title": "836", "revid": 1350026626, "section": "Events › By place › Egypt"}}, {"year": 846, "year_label": "846 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "The Mozarabs, Iberian Christians who live under Moorish rule, try to repopulate León in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). The city is recaptured by the Muslim Arabs.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1308185700#Europe", "title": "846", "revid": 1308185700, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 893, "year_label": "893 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "King Alfonso III repopulates the city of Zamora with Mozarabs (Iberian Christians who have lived under Moorish rule) from Toledo in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1364917563#Europe", "title": "893", "revid": 1364917563, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 914, "year_label": "914 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": null, "text": "In Al-Andalus a drought leads to a terrible famine in the Iberian Peninsula, which continues in 915. In his centralization effort, the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Rahman III, reconquers Seville from the Banu Hajjaj clan.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1355643516#Europe", "title": "914", "revid": 1355643516, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 949, "year_label": "949 CE", "section": "Religion & Belief", "date": null, "text": "Abd al-Rahman III the Caliph of Córdoba declares Jihad, preparing a large army & conquers the city of Lugo in the extreme North of Iberia. This raid shows to be one of the furthest raids Muslims in Spain ever conducted, done as a show of strength of the Muslim State in Al-Andalus.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365592042#Europe", "title": "949", "revid": 1365592042, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 981, "year_label": "981 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus, conquers and razes the city of Zamora, as part of his effort to seize the Christian-dominated north of the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1366191661#Europe", "title": "981", "revid": 1366191661, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 986, "year_label": "986 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Summer: Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus, continues his effort in the north of the Iberian Peninsula and plunders the city of Coimbra (modern Portugal).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365272436#Europe", "title": "986", "revid": 1365272436, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1024, "year_label": "1024 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": null, "text": "Roger I of Tosny, a Norman nobleman, leaves the battlefield of the Ebro Valley after terrorising the Saracens and capturing several towns and castles during the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain).", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1342213215#Europe", "title": "1024", "revid": 1342213215, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1165, "year_label": "1165 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": null, "text": "Benjamin of Tudela, Spanish Jewish traveler, sets out on his journey from the northeast Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain), on a pilgrimage to the land of Israel and beyond.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362483614#Europe", "title": "1165", "revid": 1362483614, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1171, "year_label": "1171 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "The successors of Robert Bordet leave Catalonia for Mallorca, marking the end of the attempts to create a Norman principality in Iberia.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362165802#Europe", "title": "1171", "revid": 1362165802, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1236, "year_label": "1236 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "June 29", "text": "June 29 – Siege of Córdoba: Castilian forces under King Ferdinand III (\"the Saint\") capture Muslim Córdoba from Emir Ibn Hud as part of the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1361428601#Europe", "title": "1236", "revid": 1361428601, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1244, "year_label": "1244 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 26", "text": "March 26 – Treaty of Almizra: King James I (the Conqueror) and King Ferdinand III (the Saint) agree on the distribution of Muslim lands yet to be conquered. All lands south of a line, from the cities of Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot, are reserved for the Crown of Castile. This ends further Aragonese expansion on the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1360513044#Europe", "title": "1244", "revid": 1360513044, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1272, "year_label": "1272 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": null, "text": "Reconquista – King Afonso III eliminates the last Moorish community in Portugal at Faro, completing the reconquest of the west of the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1362176275#Europe", "title": "1272", "revid": 1362176275, "section": "Events › By place › Europe"}}, {"year": 1479, "year_label": "1479 CE", "section": "Deaths", "date": "January 20", "text": "January 20 – Fernando II already co-ruler of Crown of Castile with his wife, Isabella I, becomes the King of Aragon upon the death of his father, King Juan II of Aragon and Navarre. He and Isabella rule together over Aragon and Castile, unifying the two kingdoms and controlling most of the Iberian Peninsula. At the same time, King Juan's daughter, Leonor de Trastámara, who had served as regent during times when her father was away fighting in war, becomes Queen of Navarre.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359855824#January–March", "title": "1479", "revid": 1359855824, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1482, "year_label": "1482 CE", "section": "Conflict & Security", "date": "February 28", "text": "February 28 –The village of Alhama de Granada in Spain is taken by Christian forces, starting the Granada War to expel the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1368493356#January–March", "title": "1482", "revid": 1368493356, "section": "Events › January–March"}}, {"year": 1589, "year_label": "1589 CE", "section": "Exploration & Expansion", "date": "April 13", "text": "April 13 – An English Armada, led by Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Norreys, and largely financed by private investors, sets sail to attack the Iberian Peninsula's Atlantic coast, but fails to achieve any naval advantage.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1359971295#April–June", "title": "1589", "revid": 1359971295, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1842, "year_label": "1842 CE", "section": "Climate & Environment", "date": "October 29", "text": "October 29 – The Iberian Peninsula is struck by a category 2 hurricane.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1365455258#October–December", "title": "1842", "revid": 1365455258, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1848, "year_label": "1848 CE", "section": "Technology & Infrastructure", "date": "October 28", "text": "October 28 – In Catalonia, Spain, the Barcelona–Mataró railroad route (the first to be constructed in the Iberian Peninsula) is inaugurated.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1370038858#October–December", "title": "1848", "revid": 1370038858, "section": "Events › October–December"}}, {"year": 1856, "year_label": "1856 CE", "section": "Culture & Society", "date": "April 30", "text": "April 30 - The founding of the Associação Naval de Lisboa by King Pedro V, the oldest nautical association in the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1371140008#April–June", "title": "1856", "revid": 1371140008, "section": "Events › April–June"}}, {"year": 1939, "year_label": "1939 CE", "section": "Geopolitics & Diplomacy", "date": "March 17", "text": "March 17 – The nationalist governments of Spain and Portugal sign the Iberian Pact in Lisbon, pledging mutual defence of the Iberian Peninsula and neutrality in the event of a general European war.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372426050#March", "title": "1939", "revid": 1372426050, "section": "Events › March"}}, {"year": 2002, "year_label": "2002 CE", "section": "Disasters & Accidents", "date": "November 13", "text": "November 13 – Prestige oil spill: Greek oil tanker begins spilling oil off the coast of Galicia. It will continue until November 19, spilling 60,000 tonnes of oil in the worst environmental disaster in the history of the Iberian Peninsula.", "cite": {"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=1372652846#November", "title": "2002", "revid": 1372652846, "section": "Events › November"}}]}